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Foundation Reviewer

The document provides an overview of foundation engineering, detailing the types of foundations (shallow and deep) and their respective characteristics and applications. It outlines various types of shallow foundations, such as spread footings and raft foundations, as well as deep foundations like piles and caissons. Additionally, it discusses the factors influencing foundation selection, design loads, and requirements for a stable foundation, emphasizing the importance of soil conditions and structural loads.

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Angelo Seguritan
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25 views8 pages

Foundation Reviewer

The document provides an overview of foundation engineering, detailing the types of foundations (shallow and deep) and their respective characteristics and applications. It outlines various types of shallow foundations, such as spread footings and raft foundations, as well as deep foundations like piles and caissons. Additionally, it discusses the factors influencing foundation selection, design loads, and requirements for a stable foundation, emphasizing the importance of soil conditions and structural loads.

Uploaded by

Angelo Seguritan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOUNDATION REVIEWER

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
– practice of fundamental principles
of soil mechanics
4
– Involves the analysis and design of
earth-retaining structures.

FOUNDATION
– integral part of the superstructure

EARTH-RETAINING STRUCTURES
3
– Retaining walls
– Sheet-pile walls
– Braced cuts

2 CATEGORIES OF FOUNDATION
2
– Shallow
– Deep

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
– placed at a depth, not exceeding the
width of the foundation
1
4 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
. SPREAD FOOTINGS OR PAD
FOUNDATION - (Column Footing)
– base of a column or wall is enlarged
– Consists of circular, square or
rectangle slab of uniform thickness
– WALL FOOTING - also called
Continuous footing/Strip footing
. STRAP FOOTING
– supports more than one column
– CONTINUOUS FOOTING - row of
column foundation connected
together by a beam
. COMBINED FOOTING
– in between column footing and raft
foundation where two or more
footings are joined to form a small
mat
– Rectangular or trapezoidal shape
– STRAP - series of pads connected
by narrow rigid beams
. RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION
– normally required on soils of low
bearing capacity
– A normal practice to use raft
foundation where the sum of the
areas covered by the individual
spread footings is more than about
50% of the loaded area of the
structure.
– Useful in reducing differential
settlements on variable soil
– Commonly used beneath multi-
storey buildings, storage tanks, silo
clusters, chimneys, etc.
– Used to provide the floor slab for
the basement
– May be supported by piles in
situations like high ground water to
control buoyancy

DEEP FOUNDATION
– those that have depth width ratio
greater than 2
– VERY DEEP FOUNDATION - have
depth width ratio greater than 4
– Used to transmit loads to deeper
layers of soil

TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION


– Piles
– Piers
– Caissons
– Drilled shaft
(These are used to denote a cylindrical
foundation with or without steel
reinforcement)

PILES AND DRILLED PIERS


– used both on land and underwater
for supporting structures

CAISSONS
– used for bridges and sometimes for
multi-storey buildings
– Large monolith which is built above
ground and sunk in stages

PIERS
– Drilled piers
– Constructed with or without
–
enlarged bottom which is concreted
in place after excavation or drilling
– Bored and cast in situ

REQUIREMENTS FOR A STABLE


FOUNDATION
. The foundation structure must be
properly located with respect to any
future influence which could
adversely affect its performance.
(NEBULOUS)
. The foundation (including the earth
beneath) must be stable or safe
from failure. (SPECIFIC)
. The foundation must not settle or
deflect sufficiently to damage the
structure or impair its usefulness.
These requirements should
ordinarily be considered in the order
given above. (NEBULOUS AND
SPECIFIC)

LOCATION AND DEPTH OF FOUNDATION


– play an important point in the overall
stability of the foundation

LOCATION OF FOUNDATION
– should not affect either its future
expansion and not be affected by
the constructions in the adjoining
areas

DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
– depends upon the type of soil, size
of structure, magnitude of loads and
environmental conditions

MINIMUM DEPTH FOR SHALLOW


FOUNDATION
– Local erosion of soil due to flowing
water.
– Underground defects such as root
holes, cavities, mine shafts, etc.
– Unconsolidated filled up soil.
– Adjacent structures, property lines,
excavations and future construction
operations.
– Ground water level.
– Depth of frost action.
– Depth of volume change due to the
presence of expansive soils.
– Desiccation due to the heat from
boilers, furnaces, etc.
– Desiccation due to drawing of water
by the roots of trees

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN


SELECTING TYPE OF FOUNDATION
– The function of the structure and
the loads it must carry.
– The subsurface condition of the soil.
– The cost of the superstructure.

DESIGN LOADS
– plays an import part in selecting
type of foundation in which again
depends on the subsoil conditions

VARIOUS LOADS LIKELY TO BE


CONSIDERED
– Dead loads.
– Live loads.
– Wind and earthquake forces.
– Lateral pressures exerted by the
foundation earth on the embedded
structural elements.
– Impact equivalents relating to
moving and dynamic loads

CONSIDERATION OF THE FOLLOWING


LOADS BASED ON SUBSOIL CONDITION
– Lateral or uplift forces on the
foundation elements due to high
water table level.
– Swelling pressures on the
foundations in expansive soils.
– Heave pressures on the foundations
in areas subjected frost heave.
– Negative frictional drag on piles
where pile foundations are used in
highly compressible soils

STEPS FOR THE SELECTION OF TYPE OF


FOUNDATION
– Obtain the required information
–
concerning the nature of the
superstructure and the loads to be
transmitted to the foundation.
– Obtain from soil investigation the
subsurface soil conditions,
– Explore the possibility of
constructing any one of the types of
foundation under the existing
conditions by taking into account:
. the bearing power of the soil to
carry to required load, and
. the adverse effect on the structure
due to differential settlements.
Eliminate in this way, the unsuitable
types.
– Once one or two types of foundation
are selected on the basis of
preliminary studies, make more
detailed studies. These studies may
require more accurate determination
of loads subsurface conditions and
footing sizes. It may also be
necessary to make more refined
estimates of settlement to predict
the behavior of the structure.
– Estimate the cost of each of the
promising type of foundation and
choose the type that represents the
most acceptable compromise
between performance and cost

FLOWCHART OF FOUNDATION ANALYSIS/


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
COMMON TYPES OF FOOTING
. WALL/STRIP FOOTING
– continuous strip of concrete that
supports a bearing wall

. SPREAD/SQUARE FOOTING
– pads that distribute the column load
in two directions
. RECTANGULAR FOOTING
– used to support loads on a single
column

. COMBINED FOOTING
– used to support two heavily loaded
columns

. CANTILEVER/STRAP FOOTING
– two footings joined by a beam
instead of by a bearing portion of
footing
. MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
– single thick mat or slab that
supports the entire structure

. PILE CAPS
– slabs of reinforced concrete used to
distribute column loads to group of
piles

DISTRIBUTION OF SOUL PRESSURE


UNDER FOOTING
– function of the type of soil and the
relative rigidity of the soil and
foundation pad

COLUMN FOOTING MUST BE DESIGNED


FOR 6 STRENGTH CONDITIONS
– Bearing (compression) from column
on top of footing
– Dowels into the footing.
– Strength of soil beneath the footing.
– Shear strength.
– Reinforcements provided.
– Development length of bars

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