Introduction

Differential Equations

Definition

An equation comprising of an independent variable, dependent variable and differential coefficients of

dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called a differential equation.

Examples

dy
(i) =5 xy
dx
dy
(ii) =sinx
dx
dy
(iii) +3 x=4
dx
2
d y
(iv) 2
=6 x
d x
2
d y dy 2
(v) 2
+6 +8 y =x
d x dx
Order and Degree of Differential Equations

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative that appears in the given
equation.

The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative, when differential
coefficients when differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.

In simplest terms the degree of a differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative
occurring in a differential equation when it is expressed or written as a polynomial in differential
coefficients.

Example 1: Given the differential equation

( )( )
2 2 3
d y dy 2
x 2
+ + y =2 x
d x dx

In the above equation, the order of the highest order derivative is 2 and its power is 2, hence it is the
differential equation of order 2 and degree 2.

Example 2: Given the differential equation

√ ( )
2
dy dy
y=x + 1+
dx dx
Simplifying and writing as a polynomial in derivative form gives

1
 ( dx )
2
( x 2−1 ) dy −2 xy dy + ( y 2−1 )=0
dx
In the above equation, the power of the highest order derivative is 2. Its degree is 2.

Example 3: Given the differential equation

( )
2 2
d y dy
2
= 3
d x dx
In the above equation, the order of the highest order derivative is 2 and its power is 3, hence it is the
differential equation of order 2 and degree 3.

Types of Differential Equations

Differential equations are of two types

(i) Ordinary differential equation (ODE)

The differential equation comprising of single independent variable are termed as ordinary differential
equations.

dy d 2 y dy
For example y=x , + =2 are some ordinary differential equations.
dx d x 2 dx

(ii) Partial differential equation (PDE)

The differential equation that involves partial differential co – efficients with respect to more than one
independent variable are termed as partial differential equations.
2 2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u 1∂u
For example 2
+ 2 =0 , 2 = 2 are some partial differential equations.
∂x ∂y ∂x c ∂ y
Solution of a Differential Equation

The solution of the differential equation is defined as a relation between the variables involved that
satisfies the differential equation. This relation when substituted in the equation, satisfies the equation.

Generally, solution of differential equation are of three types

(i) General Solution: The solution of the differential equation that contains as many as arbitrary constants
as the order of the differential equation is called the general solution of the differential equation.

(ii) Particular solution: The solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the
general solution of a differential equation is called a particular solution.

(iii) Singular Solution: The solution which does not comprises of any arbitrary constant and cannot be
obtained from the complete solution by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants is termed as
singular solution.

Formation of a Differential Equation

2
Geometrical meaning of the Differential Equation of first order and first degree

Considering the general form of a first order and first degree differential equation as

(
f x,y,
dy
dx )
=0 (1)

dy
Here, is taken as the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point, so the equation (1) can be
dx
known as an equation which establishes the relationship between the co – ordinates of a point and the
dy
slope of the tangent i.e., to the integral curve at that point.
dx
On solving the above differential equation implies that finding those curves for which the direction of
tangent at each point coincides with the direction of the field. All the curves taken together that are
represented by the general solution will give the locus of the differential equation. As there is one
arbitrary constant in the general solution of the equation of first order, the locus of the equation can be
said to be made up of single infinity of curves.

General form of a first order first degree differential equation

dy
An equation involving an independent variable x , a dependent variable y and forms a first order and
dx
first degree differential equation. It can be expressed in any of the following forms

dy
=f ( x , y ) (1)
dx
dy ∅ ( x , y )
Or, = (2)
dx φ ( x , y )

(
In general, it can be expressed as f x , y ,
dy
dx)=0

We are aware that

dy
dy = dx
dx
Or, dy =f ( x , y ) dx ( Using equation (1) )

∅ (x, y)
dy = dx
φ (x , y )
From equation (2) we have

∅ ( x , y ) dx=φ ( x , y ) dy
Hence, a first order and first degree differential equation can be expressed in either of the following
forms,

3
 dy
=f ( x , y )
dx
dy ∅ ( x , y )
=
dx φ ( x , y )
dy
dy = dx
dx
f ( x , y ) dx+ g ( x , y ) dy =0

Geometrical Interpretation of the differential equations of first order and first degree

The general form of the differential equation of first order and first degree is given by,

(
f x,y,
dy
dx )
=0

Solving the above differential equation means finding all those curves for which the direction of tangent
at each point coincides with the direction of the field. The general solution of the equation represents
the curve. All the curves represented by the general solution will give the locus of the differential
equation.

