Discrete Mathematics And Graph Theory Syllabus “TONTT | Ankmoducton — statements end) Notation, Connectives, wool Hise formulas, Tauology, duality Qeaos, equivalence, implicativa, Noxmal foams, functionally complete set of connectives, inference theony of statement caltulus, infeyence theony predicate calculus, of predict calculus.UNIT- J KL Wah). Wai F i wee pod * Mathematical bogie | | Statement, in A statement is a. colton, of, sentence, whieh ia eithey ‘true on falac, but not both. lio gu The sun wises in the east (Thue statement) ty 2432 5 (tree) Diy 12-5 44- 16 (False) uty =3 (Nut a statement) Nota€on (Not a statement) | Connec tives. ~ HG ithe Compound Statements consists of two , ost. moxe | Statements Connected with connectives. .,-. | 2m | _Logital opextbion Negakion A And Vv on = Tmplies ‘ L> Bi conditional} : Examples: jSameena is a ttl gial ood she is(playing. ti, Raheem has Zs and. he breegh a chee Leja! connectives’, 2 Negation ~ (4) uo et B be a a “stalenenk, the negation of p % clenotal by ne a P ae Pp. peed j i The statement of cuP is tmue, then the negalion ‘is false. P =P a eee WEL toe ') Nap the conjunction Pay is True, then. the “staterent ; ! i | fl ! Conjunction — (And - a) boat ti fs Pa ane two statements then the conjunchon of Peg iS denoted by “pay ‘and wad O58 "P and “ Othemoize 3b is fale. Disjunckion - (op. v) : 10g (ek ‘Peq ane tus" statements thea the et of PEG is denoted by *pva,' ard) stead as “para” HF the disjunction is false when Pq ave False’ Othenoiv it id tue. i eee a | | enn fe a ne ele [fF ad {| Conedstional !” (43-40 lies) tk Péq one dso0. staterients. the’ conditional statement’ of Pa is denoted by “P34” and need as “p iniplies y | 40 the anditional statement p> is false cchen pis tue | and) q i6 false otheneaise sit} is : bride!2 oe ee ee. OP, ame boo Statements then the biconditional of} 99 1: Cenoked by Peoq" and aead as: “Pp bicondhtional 4 4$ Both the stakemenks ane true then \ bicopdHional : is: Erue, both the: statements ane false then the ,biconcitional i Y enue, otherwise ibis false. i | F i | Osler for (gical connectives > neckves | onder y jap i | i | | | 3 i v } = ei moi} £ ‘ ! | NAND > yon | “he ccond NAND 16 a combination of “NoT’ & ‘AND’, | here NoT stands fon negation € AND stands po, | Conjunction. NAND tx denoted by "4" ike Pha, > w(PAq) on 0 be the tuso latements then the noth table WV fon Pq isNor :- Gmbination “of “Not ¢ “OR” me i is a combination "ol a a wa : wie negalito and oR ‘skardls fon Aish OT stan a Faery Ay ot NOR Is ‘denobed” by “VY le -wide ded pdiy « tang be the od tebbidaett hin Mahe NOR of Peg, PLG ed w leva) Lxulusive og i 6 ' : A Hist 8 (D two stakements then the exclusive oR yy denoted by “P@y". And it 14 defined GA the negation of bivonclitional Statement. ie. POY e=> ~( P94) % | pera | Pt ots Eo Te Fl Z \ | eG lee ial p wboolt “clas er! eee faa Truth table | A Enuth teble ta _ a table _ that Shows 1@ bruth vole of | Gmpound) ‘ctakement Bsr el Posible cases, ie. the. alae ‘bls tyuth values and staternent ce Compourd stabemede | 8H 8 Combination “oF tuso HT moste statements- Problem, ie Ned Constmut c'Fruth Fable fon the following . compound Statements , . . 