GUIDELINES FOR B.

TECH PROJECT
REPORT PREPARATION

Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur

Department of Science Technology and Technical Education,

Patna, Bihar

February 2025
 GUIDELINES FOR B.TECH PROJECT REPORT
PREPARATION

Introduction
This document is intended to provide specific and uniform guidelines to
the B. Tech students in preparing the seventh/eighth-semester project report. The
content of the report, which is submitted to the Institute in partial fulfilment of the
award of the Bachelor of Technology degree, is very important. To be acceptable
by the Institute, it is also imperative that the report meet a uniform format
emphasizing readability, concordance with ethical standards and Institute-wide
homogeneity.

2
 CHAPTER 1
REPORT LAYOUT

The thesis has to be organised in the following order.

1. Cover Page
2. Inside Title Page
3. Certificate signed by the Supervisor(s) (in the stipulated format)
4. Declaration signed by the Candidate (in the stipulated format)
5. Acknowledgements
6. Abstract
7. Table of Contents
8. List of Figures
9. List of Tables
10. Abbreviations/ Notations/ Nomenclature (if any)
11. Text of the Report
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
…..
…..
12. References
13. Appendices (if any)
14. Non-paper materials (if any)

The formats to be followed for various headings are as follows

1. COVER PAGE: See sample sheet 1. The content, relative font size
and locations of various items in the page should match with those given
in sample sheet 1. All copies to be submitted to the various offices at MIT.

2. INSIDE TITLE PAGE: Same as that of cover page except but

printed in bond paper as given in 2.3.

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3. CERTIFICATE: See sample sheet 2. The content, relative font size
and locations of various items in the page should match with those given
in sample sheet 2.

4. DECLARATION: See sample sheet 3. The content, relative font size

and locations of various items in the page should match with those given
in sample sheet 3.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: See sample sheet 4. Should not exceed

two pages.

6. ABSTRACT: See sample sheet 5.

7. TABLE OF CONTENTS: See sample sheet 6.
8. LIST OF FIGURES: See sample sheet 7.
9. LIST OF TABLES: See sample sheet 8
10. ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE:
See sample sheet 9.

11. CHAPTERS: The chapters may have Introduction including literatures

referred, Materials, Methods used, Results, Discussions and Conclusions.
See sample sheet 10.

12. REFERENCES: To be provided immediately after the last chapter.

See sample sheet 11.

13. APPENDICES: See sample sheet 12.

14. NON-PAPER MATERIALS (if any)
Each of the items - Inside cover page, Certificate, Acknowledgements,
Abstract, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, Abbreviations,
Notations, Nomenclature, each new Chapter, References and each new
Appendix should start on an odd page i.e., on the right side.

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 CHAPTER 2
GENERAL GUIDELINES

2.1. Report Size

Report may contain maximum of about 100 pages including references
and appendices.

2.2. Paper Size

Use A4 size paper (210 mm wide and 297 mm long).

2.3. Paper Quality

White bond paper weighing 85 g/m2 or more should be used. Essentially
the same quality of paper should be used throughout. Photographs or images with
dense colors may be printed in single side on glossy paper.

2.4. Margins
A margin of 35 mm is to be provided on left and right sides, whereas top
and bottom margins should be 30 mm. No print matter should appear in the
margin except the page numbers. All page numbers should be centered inside the
bottom margin, 20mm from the bottom edge of the paper.

2.5. Font
Times New Roman (TNR) 12 point font has to be used throughout the
running text. The captions for tables and figures should have font size of 11 and
foot notes should be set at font size 10. Font sizes for various levels of headings
are given in section 2.7.

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2.6. Line Spacing
The line spacing in the main text should be 1.5. Single line spacing
should be given for quotations, abstract, figure captions, table captions, figure
legends, footnotes, and references. The equations, tables, figures, and quotations
should be set off from the main text both before and after with spacing of 1.5.
Two consecutive paragraphs should be separated by triple line spacing.

2.7. Headings
Following format has to be followed in heading of chapters and sections.

CHAPTER 3
TITLE PAGE-CENTERED TNR 17-POINT BOLD ALL
CAPS

3.1. Section Heading

Left aligned with number, TNR 17 points, bold and leading caps

3.1.1. Second level section heading

Left aligned with number, TNR 14 points, bold and sentence case.

3.1.1.1. Third level section heading

Left aligned with number, TNR 12 points, bold and sentence case.

Fourth-level section heading

Numbered subsections beyond third level are not recommended. However,
fourth-level subsection headings may be included without numbering, TNR 12-point
font, left aligned and italicized.

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 Running text should be set in 12-point TNR and fully justified. First line
of paragraph should have indentation of 15 mm.