Method of solving first order and first degree differential equations

dy
(i) Differential Equation of the type =f ( x )
dx
In this type of the differential equation, solution is obtained by integrating both sides

dy
=f ( x )
dx
⇒ dy=f ( x ) dx , integrating both sides,

∫ dy=∫ f ( x ) dx+ C
y=∫ f ( x ) dx +C

dy
(ii) Differential Equation of the type =f ( y )
dx
In this type of the differential equation, solution is obtained by integrating both sides

dy
=f ( y )
dx

4
 1
⇒ dx= dy , On integration
f ( y)
1
∫ dx=∫ f ( y ) dy +C
1
Or, x=∫ dy+C
f ( y)
Equations in variable separable form

The differential equation of the form f ( x ) dx=f ( y ) dy can be solved with the help of variable separable
method. Theses type of the equations can be solved taking integration both sides,
∫ f ( x ) dx=¿∫ g ( y ) dy +C ¿, here C is the constant.
Solved Example

dy
=( e +1 ) y
x
Question 1: Solve
dx
dy
=( e +1 ) y
x
Solution: The given differential equation is
dx
dy
=( e +1 ) y
x
⟹
dx
dy
=( e +1 ) dx
x
⟹
y
dy
Integrating both the sides, ∫ y
=∫ ( e +1 ) dx
x

log | y|=e + x +C
x

Hence log | y|=e x + x +C is the required solution.

Question 2: Solve e
x
√1− y 2 dx+ yx dy=0

Solution: The given differential equation is e

x
√1− y 2 dx+ yx dy=0
xe
x
√ 1− y 2 dx + ydy=0
x y
⟹ x e dx + dy =0
√ 1− y 2
x −y
⟹ x e dx = dy
√ 1− y 2

5
 y
Integrating both the sides, ∫ x e x dx=−∫ dy
√1− y 2
1 du
x e −∫ e dx= ∫ du, where u=1− y 2
x x

2 √u

⟹ x e −e = √ u+C
x x

⟹ x e x −e x = √ 1− y 2+C
Hence, x e x −e x = √ 1− y 2+C is the required solution

Question 3: Solve the differential equation x ( 1+ y 2 ) dx− y ( 1+ x2 ) dy =0, given y=0, when x=1.

Solution: we have the differential equation as

x ( 1+ y 2 ) dx− y ( 1+ x2 ) dy =0
x y
⟹ dx= dy
( 1+ x ) 2
( 1+ y 2 )
Integrating both the sides,

x y
∫( dx=∫ dy
1+ x )2
( 1+ y 2 )
⟹ log |1+ x 2|=log|1+ y 2|+log C

|1+ x 2|
log =log C
|1+ y 2|
|1+ x 2|
=C
|1+ y 2|
|1+ x 2|=|1+ y 2|C (1)

Using the given condition, y=0, when x=1to find the value of C .

( 1+1 )=( 1+ 0 ) C ⟹ C=2

Keeping the value of C in (1) we get,

y=±
2√
x 2−1

y is defined for x 2−1 ≥0 x ∈ (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ )

√ √
2 2
Thus, we have two functions f ( x )= x −1 and g ( x )=− x −1 , where
2 2

6
 f : (−∞ , −1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ ) → R and g : (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ ) → R
It is important to note here that, both f and g are not differentiable at x=± 1.

√ √
2 2
Hence f , g : (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ ) → R, where f ( x )= x −1 and g ( x )=− x −1 are the required
2 2
solutions of the given differential equations.

Question 4. ( x 2− y x 2 ) dy+ ( y 2+ xy 2) dy =0

Solution: The given differential equation is ( x 2− y x 2 ) dy+ ( y 2+ xy 2) dy =0

⟹ ( 1− y ) x 2 dx+ (1+ x ) y 2 dy=0

( 1− y ) 1+ x
⟹ 2
dy+ 2 dx=0
y x
1− y 1+ x
Integrating both the sides, ∫ y
2
dy +∫ 2 dx=C
x
1 1 1 1
⟹ ∫ y 2 dy −∫ y dy+∫ x 2 dx +∫ x dx=C
−1 1
⟹ −log | y|− + log |x|=C
y x
1 1
⟹ + + log| y|−log|x|=−C
y x
1 1
⟹ + + log| y|−log|x|=C1
y x
1 1
Hence, + + log| y|−log|x|=C1 is the required solution.
y x

Question 5: Solve the initial value problem dy =e2 x+ y dx , y ( 0 )=0

Solution: we have the differential equation as

2 x+ y
dy =e dx
⟹ e− y dy=e2 x dx

Integration, ∫ e dy =∫ e dx
−y 2x

−y 1 2x
⟹−e = e +C (1)
2

7
 −3
Using the condition y ( 0 )=0 , we get C=
2
Keeping value of C in (1)