1 ' i pin leva) v (wPhrwq) eae pe jaae H-| we | ea] apana| Pvy vlpvy)| ave | T ere FE = . iz F Pare =a F F 2 ate Ve foe Fc | F eee ie & T So? Given boo statements “Peg. T Fird tauth table | fox the Compound statement is (wleAa) va) —> nP , 3 Given 3 Shakements P,,1. To lind the txuth table K statement id said to 1s tnue (P) for any assigawent oF the to its components - madi cont = ae truth value is false (F) fa any assignment of the tnuth values 0 EA Components. “ | fon the Compound) statement ia ec { i mp PY] wv |» | se | -Paaleobaa) [ulead 0 ob tials [oF i fries [Fs STi] eee jeer T el F Fl of F at es Ee. £ | Tautolog i. be toutology if ita tnuth vale truth’ values sad to be lontaadiction if its“3,)Show that the statement io re , leas v P54 aay (C4) Sy : _ Al] Given 3 statements Pv, To shove bh we statement 13 Téubslogy “ i aia 4 ww [ae PY} a] ao Joys |Ptaoa)]. p>’ P5x, arb : tThtit {a [a [a | ti} t,t Tete pe Fp a eT es ese) rs) soa E a = : REL tre | PET Flale |e 7 Fy | rel a Fete tw [oF Uy] Show thek the statement ts.” Contmaddiction : Si vlysa)A WA(Poy) | : ; 7) Gi 3 stolements Pras. To show that the Jivn Statement 4s contmedictin : i > egal P14 [a [asa [vase | po roa) |} AR aft fa) + ea (Tale fe . : | + [op a elt| 7 Fe | Fe Et eit Gt fiiter e_| f___@ ) Perley oe FL TIF] F pee wl FTL ei HALAL EL a an 5] PA (wy va) Given bso stabemenba Pat find L { th) i Lava, bik the truth table) ian.GIP (0% vy) Given 3 skakementa Rov. To bind out the truth vob OL tes (s) : Pp w | 1 ny va vat a>b ie, e 1 To a oo ee ee £ = E a ah T ae Tee T eee oat eat Fe r it ‘| Flotlj ie | ¢ ae re —£ | 6 | i fa | F e e i 7 r H(pevajeoleraa) viweAmay) io be Ay] Given a Skatements Pam. © find out the truth table ay) ty avh | E PIG | Pl mg PAG wean | peak Ce-nd T (a aoa emee lee \ ot it pee eS ee eee | = & iT elti}tilel ele ler | + je es|eoe ie T a i = AT & lev @an)] <> [Uva A (Poy) | ica 3 statements Pum ce tind aut truth Eable 7 Soo t Teh ete le Tc ee ae ic lg Eg f ee ee oe eae T al 7ee w P> (wv vs) | ane P Vt faleeten (at fireside tesa titel! 7] elf i. t{7 | | j_e| rif | £ & T | |_F F_|F | | My) Cey Swe) e > (Pe) A : Ha: fue yer! ‘pe | i ae>b m4 jal > r 3 v ical > x \ C1 Bi A} [feceva)a yn wwe (maven) Vv [raeAnea) Vv fordayi) 2 td 7) OC Pla] al Teer a on |PVY [avn oftbealeo <4 wesleve 3b tL TIF a TIT ALF (xd ale a fF; TIT IT e| THE LT el elt pee | weeaR Bz Le a4 ¢ t ead eqs Sas | > Soi SAS le, & gq 3 le @ BR i 2 v Gis | S i Flelg erEEEE ao é pla} efel a ae a = Is, Ahow that [P->laax)] = [(P>4] A(p-ox)) ia equivalent Given’ 3 skakements poy, To Show that the gived: equivalent ape een Celta) VAX Polen) | Statement 3s \ }«| Well fi fetmed _ Formula mula (wore) . eee ae A cnathematical expression 4 axe. nepseseaked jn well | defined osm. using tes) brafieets, saplase bree, eke. Sy Yogic Statement which 34. @ Collector of vax'abk, Ja Statements ab (alle) a well defined. formula et | ell formed) feonsla (LOFF) ee i Sf BP’ is a shatement a variable; then it 3s WEE [> 2 4$ pis wee then WP is also WRF 1)? 