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Control_System

The document outlines an experiment aimed at analyzing the stability of a linear system using Polar Plot, requiring a personal computer and MATLAB software. It explains the theory behind Polar plots, their significance in control systems, and provides design procedures for calculating and drawing Polar plots for different open-loop transfer functions. The conclusion emphasizes the utility of Polar plots in visualizing complex functions and frequency responses in various fields such as signal processing and control systems.

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shreya.shristi27
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2 views

Control_System

The document outlines an experiment aimed at analyzing the stability of a linear system using Polar Plot, requiring a personal computer and MATLAB software. It explains the theory behind Polar plots, their significance in control systems, and provides design procedures for calculating and drawing Polar plots for different open-loop transfer functions. The conclusion emphasizes the utility of Polar plots in visualizing complex functions and frequency responses in various fields such as signal processing and control systems.

Uploaded by

shreya.shristi27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment – 05

Aim – To analyze the stability of the given linear system using Polar Plot.

Apparatus required

S.No Apparatus Quantity


I Personal Computer 1
II MATLAB Software 1

Theory

Polar Plot
The Polar plot provides a simple test for stability of a closed-loop control system by examining the open-
loop system. Stability of the closed-loop control system may be determined directly by computing the
poles of the closed-loop transfer function. The Polar criteria can tell us things about the frequency
characteristics of the system.
A Polar plot is used in automatic control and signal processing for assessing the stability of a system with
feedback. It is represented by a graph in polar coordinates in which the gain and phase of a frequency
response are plotted. The plot of these phasor quantities shows the phase as the angle and the magnitude as
the distance from the origin. This plot combines the two types of Bode plot magnitude and phase frequency
on a single graph with frequency as a parameter along the curve.
A polar plot is a graphical representation of data in polar coordinates, where the position of each point is
determined by a radius and an angle relative to a fixed reference axis. In a polar plot, the angle (θ) is
typically measured from the positive x-axis, and the radius (r) represents the distance from the origin. This
type of plot is particularly useful for visualizing data that has a cyclical or angular nature, such as
waveforms, frequency responses, or directional data. The polar coordinate system offers an intuitive way to
represent and analyze data that depends on the direction and magnitude, like the distribution of forces in
physics or signal patterns in electronics. In a polar plot, the data points are plotted along curves that
represent constant angles or radii, making it easy to observe trends, patterns, or symmetries that may not be
immediately evident in rectangular coordinate systems.
Design Procedure / Design Calculations

Problem 1:

The open loop transfer function G(s)H(s)=1/S(ST1+1)(ST2+1). Draw the Polar plot of the given transfer
function.

Calculation:
𝐺(𝑆) 𝐻(𝑆) = ( )( )

Putting 𝑆 = 𝑗𝜔,
𝐺(𝑗𝜔) 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = ( )( )

Magnitude of 𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔),


|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = (ii)

Angle of 𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔),


∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = − tan − tan − tan (iii)

At 𝜔 = 0,
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = ∞ ,
∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −90°.
At 𝜔 = ∞,
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 0 ,
∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −270°.

Problem 2:

The open loop transfer function G(s)=K/S. Draw the Polar plot of the given transfer function.

Calculation:
𝐺(𝑆) =

Putting 𝑆 = 𝑗𝜔,
𝐺(𝑗𝜔) =
Magnitude of 𝐺(𝑗𝜔),
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔)| = (ii)

Angle of 𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔),


∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔) = − tan (iii)

At 𝜔 = 0,
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = ∞ ,
∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −90°.
At 𝜔 = ∞,
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 0 ,
∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −90°.

Problem 3:

The open loop transfer function G(s)=K/S2. Draw the Polar plot of the given transfer function.

Calculation:
𝐺(𝑆) =

Putting 𝑆 = 𝑗𝜔,
𝐺(𝑗𝜔) =

Magnitude of 𝐺(𝑗𝜔),
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔)| = (ii)

Angle of 𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔),


∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔) = −2 tan (iii)

At 𝜔 = 0,
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = ∞ ,
∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −180°.
At 𝜔 = ∞,
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔)| = 0 ,
∠𝐺(𝑗𝜔). 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) = −180°
MATLAB Program

theta=0:0.01:2*pi;
rho=sin(2*theta).*cos(2*theta);
polarplot(theta,rho);
num=[1];
den=[1 3 3 1];
[Gm,Pm,Wcg,Wcp]=margin(num,den);
Gain_Margin=Gm,
Phase_Margin=Pm,
PhaseCrossover_Frequency= Wcp,
GainCrossover_Frequency= Wcg

MATLAB Output

Gain_Margin = 8.0011
Phase_Margin = -180
PhaseCrossover_Frequency = 0
GainCrossover_Frequency = 1.7322
Conclusion

A polar plot is a graphical representation of data using polar coordinates, where each point is
defined by its magnitude (distance from the origin) and angle (measured from a reference axis,
usually the positive real axis). The magnitude indicates the size or amplitude of the data, while the
angle represents the direction or phase. Polar plots are commonly used in fields like signal
processing, control systems, and communications, as they effectively represent systems or data with
cyclical, directional, or frequency-dependent properties. The plot is particularly useful for
visualizing complex functions, frequency responses, or vectors, where both the magnitude and
phase are critical. In a polar plot, the radius corresponds to the magnitude, and the angle represents
the phase or direction, allowing for an intuitive understanding of the relationships between different
datapoints.

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