−y 1 2x 3
−e = e −
2 2
2x
3−e
⟹ e− y =
2
y 2
Or, e = 2x
3−e

Taking log on both sides, y=log ( 2

3−e
2x ,)
Now log ( 3−e2 ) 2x exists when
2
3−e
2x
> 0 ⟹ 3−e2 x >0

1
Or, e 2 x <3 ⟹ 2 x< log e 3 or x < log e 3
2

(1
⟹ x ∈ −∞ , log e 3
2 )
Hence, y=log ( 3−e2 )
2x ( 1
is the required solution, where x ∈ −∞ , log e 3
2 )
dy
Question 6: Solve the initial value problem xy = y+ 2 ; given that y ( 2 )=0
dx
Solution: we have the differential equation as

dy
xy = y+ 2
dx
y dx
⟹ dy=
y+ 2 2

Integrating both the sides, ∫ 1− ( 2

y +2)dy=∫
dx
x

y−2 log| y+ 2|=log|x|+ log|C|

y−2 log| y+ 2|=log|x|+ log C (1)

Using the condition y ( 2 )=0 , and simplifying

0−2 log 2=log 2+log |C|

8
 −3 log 2=logC ⟹ log ( 18 )=log C
1
Which gives C=
8
Keeping the value of C in (1)

y−2 log| y+ 2|=log |8x|

Hence, y−2 log| y+ 2|=log |8x| is the required solution

Question 7: Solve ( 1+ x
2
) dy + ( 1+ y 2 ) =0 ; given that y ( 1 )=0
dx
Solution: we have the differential equation as

( 1+ x 2 ) dy + ( 1+ y 2 ) =0 ; y=0, when x=1

dx

dy −( 1+ y )
2
Or, =
dx ( 1+ x 2 )

dy −dx
⟹ =
( 1+ y ) ( 1+ x 2 )
2

dy dx
Integrating both the sides, ∫ =−∫
( 1+ y )2
( 1+ x 2 )
−1 −1
tan y=−tan x +C
Using the given condition, y=0, when x=1

−1 −1 π
C=tan ( 0 ) +tan ( 1 ) ⟹ C=
4
−1 −1 π
tan y=−tan x +
4
−1 π −1
tan y= −tan x
4

y=tan ( π4 −tan x )
−1

9
 π
tan −tan ( tan x )
−1
4 1−x
y= =
π 1+ x
1+ tan tan ( tan−1 x )
4
1−x
y=
1+ x
y + yx=1−x
y + x=1−xy
Hence, y + x=1−xyis the required solution

Exercise

dy
1. √ a+ x + x=0
dx
dy
2. =log ( x+ 1 )
dx

3. xy ( y +1 ) dy=( x 2+ 1 ) dx

dy 2
4. x + y= y
dx

√
2
dy 1− y
5. + =0
dx 1−x
2

dy 1−cos x
6. =
dx 1+ cos x
dy
7. √ 1+ x + y + x y + xy
2 2 2 2
=0
dx

8. ( 1+e 2 x ) dy + ( 1+ y 2 ) e x dx=0 , y=1 when x=0

9. dy + ( x +1 ) ( y+ 1 ) dx=0

10. y−x
dy
dx (
=2 1+ x 2
dy
dx )
dy
11. tan y =sin ( x+ y )+ sin ( x− y )
dx

12. ( x y 2+ 2 x ) dx + ( x 2 y +2 y ) dy=0

Answer

10
 3 1
2
1. y + ( a+ x )2 −a ( a+ x ) 2 =c
3
2. y=x log ( x+ 1 )−x +log |x +1|+c
3 2 2
y y x
3. + = + log x +c
3 2 2
4. ( y−1 )=cxy

5. y √ 1−x 2+ x √ 1− y 2=c

x
6. x + y=2 tan +c
2

√ ( 1+ y ) +√ ( 1+ x )+ 12 log √ 1+ y −1 =c
( )
| |
2
2 2
7.
√( 1+ y ) + 1 2 1

−1 −1 π
8. tan x + tan y=
2
2
x
9. log | y +1|+ + x=c
2

10. | x
( 2 x +1 ) ( y−2 )
=c
|
11. 2 cos x +sec y=c

2 c
12. y +2= 2
x +2

Equations reducible to variable separable form

dy
Equations which can be reduced variable separable for are of the type =f ( ax +by + c ) . These
dx
equations can be solved by doing substitution.