1% 4f & &P ane too statements coh’ th ane WEF: | AB. VB; op; XB ame alto WEF | | Eqiino(pvq) is LFF. By nw (Pra) > mo is, WEF: whreier) woslovep J “ ob a wWhF j 1 > Lewehv] 5 eP v9 Principle of duality 4 Duality (ecu | too skakements on ce said To be duals of each other “f | elthex one lan be obtained fuom other by repleaing ear) SN) by 8CW) [hy eplacing “A” by “V4 ond’ V" by AS | qhe connectives “A &V is Called duals of each ete 4h the statement A contains a special vaniable Tal fF" 1 Then jks | dual a abbained ‘by steplacing “T by Fg ebyT | | fg fPvaan then the dual is (paqdva: i ib (era)vx then the dual ia (pvv)Ax ez wlpva)a (Pv nlq Aen) thea Qual ta w( Pay VEpAwlvve)) iy, (PAG)vT then doal is (Pv) AF ‘Converse, Jovense and Contsajositive i 1 the Converse of the. implication Pay 4 VP i! | phe invexde of the implication p3qy PV | il 3) The Cenk positive of the. implicated POY is wy re“te! Show that PL = (PPWAMVOD 6, Given boo statements p&4,+ To thow that giva Slalement is equivalent" ta) fh) peg | pq) 45 how that pv(qAs) = (eve)Alqvn) : eee : : " vn Wud statements PE tn. To show that qiven Selemek . eae ~ av aan |pvlaan) | RNS _| |_€ 1g, Show that 7 pe = covey) (0a) a)evy | mlpva) | aab.,NM, \, a by) sh i= (wA)Ama) ; te | eva | leva) | sumed foamulas ; \ Gee pa, ame too statements then the feutawsing propenti jax used to define the davth tables, ’ “5 Adenpobeak aa _ PAP =P" ; i eae ‘pvp lp (eAgan = pAlaAn) (pya)vn = pv lava) 35 Cornrmstaitve law pry = yar ' i PYY = UVP hy Deeongan's law ' i | wlpaq) = wpe) | leva) = bop) a lng) ' i I 155 Absa Absorption lau 6, Double, Negation ' | paleva) =P l~) © p i [eS Ay lenioa) a, | pv (erg) = p“1 Nozmal ytonms. : The problem of deteamining whethes the given: statement formula 33° keukalogy a contradiction is called @ decision problem” the word product im place of conjuction and sum tn | the place Of disjunction.” ’ : : [A product of vaniables and then negations inc | fosmla ‘called an tlementamy products Sur of variables end then negations in a Formula ia cared Elementany ‘Ses. A ool ee (PAY, YWEy, pAnp, KyAy, axe elementary | Products. evr, | PYay, wpva, wpvay [There ane tuco types of nomel fons ip Disjunctive ‘Nosimal fam (ONE) | 2) Conjunctive Nostmal form (cNE) | Disjuective Nomad form Cone) VA fonmula whith is equivalent to a gien shakement axe clementany Sans; Land eohich consists of Sum of elementerry products is called DNE- 2, Conjunctive Noamal form Ccne)+ A formula whith i equivaleot to a given statement od which tcnsists of a product of elementary sum is @hed CNE | Procedure: iy4t the connectives —pand <> ane pyesent in the given || fonrnula » they ane replaced by AV, me | P24 is neplaced) by ey ! re RY 19 the qiven expression consists of ‘oy’ befose the F% i foncoula ; clemongans (aw is Oppliea 159F oecessany the distributive fas, Jdernpatant favs, absorption ews ane appliedfet | Nateeertenrer cere Note | Pha =P, pyqcP, PYF. Fy PAP =F 1 4.58) | Pvp. T PAF ef, 7» GWoqeT , PATER, PVT RT, [Pe | Find the DNE of ‘the statement me Gren Statement is ulm perqQand ee ran). j : 7 ma) At : ‘ ~Locpagyv (orn A bing dbl 07s) Feeney ‘f A \ | ( perv) A 7) [Cwovagya (ova) ax) ‘ i | CeAgyy (rlova)v wa) ; | CPAg]v[ weve) very [Find the DNF of the stokement py(wesfary la? oa 2% ipains disjunctive Nowma! Joum VERN? Prins! ' {i chin kexts > oC Tae vedives) (ll ia lain Feeds : on a qn numbes of vasiiables the mn beams consist of conjuoetions, in ea “each “shatement vaniable a) ‘ib negation but not both appeass oaly once. - fet Peg, be ‘the two statement vasiables then 7 c ‘thew will be o® min ee given by PAY, Pang, ; . - | en’, mPAnd, zi 1 7 (PONE 4 7 ) : \fox, 4 a gin firme cangalig of De ertonn of min tennen cooly 18 called PONE. PONE J4 also, called) as Sum of products ot Canonical finer. hoMid ' ject Conjuctive Nexmel fon Coen) |", 3 ‘Max terms + (bv Vedues) (all in * boble? \Gr a quen numben of vaviahles , the max’ bexmé lonssk ~ Jot diajunctions in each vordble a its eae but not Tbath appears only ove. \ t Jet pea be the tuo statement vastrabli Veg these axe 9> max lems Qiven by Pyy, ae ory, WP v¥ny- { \ : PONE Vayy ips - fon a gio formula an equivalent Formula Con sisting of Conjunckont of max ‘terms waly is Called Pene.'p Pune [ is gaiso called as product ot sum of Canonical fem 24, Find PONE far (PAV Coeandv Gan) ! - To find PDNE fom 3 Statements Pan tron uth beable ty fp : [P| | m | paa] ve [oan Min texas PAO ATI wPAwaAon} il a t 1 Poe Gn te got? SHOOT (Praan) v (onannnY : & fapnnaar) ; (pone) . eve itatemet FV 2s, ?)|Find pbur far (0! thea ‘fe B find the pene for the fauth lable a | DY | we | wy [ervey 26, Find the pose fir P24 [To tod PON fon yen nn pa then tnuth folie in 4 thea 'x Vee the PONE fun given slakement iY ’ | Pr) v (were) v (orany) ay [End the Pen boy av (pum) ard abo find PONE “qhe pone fon the given ghatemeat is | (pnd) (era) V(vPAa,) aleran) coche PENE far the gien shakencat id +Jaf te | Fhe) PONE Aan the given’ Stalterent' 4A (Pasar) V (PamyAwn) v (PAVAI) qhe PCNF fost the given ghesteenenk ia | pis Cueva) atervaven)aCevear7) A (pvav aaa Prqua! 5 | rex Ferg bj OUSE TC || Figd PONE apd Pe lea ~~ rT rye , nt : a find PONE and) PENE fox P% (lola) pap g halt Cb) jC) SO wy Bt | the PD | (Pas)v vt 4 PV AVP we bAC aa | NE! fom’ Guo stolemal ia, Chad (a0 Aa)v (Pane) J The PRN Rin urn ghalemeat 2 (ovo)[Gee no . eer bay) v Copan) yan) rg ain Fens [max tenia Tan] @ pune Pi € PAaAt jp vaven “pve run pha | The PONE fom quea Yalencdl ja | CP Aqua) v(pacyana) Vv (eP Ayan) vwpanyay ok | the PONF fon giea statement is ih CrPvquan Al opus) atowatn4) A059). 