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L-6 Computer Arithmetic

The document discusses computer arithmetic, focusing on the binary number system and its advantages over decimal numbers, such as simpler circuit design and reliability. It covers basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) using binary numbers, along with examples and rules for each operation. Additionally, it introduces the concept of complementary subtraction and the use of 2's complement notation for representing negative numbers.

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10 views

L-6 Computer Arithmetic

The document discusses computer arithmetic, focusing on the binary number system and its advantages over decimal numbers, such as simpler circuit design and reliability. It covers basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) using binary numbers, along with examples and rules for each operation. Additionally, it introduces the concept of complementary subtraction and the use of 2's complement notation for representing negative numbers.

Uploaded by

thewinner100next
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Arithmetic

Tanjia Chowdhury
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
Southern University Bangladesh
Learning Objectives

¡ In this lecture you will learn about:


üReasons for using binary instead of decimal numbers
üBasic arithmetic operations using binary numbers
üAddition (+)
üSubtraction (-)
üMultiplication (*)
üDivision (/)
Binary over Decimal
¡ Information is handled in a computer by electronic/ electrical
components

¡ Electronic components operate in binary mode (can only


indicate two states – ON (1) or OFF (0)

¡ Binary number system has only two digits (0 and 1), and is
suitable for expressing two possible states

¡ In binary system, computer circuits only have to handle two


binary digits rather than ten decimal digits causing:
¡ Simpler internal circuit design
¡ Less expensive
¡ More reliable circuits

¡ Arithmetic rules/processes possible with binary numbers


Examples of a Few Devices that
work in Binary Mode Binary
Binary Number System

¡ System Digits: 0 and 1


¡ Bit (short for binary digit): A single binary digit
¡ LSB (least significant bit): The rightmost bit
¡ MSB (most significant bit): The leftmost bit
¡ Upper Byte (or nybble): The right-hand byte (or
nybble) of a pair
¡ Lower Byte (or nybble): The left-hand byte (or nybble)
of a pair
¡ The term nibble used for 4 bits being a subset of byte.
Binary Number System
Binary Equivalents

¡ 1 Nybble (or nibble) = 4 bits


¡ 1 Byte = 2 nybbles = 8 bits
¡ 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
¡ 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes = 1,048,576 bytes
¡ 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes = 1,073,741,824
bytes
Binary Arithmetic

¡Binary arithmetic is simple to learn as binary


number system has only two digits – 0 and 1
¡Following slides show rules and example for
the four basic arithmetic operations using
binary numbers
Binary Addition

¡Rule for binary addition is as follows:


① 0+0=0
② 0+1=1
③ 1+0=1
④ 1 + 1 = 0 plus a carry of 1 to next higher column
Binary Addition

¡ Example 1: 000110102 + 000011002 = 001001102


Binary Addition

¡ Example 2: 000100112 + 001111102 = 010100012


Binary Addition (Example 3)
Binary Subtraction

¡Rule for binary subtraction is as follows:


① 0-0=0
② 0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow from the next column
③ 1-0=1
④ 1-1=0
Binary Subtraction

¡ Example 1: 001001012 - 000100012 = 000101002


Binary Subtraction

¡ Example 2: 001100112 - 000101102 = 000111012


Binary Multiplication

¡Table for binary multiplication is as


follows:
① 0x0=0
② 0x1=0
③ 1x0=0
④ 1x1=1
Binary Multiplication

¡ Example 1: 001010012 × 000001102 = 111101102


Binary Multiplication

¡ Example 2: 000101112 × 000000112 = 010001012


Binary Multiplication

¡ Example 3:
Binary Multiplication

¡ Example 4:
Binary Division
¡Table for binary division is as follows:
① 0 ÷ 0 = Divide by zero error
② 0÷1=0
③ 1 ÷ 0 = Divide by zero error
④ 1÷1=1

¡As in the decimal number system (or in any


other number system), division by zero is
meaningless
¡The computer deals with this problem by raising
an error condition called ‘Divide by zero’ error
Rules for Binary Division

① Start from the left of the dividend


② Perform a series of subtractions in which the divisor is
subtracted from the dividend
③ If subtraction is possible, put a 1 in the quotient and
subtract the divisor from the corresponding digits of
dividend
④ If subtraction is not possible (divisor greater than
remainder), record a 0 in the quotient
⑤ Bring down the next digit to add to the remainder
digits. Proceed as before in a manner similar to long
division
Binary Division (Example 1)
Binary Division (Example 2)

¡ Example: 001010102 ÷ 000001102 = 000001112


Binary Division (Example 3)
¡ Example: 100001112 ÷ 000001012 = 000110112
Complement of a Number
Complement of a Decimal
Number
Complement of a Octal
Number
Complement of a Binary
Number
Complementary Method of
Subtraction
¡Involves following 3 steps:
¡ Step 1: Find the complement of the number you
are subtracting (subtrahend)
¡ Step 2: Add this to the number from which you are
taking away (minuend)
¡ Step 3: If there is a carry of 1, add it to obtain the
result; if there is no carry, recomplement the sum
and attach a negative sign

¡Complementary subtraction is an additive


approach of subtraction
Complementary Subtraction
(Example 1)
Complementary Subtraction
(Example 2)
Binary Subtraction Using
Complementary Method (Example 1)
Binary Subtraction Using
Complementary Method
(Example 2)
Addition/Subtraction of Numbers
in 2’s Complement Notation

¡ Represent all negative numbers in 2’s complement


form.
¡ Now we have the same procedure for addition and
subtraction.
¡ Subtraction of a number is achieved by adding the 2’s
complement of the number.
¡ This is illustrated in the following example where the
carry, if any, from the most significant bit, during
addition, should be ignored.
¡ The result has to be interpreted appropriately using the
same convention.
35
Addition/Subtraction of Numbers
in 2’s Complement Notation…
Key Words/Phrases

¡ Additive method of division

¡ Additive method of multiplication

¡ Additive method of subtraction Binary addition

¡ Binary arithmetic Binary division

¡ Binary multiplication Binary subtraction

¡ Complementary subtraction Complement

¡ Computer arithmetic

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