2 dy 2
Example 1: Solve ( x + y ) =a
dx
2 dy 2
Solution: The given differential equation is ( x + y ) =a (1)
dx

11
let x + y=u

Differentiating w.r.t. x

dy du
1+ =
dx dx
dy du
⟹ = −1
dx dx
dy
Keeping the value of and u in equation (1)
dx

⟹ u2 ( dudx −1)=a 2

2 du 2 2
⟹ u =a +u
dx
2
u
⟹ 2 2
du=dx
u +a

( )
2
a
⟹ 1− 2 2 du=dx
u +a

Integrating both the sides,

( )
2
a
⟹ ∫ 1− 2
u +a
2
du=∫ dx

⟹ u−a tan ( ua )= x+ c
−1

( x + y )−a tan (
a )
x+ y −1
=x + c

dy
Example 2: Solve =sec ( x + y )
dx
dy
Solution: Given differential equation is =sec ( x + y )
dx
dy 1
Or, = (1)
dx cos ( x+ y )

Let x + y=u , differentiating it w.r.t x

dy du dy du
1+ = ⟹ = −1
dx dx dx dx

12
 dy
Keeping the values of x + y and in (1), we get
dx
du 1 du 1
−1= ⟹ =1+
dx cos u dx cos u
du cos u+1
⟹ =
dx cos u
cos u
Or, du=dx
1+ cos u
cos u ( 1−cos u )
⟹ 2
du=dx
1−cos u
cos u ( 1−cos u )
⟹ 2
du=dx ⟹ ( cot u cosec u−cot2 u ) du=dx
sin u
⟹ ( cot u cosec u−cosec2 u+1 ) du=dx
Integrating both the sides, ⟹ −cosec u+cot u+ u=x +c
Keeping the value of u, we get

⟹ −cosec ( x + y ) +cot ( x + y ) + x+ y=x +c

⟹ −cosec ( x + y ) +cot ( x + y ) + y=c
−1−cos ( x + y )
⟹ + y=c
sin ( x + y )

⟹ ( x+2 y )+ y=c
−tan

Hence y=tan (
2 )
x+ y
+c is the required solution.

dy x +2 y−1
Example 3: Solve =
dx x+2 y +1
dy x +2 y−1
Solution: The given differential equation is = (1)
dx x+2 y +1
taking x +2 y=u

Differentiating w.r.t. x

dy du
1+2 =
dx dx

13
 ⟹
dy 1 du
=
dx 2 dx
−1 ( )
dy
Keeping the value of and u in equation (1)
dx
1 du
2 dx(−1 =
u−1
u+ 1 )
du 2 u−2
−1=
dx u+1
du 3u−1
⟹ =
dx u+1
u+1
Separating variable, du=dx
3u−1
u +1
Integrating both sides we get, 3∫ du=3∫ dx +c
3 u−1

∫ (1+ 3u−1
4
) du=3∫ dx+ c
4
⟹ u+ log ( 3 u−1 )=3 x+ c
3
4
⟹ x +2 y+ log ( 3 ( x +2 y )−1 ) =3 x+ c
3
4
⟹ 2 ( y−x ) + log ( 3 x+6 y−1 )=c
3
Exercise

dy
1. =cos ( x + y )
dx
2 dy
2. ( x + y ) =1
dx
dy 2
3. =( 4 x + y +1 )
dx
dy
4. =tan ( x + y )
dx
dy x + y −1
5. =
dx x+ y +1

14
6. sin
−1
( dydx )=x + y
7. ( x + y ) ( dx−dy ) =dx+ dy

Answer

1. tan ( x+2 y )=x +c

2. y−tan−1 ( x+ y )=c

3.
2
tan
2 (
1 −1 4 x + y +1
=x+ c )
4. y−x + log ( sin ( x + y ) +cos ( x+ y ) )=c

5. x−2 y +log ( x− y +2 ) =c

6. x=tan ( x+ y )−sec ( x + y ) +c

1 1
7. ( y−x ) + log ( x + y )=c
2 2

Homogeneous differential equation

dy f ( x , y )
If a first order and first degree differential equation is given of the form = , where f ( x , y )
dx g ( x , y )
and g ( x , y ) are homogeneous functions of the same degree, then this type of a differential equation is
called homogeneous differential equation. These type of equations can be reduced to variable separable
form by substituting y=vx .

Solved Examples

dy ( y−x )
Question 1: Solve the differential equation =
dx ( x+ y )

dy ( y−x )
Solution: we have differential equation as =
dx ( x+ y )

The given differential equation is homogeneous differential equation of degree 1.