34, Pied pone ad, pene “fon, (oPvag) => (eet) i oo (as pl] asb |! » |e erm | ens. |max tenes Fe | Pay | Bis Pavey | Key “epi | Woy [spaa pvq | I | Pee = Copya)A (puma) ACPvey). | Cid PONE and FeHE fon LOna)vCPs van) ae The RCo) P| PRY Pe SA cud iF F To n pejerel ti 7 |. Pvawn v pon = (PAG #9) vl Preyrnn) ~(aPacvaad V (PAGADs) et pyawmala(opvaryva) Al Pvavan Al PyYvin) 2PH PRONE bn Pinsa Cann) VCP Pla] a lann Lert: bee Tray Cd | mia terms | max teams WAT] Tey ey a) pera [epvewor Arle be [yaar [onan | OP Yoav LoL Flt} eda ta Ped e | pawatn | sev vvan POPE EL ELT | a Te Tt | pamvan | Peeve rel poet t | 2 Lopawan | Le Te tél Y Pveyy ire eft Te Spasann| PYWy the PONE fa the’ qnen Aketemeal 1a Sara ey |Coteved V COncyrnad y (Prncyandy (Pacer) | (oP Aayavoa) V (Pann) (pac A) the PONE Sa» : ie [Bpvatvan Pawan | PY : passa | oP vavey | Pasgyany |" lava i SPAVAR ' | “PVs vay. mePhevnwor |” Pyar Pho AH Pvaon 2 a als i 1— i {LS PAwcyAnr _ Pw Ppale: fe (previn) v (mPAVAN) v(OPAARjAW) 1 | | | || PcNE = (oPvowe) A (oPvewas) x (oP vasa) Ai(-Pvanwen A ( pvewa) fWON IY) = a Pv lop 9 Pea yl“ AE Te forenta ters _|max rt en i Tal eto fever sree Tava et {t 7) pAwAnt SPN en e| F 1 | I = encaia | P09 | paneer OP Vy | “apaeyan-| PY Way | “ap naar | Pvaryvn 1 naa PVA. | “| spaaeusn7! Prey veeasynes) V \ | pPONe = (aan) v v (pada? vCpakeyaa)- | top Aavan)y Co PAan) V (SPAREN : | PONE : Pyowwot edo 36 5 Fad PONE and Pen fon ai ap)a(@vd 0) Fens ra Fenny La) oP veyvar | pe aaa | | Pneyay| Pvoavelt LE| A) iaPtew mee | E JE | PONE « : oapaiedcdhegay* ip i CNP £ BOA), ° a = (oPVo4va) At a atwPveyva) ACPV asavat) A (Pvacwa) a (Pvyvon)ind DNF fon VUE m2 OVO’ 38) 4 on wt» (ats) (seae: wopva) | wlepv va) ' e Awlaen) CAloqven, CAnply de monger kes) (e aww) Vv Pam), 8, ‘red CNE fox a. yor L(pvrq) pwn] ml (Pawn) Voor hem or Se ow HF wl Pawan) A leer? 6 i (eva) ACs) [ee ind PONE and) ENF ctl! null table i “Done: -(A) a | “S AVA (4 is in fa foam)’ \ | ry Pay MPVV: | a) Peay = (wrva)al pv~a) ty Find PDNE (wPvWs) —(Pe59) “70 4 fined) PONE without bauth table | Given Stakemenkt is | (wPveg)—(eesq) “fi! ost wave) t | wlwPved) v (pe—>4) } | mop vo) vee ve) A (wy ve), a @av v{leeva) A(wave)] | AVA 4 ky| Find pone (Pna)vlwe NV)v Carn)» A) To fad PONE coithouk fruthbabte oi ’ | Ginn shakement i (pay) v (pas) v Cura) 4 i Wd bad oot Con ewes) vis : )) ns Mpa Press | | CP aa, a) v (wpavaT) vee a gana (ever) | (Pra, A(avna)) Vv (o0avA (aver) ) v (we aan) AW >>(e. )v (wan Aeyan)y ( Pacyan : (yard) v Cava nace) —Crepeatied, ) ae > Cenayan)v Lpaaynr) v(aPanyy | Ce i > AVAVavaA ENE ard DNF Hes pmlc» ENF boy (prwCqani) V (P59) ‘Veo (Pax Gand)vipoq) : fete (P Awleyan))v (opva) CP Arlwavoy (vere) CPvtweva)) A Cesaavenlabopvalle) & | (va) a ((wq von) vl (wpvq)) 1 VAV SON } i © S. i ' 43, Find DNE fon Palp-rq), ‘ Gives PAC psy) PA(wPvY) (pvp) v(PAy) AVA DONE by Find DONE fom PAly>q) Ay Gio PAl4 5) : i | PA(wyvy) | (pave) v Pay) AVA DDNE ns us| Find DNF for wCP—rlayan) b ie vole >(%yan)) (ev Caan) | P Aw(yan) i PA(WG Von) i (pane VCPAw) (AVA) Soueee ee 5 OP 4((e->9) Aoo(n,v00)) Poollpss)ACvae)) ae ee v((Poqhalane)) > (we vle-og))a (op vlaae) (wev (~evq)) A((we vaneeve) (ee Ve) a (weve) At) (weve) A Conia) (vay 70Ne) S Spy 2 Sere benais’ So. vanile one "4 Fed ONF fn wy P—> an) Ny ven 3 (P > (aan) “4 " ~(~p V (yan) PA wlan) PAba vor) (Pana) v (ern) AVA ZDNF Miyeind ENF for (plan) AS) Given ~(P lean) | o( mp v (yaad) i | PAw(qan) : | rented 3 DONE VPA (paving yav 4a; Find al fon ( ~Prn) Al Pq) 4 Gen (pon) alpr4) (lop)va) a (Pv) (evn) A(wevy) i (Pater vay} vin ACwPvy)) (pawp)v (pag) vC mane du (aay '>! F ce Aa > & v(P9) ¥ (Awe) VO peys Ce Remove &) a( Pag Jv liane) v nag) 5 AVAVA 5 DNF aNY 4S bien Pv( Sleup CHE fox (ayvl pha) A rv) 2) fav (pan))a wo ((evaAv | > Cqviean)) ng llovndaa) >» Cyvipax)) aller) vag” 5 Cavlean)) al( enna) V9) } °° (vipa) a( (wpyoa)A fnavo9) ’ > (vve)atqvn)) A (capvsgalrvew) Cavp) A (qva)a (woproq) A (ary wy) > sik VAVAVAV CONE , i] ° 6! Griven Find ue fon pv (apa (avlq 29) ~P sly vly sox) a PV lop 5 fayu(eqven)) Pv ( 26p) v Ca v(sevan))) PVC Pv (levee) v (4 vax))) RG aa bs Pul Pv vGver)) oo Pvl Pv (ava) v (4 van) Pv( Pvlry (van))) C2 Remive T ! eu Pv (avon) (PvP) vl Pu lajvan))> \ Me Ty(Pvlqvon)). (s.eemave 1) : Py(qven) dre oy PrPdy (ave vy. oh, (PAP) (4,09) V(woe Ay) ! Ler Ay) | AVAVA ys Dnee «| (Pa) (4 48) Coin fs* Find DNE tom Po(CP ay) A MY VV PD Given P(t (pra) At4v-op)) P5(( po) Anlaqvor)) P> ((epvay alare)) | Po ((wpacqap))v alaap))) 5 Po (Cre agar) v Cv aane)) i P >(&papay) v (syne ap). | P(e na) (apy) i peed ® >( Fv Gap) Lt abe Fy Conti) a) > (4 nr) IM pv (eyar) : (]PAwp)v loyar) (2 2p can abo be wallea aa AvA Sone _neave] 53 Fred DAF fon Cav(pan)) A ete | Gite Cav( PAs) am (tpvxdAq) : he @v Goan))A(w(evn vor) coe =) (yv(oan)) ) al weavsvna) § ee | mnalliplyiey each tee | > (ov Alopras) v (4 Ang) v [C Pan} ACsP acs) v, (Pann h > (Gatoernn) ve) \ v( PAN A Copan) v ae) 9 (gy Alepann) v ( pam a(apron) v ‘Cpaosa)) | > Cyanpacn) v (Pandan prox) v 1 (Pawsyan) 5 (ap aqaen) v (Pn op anaoa) \ v Ceansan) - 5 (wprqaan) v(F AE) VY (PAnqan) , Ve : pes ae | (WP AA Aan) V(PA x4 A%) j AVA j SDNE~ 4) My S (inp) v (Pana)ve VEVE. ee DNF fan (Pua) elPng): 7 clea) « > ag) wir nes = fas) (s>%) - : oe above ques. becomes | (rs) eal) eg) => te C pay seve) | (w(ofpva) v (pra) al ~(paq) Veo(pva)) (~( (wp nwa) ving) din (wp vay) v (~ parca) IL. (Cevayy (éaq)) A CCwpv sq) y Capac) )v (ceag) a (wees) “x (Cpva) aCepenq) v LevadA Leopana) S( : Uepaadaterary) wa) v(pvag)nee) a(pradnnn)) [LS (Cevalase)y (Cpr ana) anadv(l pag)arpalonadess i “Vv (Criganp) v (pa epetibions ase thers i, | | Loa)nony (Pvqhavev) ‘Jaadane) viipayawa) | o(cpavev(Garp)) v CC anwar Cya ed COpacp) alqanp)) mG Ava)a (gave) 7 5 vey np)) Vv (C Prondv Plu Eats) v (eave) 5 Carp) V (pave) vE D Capsp) v ( panoy) S Copag)!y (pracy) Ava fae SDNESs Find CNF ton vdPVY <9 POY) 4} Gareo ~(pvq) 2 (pra) coe abreddy prow that Percy © (Poy) A (yap) Jet P= (Pua) and aye PAY, => (leva) > (paa)) A (Cea) —> lev) S((eeges) — Cong) a (Cag) > 0a) > fe(ergrad v (005) 0 [Capag) v (opanal) > ((PWq\v (eaq)) a(t np vaa)v (~pana)) 9 (Pvpva) aq (PY) A (lop vlopveg) a owleprnt) | (ev pvq)a v prs) A (tepv ep ves) A (oar vow) | > (vA Cave) a Copvead A (a9 vere) > CPva) aC pva)'a (wpvaey) a (pve) ~ VAVAVAV py CONE Soy asing Cnt sha Qv( Prva) v (wPAns) bs Teutalogy | Given AVC eraq) v(opana) aor | cep ay (lever) ans) cgaves Omen fens > l > Yvloevep) A (qv) (ee DAYVTAT [TAT =r) da del fv 4vter] oT 2 Gv (pansy) vip vay) is @ baubolojy” Fiod NE of A-(Ba0) Given A> (Bac) nwAv( BAC) (Ave) A (wa vo) Vav DONe sill Cind cre of wlPoyv(n8) Ay] Given nee ee Ss wpva)v(anve) vAv “(enca)v (ove) wa ce, | o( PV(onve) ) “A (oaalonve)Fied Ne ton PACPoy 4) Gaiven PA(P>4) > pa(apve) ' 5 Paanh vrig) > palopva) | Ef pvps el). 5 (pve) a (wpva) > Vi VAV DonéFiad ONE lon PAC Py) * ’ ot ry Gren PAC P-p4) : > pa(apve) ' S Poo) dV Pky i > palwpva) © | 62 pup: pl) | 5 (pve) a (wpvv) + ce | SWAY SINE Ki | “al i \| ‘Theory of of infenence fox -stabement + Caltalas | «the main aim ‘of Gage us to be pnovid \\ ules of inference, to a= Condusion’ ‘From’ Certain’ premig | the Theory associ ated eoith nutes ‘of ‘infestence is! Kavu \e theory of inference fon stabement » ceil ae a "Rules 0 of infestence+ ¥ i | exe axte luo types of mules oF, inference! ry dyiRule P. 3 Rule T Rale P : : i prtenise may be introduced ek any oink in’ the desivation. v Baz Rale 7 A formula may he intnodhaced) ina Pprory ‘as ' je Foutolo gy implied by. ove 81 more. of the ied | fermulon in the dexivalive. ' 1 eeneet Fommulad a7 imp cation formulas = PAY

y Ty * P eeay AdAitivo | 7 2 WY o> PVYy wo | a, = = WP D Pay / 7 -% Dog : 'Tz = ol P-7a) =7P | = v(p7q) = 2 Tq = RA > PAG (Conjurtton) | = PB pV 74 CAisjuntbve Syllayidon) 4 2 ' ms eG, =74, Cmodus ponens) | to = nV, Pag DWP (moduss Tol teas) Tay = Posy, Gm => pon (Hypothe fires Syltouyisra) Go, Demonstnote oF LF r— | the Premises poy, Yon, Pp 4 Ginen premises ane Pq, Vor, iA fo tods the wade ienene aeedun Gn besa ef 2 1S @3 shocan _belao ‘Shavo| Statement | Coleus | 1 2| | (ploq | Buier _ >| /) | meee € Ty 2 0, Paqey ‘2 | vm Rule P a |S | eel eel From 3,4 € T,2 PR Poyeq 6), Show thot SVR is tautology implied u the premesis 7 PVG, P2R, Qs: . Tehg = OMEN =70 . —— Teg = v(p7q) 0G , Tq = PA > PAey (Conjuetton) Tio =P, PVY PY (disjunctive Sylloyisen) .. | | \Tu 7 0, P2GH >a Cmodus ponena) ' (Ty = 8%, Pog, > oP (modules Tolteod) | Ta = P>%, 4s > pon (Hypothe fixer Sylloy ire) The PVG, Poe, G08 52 (dilamma) 4 Demonstrate that ‘mn’ is a vobsed valid Condusion from the premises pra! qn, p : A) Given premises ane Pog, V7, P (To Fin? the valid : (1845 showon belo Fofenence condusion iwi tewmns of Sn’ se etidn | ale | Dewiation ib} /P) | Rule P = i) (pha, “ib RulepP | e | >| i | Rule T From h2 £. Tw AP Pag eq, | aoa j Buk e| - i || pute T prom 3,4 6, PP 2g el, Show that sve is beuto | Pv@, PoR, gos. { Given premises cane | Sted StatemenE | | Woy callus Py§ logy implied by the premesis pve, Se 2) op pute 7 | (1). (0-59) G> npvq | | 55 |Rulep | =eo \ in Ural a4 tautology ven paemesis ane, PY VP%1 To shaw that the valid Conclusion 7s, MS, PVT od baubolog hon : vation e Desai aa Rule P, So i | > Sor 5A Rule Lean \ at 6 054: g-gn t Poa! | Dp pry wep] Brom’ © PP% V7" pathos AD]. lol a a Ist Sv cer i ’ (PL Fes fe a] kom te f Hsrebess | ws. [*AaeP =: a ta) * op Rule T| fron 5,6 & Py, OV ‘DWP From modules Toblena’ WS] PvT -Rulep a! ! gle ear duet | Pv T= Pv) ' 6% Demonstxafe that p%, Spon, ns, DHS Ay wn Paemises - axe P24} wp, 12 >s i bs A the valued Conclusi ea ele | h1sk P95) [Rate P : i068 a shy) | t eae : 2 GAS (flee 