dy dv
Putting, y=vx , so =v + x
dx dx
dv vx−x v−1
v+ x = =
dx x + vx v +1

15
 2
dv v −1−v −v
x =
dx v+ 1

dv −( v +1 )
2
x =
dx 1+ v

x (1+ v ) dv=−( v 2+ 1 ) dx
( v+ 1 ) −dx
⟹ dv= , x≠0
( v +1 )
2 x

( v +1 ) dx
On integration, ∫( dv=−∫
v +1 )
2 x

v 1 dx
∫( dv +∫ dv=¿−∫ ¿
v +1 )
2
( v +1 )
2 x

1
log ( v +1 ) + tan v=−log |x|+c
2 −1
⟹
2

Or, log ( v 2+ 1 ) +2 tan−1 v +2 log |x|=2 c

Or, log ( v 2+ 1 ) +2 tan−1 v + log x 2=2 c

Or, log ( v 2+ 1 ) x 2 +2 tan−1 v=K

( )
2
y 2 −1 y
Or, log 2
+1 x + 2 tan =K
x x

y
log ( y + x ) +2 tan
2 2 −1
Or, =K
x
y
Hence, log ( y + x ) +2 tan
2 2 −1
=K , x ≠ 0 is the required solution.
x

Question 2: Solve 2 xydy=( x 2 + y 2 ) dx

Solution: we have differential equation as 2 xydy=( x 2 + y 2 ) dx

dy ( x + y )
2 2
Or, =
dx 2 xy
The given differential equation is homogeneous differential equation of degree 2.

dy dv
Putting, y=vx , so =v + x
dx dx
2 2 2 2
dv x +v x 1+v
v+ x = 2
=
dx 2v x 2v
16
 2 2
dv 1+v −2 v
x =
dx 2v
2
dv 1−v
x =
dx 2v

2 vxdv =( 1−v 2 ) dx
2v dx
⟹ dv= x≠0, v≠1
( 1−v ) 2 x ,

2v dx
On integration, ∫( dv =∫
1−v ) 2 x

−log|1−v 2|+ log c=log |x|

Or, log |1−v 2|+ log|x|=log c

| |
2
y
Or, log 1− 2
+log |x|=log c
x

⟹ ( x 2− y 2 ) =xc
Hence, ( x 2− y 2 ) =xc , x ≠ 0 is the required solution.

Question 3: Solve x
dy
dx
= y −xtan
y
x ()
Solution: we have differential equation as x
dy
dx ()
= y −xtan
y
x

Or,
dy y
= −tan
dx x
y
x ()
The given differential equation is homogeneous differential equation.

dy dv
Putting, y=vx , so =v + x
dx dx
dv
v+ x =v−tan v
dx
dv
x =−tan v
dx
−dx
⟹ cot v dv = , x≠0
x

17
 dx
On integration, ∫ cot v dv=−∫ x
log |sin v|=−log| x|+ log c

Or, |sin v|=|Cx |

⟹ |sin xy|=|Cx |
Hence, |sin xy|=|Cx | x ≠ 0
, is the required solution.

Question 4: Solve ( x 2 + xy ) dy=( x 2 + y 2 ) dx

Solution: we have differential equation as ( x 2 + xy ) dy=( x 2 + y 2 ) dx

dy ( x + y )
2 2
Or, = 2
dx ( x + xy )

The given differential equation is homogeneous differential equation of degree 2.

dy dv
Putting, y=vx , so =v + x
dx dx
2 2 2 2
dv x +v x 1+v
v+ x = =
dx x2 + v x 2 1+ v
2 2
dv 1+v −v−v
x =
dx 1+ v
dv 1−v
x =
dx 1+v
x (1+ v ) dv=( 1−v ) dx
1+v dx
⟹ dv= , x≠0, v≠1
1−v x

⟹ ( 1−v2 −1) dv= dxx

On integration, ∫ ( −1 ) dv=∫
2 dx
1−v x

−2 log |1−v|−v=log|x|+ log c

Or, log |x|+ log c+2 log |1−v|=−v

18
 Or, log |xc ( 1−v )2|=−v
2 −v
x c ( 1−v ) =e
−y
⟹ ( )
xc 1−
y 2
x
=e x

−y
Hence, c ( x− y )2=|x|e x , x ≠ 0 is the required solution.

( )
x x
Question 5: Solve 2 y e y dx + y−2 x e y dy=0

( )
x x
Solution: we have differential equation as 2 y e y dx + y−2 x e y dy=0

x
dy 2 x e y − y
Or, =
dx x
2yey
The given differential equation is homogeneous differential equation.

dx dv
Putting, x=vy , so =v + y
dy dy
v
dv 2 v e −1
v+ y = v
dy 2e
v v
dv 2 v e −1−2 v e
y = v
dy 2e
dv −1
y =
dy 2 e v
v
2 y e dv=−dy
v −dy
⟹ 2 e dv= , y ≠0
y
dy
On integration, ∫ 2 e v dv=−∫ y

2 e =−log|x|+ log c
v

Or, |Cy |
2 e v =log

2 e =log | |
x
y C
Or,
y

19
 |Cy |
x
y
Hence, 2 e =log , y ≠ 0 is the required solution.