14 a4 3] Pos | Relen) From b2 & Pod, ono poy VAs p> | | i i: ates Ghyprthesis) | | A SPP | RuleT |, Pudq 2 mAs g [PR |eeels oo Lo] oy [Ree Prom bs Fy Avo q Rule Poq = waoeP 7 caGuy; Demonserare Make 9S 1s A Vad fonctu dO Eno 7 the Prerisen pray’ RH, wla aw, SVP A Gx Men premises ane psy, 4%. wen, |G Find the valid inference concludion, ia i of 'g cas shown below. Fatemenk | 7 / leStus Celis [eates | >a, Rule p 4 f S y/ / x Rule T] From 2,, bee | SEakemeot No! Caleatus | Rules 5} wlan) | e . ; 12 a) po - >| Py, ce ; : 5 > e a Z| Wie fe oe, + lt) (aa) SP i ee aL cade) sa p> oor 1 (net, PS OSOPL ET PPP en alos | T | WO) wp, sve os | li; 0 he ind 6s Dernoncinate Phat ‘yn! ja valid “conclusion, From the Premiaca pra, Fon vlpax), Pva by fek om be the additional premisia (7 Pde cf) REET Rites | Dirtvekinn Hundt Pres ye | s ae > Gon f |. 2 | 3] eon + ne, 9,42" Pon Ts barat Has} om HT | Ca) — wlpoa) pay (bul here ao nerslin)Ts Is] woe sz [ldo > 0P Z, mnodka omens &| Pyn p a | hal on oz [Os¥0'9Py PVA 24 Tho digjunctive Sy!l0!sfom 2| sem |p - i ; 9] oPvin Ki) tC plera) sb weve’ Pva <% 1 a ‘ fos) WP T (s)l6) wp, PV ee se or | Clo) C8) we PY EVO pLidineh6 I stzate a He ath 65) Demanstzake hak, sya59 Pie 4 va | Premines p> (q29/ waves Wet », Giveo Premises polard ! waves 9 | Sieein R | addils | the Scie Paak ie R can be be ten see | Premises. This additiond premise 2 | Si aking prema produces eptlvsion “S* | So, the premises are Po), RP, on ep are Ruler | Deaivabion __fisnsiot | t]aeve| P a . | >](A2e 7 Cy), Beet '= HRN, ; alla) |p. | additional premiaes 4 Is ®) + |edtdeord TP. pox 24 modus ponery | GPa) eps oad ny) RIHECEW h t0 4 é| o> “a tuls) and Tn 0 Prey = modus pores lye] efor. i | 95] RS | Rule CP, C3)¢e) ; j-—— —+4 4) cy [nein C2 Denenstaale Oat aa pAS, yat Sy ) | it pas | P - hy aak p 7 (a) pry = P. 1 oo la) PAVey Ta . # i I io) Pays or, leo Phy. Tygy) DE MOMAL AGC RAL PAYNE, Oy | IM TZN Ne Aacs| Denton a 11, | Poa | P = ; | >) asp | 7 From 1, Pry 2 oy xP {| , i 13] o% P eS To] ap | 7 1@)0)) epg 24 | 7, mmodes poneses S| ne | p = 1&1 wponn] =p Poy = nq aap 2 | | Fr [i From 4 6p, Poyeqg Ty, modus Ponesea , PONE pablo» without Lruthtebles “, DONE bon Po((Psg)an(ogvord % ae neon vee) Pip) algap)) ® (Coevg) acgap)) Po( eweanlgar) v (g Agae)) ; | > ( wpagap v (SA gard) + P~>((wparag)-y Caan) i Pp ~> (LeAg) v Cgar)) | ® >( Ff vigar)) | P > gap ~P v(gar) ARE 25 (wPAT) v (ean) , 2 Catan) Vv Cig) (distnibeke had } > eprg )v (wpang) v (pra) {| >) AVAVA > POSEF03| PONE foot (Pag) vl easy) mney Ay Givea ve (Prey) v (Prac) vl v(wpay) . ny rE CP AeyaT) v (Pa yt) Vv (wpryay) (Poa (nven)) Vv Cen vom) v (parseyana) v (wpraabrvas) iP => (Pray) VY (payaga) V Garner) | v (prea) V (opnaner) _ AV AvAVAVAVA nna | REN enblens . wi Hout tauth bebles ash tera) voor) Ay) Given (pry) v (PAY), or alias ool g TOS | ( common he v . 16 , \ ‘ y 4ahag | GA [44 (ever) 9 i SGA >% i \2ve) “SPENE fa+ A > vz PONF $9 Pv (ap 5 (av voy >») mo Pu(we sla, v (ae >m))) > tay (op — (4, v (4, vn) SS Psa van) D> Pv (op >lavx)) vl py evn) > Rv Pvavy SD Pveyve PCNe