Exercise

dy
1. x + y =2 y
dx

2. ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx+ xydy=0

2 2 dy
3. 2 xy+ y −2 x =0
dx
dy y−x
4.4. =
dx y+ x
5. x 2 dy+ y ( x + y ) dx=0

( )
x x
6. y e y dx= x e y + y 2 dy

7. x dy− y dx=√ x 2+ y 2

2 dy 2 2
8. x =x + xy+ y
dx

9. ( x 3−3 x y 2) dx =( y 3−3 x 2 y ) dy

10. ( x 2 +3 xy+ y 2 ) dx−x 2 dy =0

Answers

x
1. log ( y−x ) =c+
y −x

2. ( 2 y 2 + x 2) x 2=c

−2 x
3. =log|x|+ c
y

4. log |x + y |+2 tan

2 2 −1
( yx )=c 1

| |
2
x y
5. =c
y +2 x
x
6. e y = y +c

7. y + √ x 2+ y 2=c x 2

20
8. tan
−1
( xy )=c+ log|x|
2
9. y 2−x 2=c2 ( y 2 + x 2)

x
10. +log x=c
x+ y
Equations reducible to homogeneous differential equation form

dy a1 x +b 1 y +c 1
Let the differential equation = (1)
dx a2 x +b 2 y +c 2
In order to reduce the differential equation we take the substitutions as X =x−h, Y = y−k

dY dy
⟹ =
dX dx

dY a1 X +b 1 Y + ( a1 h+ b1 k +c 1 )
Thus the new equation transforms to = (2)
dX a2 X +b 2 Y + ( a2 h+ b2 k +c 2 )

where the values of h and k are chosen such that a 1 x +b1 y +c 1=0 and a 2 x +b2 y +c 2=0

dY a1 X +b 1 Y
then equation (2) becomes, =
dX a2 X +b 2 Y
which is a homogeneous differential equation and can be solved by the method discussed earlier.

Solved Examples

dy x +2 y−1
Example 1: =
dx x+2 y +1
Solution: The given differential equation is

dy x +2 y−1
= (1)
dx x+2 y +1
Let x +2 y=v ,

Differentiating w.r.t. x

dy dv
1+2 =
dx dx

⟹
dy 1 dv
=
dx 2 dx
−1( )
dy
Keeping the values of and v in (1)
dx

21
 dv 2 ( v−1 )
−1=
dx v +1
dv 3 v−1
⟹ =
dx v +1
Using variable separable method,

1
3 (
1+
4
3 v=1
dv=dx)
Integrating, we get
1
3( 4
)
v + log ( 3 v −1 ) =x+ c
3

⟹
1
3( 4
)
( x+ y )+ log ( 3 ( x + y ) −1 ) =x+ c ' on keeping the value of v
3
4
⟹ x +2 y+ log (3 x +6 y−1 )=3 x+ c ' '
3
2
⟹ y−x + log ( 3 x +6 y−1 ) =c
3
Example 2: ( x + y ) ( dx−dy ) =dx+ dy

Solution: The given differential equation is ( x + y ) ( dx−dy ) =dx+ dy

Or, ( x + y +1 ) dy−( x + y−1 ) dx=0

dy ( x + y −1 )
Or, = (1)
dx ( x+ y +1 )

Let x + y=v ,

Differentiating w.r.t. x

dy dv
1+ =
dx dx
dy dv
⟹ = −1
dx dx
dy
Keeping the values of and v in (1)
dx
dv v −1
−1=
dx v +1
dv 2 v
⟹ =
dx v +1

22
Using variable separable method,

(1+ 1v ) dv =2 dx
Integrating, we get v+ log v=2 x +c

⟹ ( x + y ) +log ( x+ y )=2 x+ c on keeping the value of v

⟹ log ( x + y )=x− y+ c
Exercise

dy 2 x +2 y−2
1. =
dx 3 x + y−5
dy x− y +3
2. =
dx 2 x−2 y +5
3. ( 2 x+ 4 y +1 ) dy− (2 y + x +1 ) dx=0

dy x + y +1
4. =
dx x− y
5. ( 7 y−3 ) dx+ (2 x +1 ) dy=0

Answers

1. ( y−x +3 )4=c ( 2 x+ y −3 )

2. x−2 y +log ( x− y +2 ) =c

3. 4 ( 2 y −x )−log ( 4 x+ 8 y+3 )=c

4. 2 tan
−1 ( 2 y+1 )
( 2 x +1 ) (( 2 2 2
=log c x + y + x+ y+
1
2 ))
5. 7 log ( 2 x+1 )+ 2 log ( 7 y −3 )=c

Linear differential Equation

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its derivative are of first degree
only. The general form of a linear differential equation of first degree is

dy
+ Py=Q ,
dx
P and Q are functions of x (or constants).
Algorithm

23
 dy
1. Express the given differential equation in the form, + Py=Q
dx

2. Taking the integrating factor as e∫ Pdx and multiplying the equation by it.

e∫ Pdx
[ dy
dx ]
+ Py =Qe∫ Pdx

d
( y e∫ Pdx )=Q e∫ Pdx
dx
3. Integrating both the sides,

y e∫ =∫ Q e∫
Pdx Pdx
dx +C

Or, y (I . F)=∫ Q(I . F) dx +C , where I . F=e∫ Pdx

Solved Examples

dy 2x
Example 1: Solve −4 y=e
dx
dy 2x
Solution: The given differential equation is −4 y=e (1)
dx
on comparison with the general linear equation, we get P=−4 and Q=e2 x

finding the integrating factor,

I . F=e∫ =e ∫ =e
Pdx − 4 dx −4 x

solution of the equation is given by, y ( I . F ) =∫ Q ( I . F ) dx+ C

=∫ e e
−4 x 2x −4x
ye dx+ C ,

¿∫ e
−2 x
dx +C

−4 x −1 −2 x
ye = e +C
2
−1 2 x 4x
Or, y= e +C e
2
Which is the required solution.

dy y 3
Example 2: Solve + =x
dx x
dy y 3
Solution: The given differential equation is + =x (1)
dx x

24
 1
on comparison with the general linear equation, we get P= and Q=x 3
x
finding the integrating factor,

∫ Pdx ∫ 1x dx
I . F=e =e =e log x =x

solution of the equation is given by, y ( I . F ) =∫ Q ( I . F ) dx+ C

y x=∫ x x dx+ C ,
3

On solving,

¿ ∫ x dx +C
4

5
x
¿ +C
5
5
5 xy=x +C
Which is the required solution.

dy 2
Example 3: Solve ( x log x ) + y = log x
dx x
dy 2
Solution: The given differential equation is ( x log x ) + y = log x
dx x
dy y 2
re – writing the equation as, + = 2 (1)
dx x log x x

1 2
on comparison with the general linear equation, we get P= and Q= 2
x log x x
finding the integrating factor,
1
∫ Pdx ∫ x log dx
I . F=e =e x
=e log ( log x )=log x

solution of the equation is given by, y ( I . F ) =∫ Q ( I . F ) dx+ C

2
y log x=∫ 2
log x dx +C ,
x
Integrating by parts,

(
y log x=2 log x ∫
1
x
2
dx−∫
d
dx ( 1
))
( log x )∫ 2 dx dx +C
x

25
 ¿2
( −1
x
1
log x +∫ 2 dx +C
x )
¿2( −1x log x− 1x )+C
y log x+ 2 ( log x + )=C
1 1
x x
Which is the required solution.

dy −2 x
Example 4: Solve +2 y=e sin x
dx
dy −2 x
Solution: The given differential equation is +2 y=e sin x (1)
dx
on comparison with the general linear equation, we get P=2 and Q=e−2 x sin x

finding the integrating factor,

I . F=e∫ =e∫
Pdx 2 dx 2x
=e

solution of the equation is given by, y (I . F)=∫ Q(I . F) dx +C

y e =∫ e
2x −2 x 2x
sin x e dx+ C ,

¿ ∫ sin x dx+C

¿−cos x +C
Which is the required solution.

dy 2
Example 5: Solve + y tan x =x tan x +2 x
dx
dy 2
Solution: The given differential equation is + y tan x =x tan x +2 x (1)
dx
on comparison with the general linear equation, we get P=tan x and Q=x 2 tan x +2 x

finding the integrating factor,

I . F=e∫ =e∫
Pdx tanx dx log sec x
=e =sec x

solution of the equation is given by, y (I . F)=∫ Q(I . F) dx +C

y sec x=∫ ( x 2 tan x+ 2 x ) sec x dx+ C ,

26
 ¿ ∫ x tan x sec x dx +2∫ x sec x dx+C
2

¿ ∫ x tan x sec x dx +2∫ x sec x dx+C

2

¿ ∫ x tan x sec x dx +2 sec x ∫ x dx−∫ x tan x sec x dx+ C

2 2

¿ ∫ x tan x sec x dx + x sec x−∫ x tan x sec x dx +C

2 2 2

2
y sec x=x sec x+C
Which is the required solution.

dy
Example6: Solve ( cos x )
2
+ y =tan x
dx
dy
Solution: The given differential equation is ( cos x )
2
+ y =tan x
dx
dy
+ ( sec x ) y =( sec x ) tan x
2 2
simplifying the equation, it can be written as (1)
dx
on comparison with the general linear equation, we get P=cos2 x and Q=sec 2 x tan x

finding the integrating factor,

I . F=e∫ =e∫
Pdx sec2 x dx tan x
=e

solution of the equation is given by, y (I . F)=∫ Q(I . F) dx +C

=∫ sec x tan x e
tan x 2 tan x
ye dx +C , taking substitution as t=tan x

On transformation we get,

¿ ∫ t e dt +C
t

¿ t ∫ e t dt−∫ ( ddt( t ) ∫ e dt ) dt +C
t

t t
¿ t e −e +C
tan x
¿ ( tan x−1 ) e +C
Hence, y= ( tan x−1 ) e tan x +C e−tan x

Which is the required solution.

Exercise

dy x
1. +2 y=6 e
dx

27
 dy y 2
2. − =2 x
dx x
dy
3. + y=cos x−sin x
dx
dy 2
4. ( x −1 )
2
+2 xy= 2
dx x −1
dy
5. −2 y=cos 3 x
dx
dy
6. sec x = y+ tan x
dx
dy 2
7. x +3 y=x
dx
dy
8. + y sec x=tan x
dx
dy 3 2
9. + x sin 2 y=x cos y
dx
dy 2
10. x log x + y = log x , x >0
dx x
Answers

1. y=2e x +c e−2 x

2. y=x 3 +cx

3. y e x =e x cos x +c

4. y ( x −1 )=log
2
| x−1
x +1 |
+c

−2 x
−2 x e (
5. y e = 3 sin 3 x−2 cos 3 x )+ c
13
6. y=c e sin x −( 1+sin x )

7. 5 x 3 y− x5 =c

8. y ( sec x +tan x )=sec x+ tan x−x+ c

1 2
x2
( x −1 ) e x +c
2

9. e tan y=
2

28
 −2
10. y log x= ( 1+log x )+ c
x

Equations reducible to linear form

A differential equation of the type,

dy n
+ Py=Q y
dx
falls under the category of equation, reducible to the linear form. These equation are also known as
Bernoulli’s equation.

Algorithm

dy n
1. Express the given differential equation in the form, + Py=Q y
dx
2. Divide the equation by y n and taking y −n +1=v and transform the given equation ito the form as

dv
−( n−1 ) Pv=Q ( 1−n )
dx
Which can be easily solved by the previous method.

Solved Examples

dy 1 2 6
Example 1: Solve + y=x y
dx x
dy 1 2 6
Solution: The given differential equation is + y=x y
dx x
Dividing it by y 6

1 dy 1 1 2
+ =x (1)
y dx x y
6 5

1 du −5 dy
Let u= 5 ⟹
=
y dx y 6 dx

du 5 2
− u=−5 x , a linear form
dx x
5
−∫ dx 1
∫ Pdx
Finding its integrating factor, I . F=e =e x
=e−5 log x = 5
x

solution of the equation (1) is given by, y (I . F)=∫ Q(I . F) dx +C

29
 1 2 1
u 5
=−5 ∫ x 5 dx +C ,
x x
1
¿−5∫ 3
dx +C
x
5 1
¿ +C
2 x2

1 5 1
u = 2 +C
x 2x
5

1 5 1
= 2 +C
y x 2x
5
5

Which is the required solution.

dy y y 2
Example 2: Solve + log y = 2 ( log y )
dx x x
dy y y 2
Solution: The given differential equation is + log y = 2 ( log y )
dx x x
Dividing it by y ( log y )2

1 dy 1 1 1
+ = 2 (1)
y ( log y ) dx x log y x
2

1 du −1 dy
Let u= ⟹ =
log y dx y ( log y ) dx
2

−du 1 1
+ u= 2
dx x x
du 1 −1
⟹ − u= 2 , a linear form
dx x x
1
−∫ dx 1
x
Finding its integrating factor, I.F. ¿ e =
x
u 1
Multiplying and solving, the solution so obtained is = 2 +c
x 2x

1 1
⟹ = 2 +c
x log y 2 x

required general solution.

Exercise

30
Solve the following differential equations:

dy 2
1. x + y= y log x
dx
dy y 3
2. + =y
dx x
y
dy 1 e
3. + =
dx x x 2
dy 3
4. x + y= y
dx
dy x
5. x + y log y=xy e
dx
dy
6. cos x = ( sin x − y ) y
dx
dy 3 3
7. =x y −xy
dx
dy 2 2
8. −2 y tan x = y tan x
dx

Answers

1. y ( 1+ log x )+ cxy=1

2. 2 x y 2 +c x2 y 2=1

3. 2 x=( 2 c x 2 +1 ) e y

1 2
4. 2
=c x +1
y
5. x log y=e x ( x−1 ) +c

6. sec x= y ( tan x −c )

1 x 2
2
7. 2
=c e + x +1
y
2 1 3
8. sec x + y tan x+ cy=0
3

31