2.8. Table / Figure/equation Format

Tables, figures and equations shall be numbered chapter-wise. For
example, second figure in Chapter 3 will be numbered Figure 3.2. The figure can
be cited in the text as Fig. 3.2 or Figure 3.2, however consistent citation format
should be followed throughout the thesis. Tables shall be numbered similarly
(Table 2 in Chapter 3 will be numbered Table 3.2) and shall be cited in the text as
Table 3.2. Figure caption shall be located below the figure. Table number and
caption shall be located above the table. Equations are aligned to the centre of the
page with equation number in the text has to be given at the end of the line within
brackets as given below.
∞
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑥 𝑥
cos sin
(eq. 2.1)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1

2.9. Citing References

2.9.1. One author
Monika (2007) developed this method of ……… Subsequently other
researchers have adopted this technique (Ramakrishna, 2009; Bhaskar, 2010).

2.9.2. Two authors

Monika and Ram (2008) developed the model of..............Subsequently
other researchers adopted this technique (Ramakrishna, 2009; Rao and Ram,
2011)

2.9.3. Multiple authors & more than one publication in a year

“Ram et al. (2005a) has designed the model …..” when given in
sentence.

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 “Model AAB could regulate the control unit more efficiently (Ram et al.,
2005b) ….” while given in brackets

2.9.4. Citing multiple references

When many authors are cited in sentence it is given as “..............Similar
work was also proposed by Singh and Robin (2008); Ram et al. (2009); Prakash
(2011)......”

“Similar work was demonstrated for varied data set by many researchers
(Singh and Robin, 2008; Ram et al., 2009; Prakash, 2011) ”

2.10. Listing of the References

References are to be listed after last chapter. They are to be listed in
alphabetical order and numbered. Within a reference the line spacing should be
single. Each reference should be separated by one blank line. The reference
number should be left aligned. The text of the reference should have an
indentation of 10 mm. The reference format to be followed for journal articles,
text books, conference proceedings etc. are given below.

2.10.1. Journals
1. Prakas, K. (2011). Feedback and optimal sensitivity: Model reference
transformations, multiplicative seminorms, and approximate inverses. IEEE
Transactions on Automatic Control, 26(2): 301–320.

2. Ram, R., Krishna, S. and Peter, K. (2005a). Risk sensitive estimation and a
differential game. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 39(9): 1914–
1918.

3. Ram, R., Krishna, S. and Peter, K. (2005b). Differential rectification using

control points. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing, 55:
914 – 918.

4. Ram, R., Krishnamurthy, P., Prasad, N. and Peter, K. (2009). Risk sensitive
estimation model II. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 43(15):
355 - 363.

8
2.10.2. Text books
1. Myers, D. G. (2007). Psychology (1st Canadian ed.). Worth: New York.

2. Robin, R. (2008). Robust Statistics. Wiley-Interscience: New York.

2.10.3. Conference proceedings

1. Payne, D.B. and Gunhold, H.G. (1986). Digital sundials and broadband
technology, In Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1986, pp. 557-998.

2. Singh, K. and Robin, R. (2008). A linear- quadratic game approach to

estimation and smoothing. In American Control Conference, New York.
June 20 – 25, 2008, pp. 2818–2822.

2.10.4. Reports
1. Milton, M and Robert, L. (2004). Atmospheric carbon emission through
genetic algorithm, Environment and Technical Report No.3., Indian
Meteorological Department., New Delhi.

2.10.5. Online journals with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

1. Krebs, D.L. and Denton, K. (2006). Explanatory limitations of cognitive-
developmental approaches to morality. Psychological Review, 113(3): 672-
675. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.672

2.10.6. Online journals without a DOI

1. Vicki, G.T., Thomae, M., Cullen, A. and Fernandez, H. (2007). Modeling the
hydrological impact on Tropical Forests. Forest Ecology, 13(10): 122-132.
Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.html

2.10.7. Online abstracts

1. Perilloux, C. and Buss, D.M. (2008). Human relationships: Costs experienced
and coping strategies deployed. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1): 164-181.
Abstract retrieved from http://www.epjournal.net

2.10.8. Online books

1. Perfect, T.J. and Schwartz, B. L. (Eds.) (2002). Applied metacognition.
Retrieved from http://www.questia.com/read/107598848 (--If DOI is
available, use the DOI instead of a URL)

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2.10.9. Chapters from a book
1. Krebs, D.L. and Denton, K. (1997). Social illusions and self deception: The
evolution of biases in person perception. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick
(Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp.21-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

2.10.10. Books in print form

1. Snyder, C.R., Higgins, R.L. and Stucky, R.J. (Eds.). (1983). Excuses:
Masquerades in search of grace. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

2.10.11. Dissertations and Thesis

1. Mack, S. (2000). “Desperate Optimism” M.S. Thesis, University of Calgary,
Canada.

2.11. Page Numbering

Page numbers for the prefacing materials (Inside title page, dedication,
certificate, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, etc.) of the
thesis shall be in small Roman numerals and should be centered at the bottom of
the pages. The numbering of the prefacing material starts from the Inside Title
Page. However, the number is not printed on the Inside Title Page. Each new item
of the prefacing materials listed above should start on a fresh paper on right page.
If the content of the prefacing material exceeds one page, it has to be printed on
both sides of the paper by starting from the right side page. For example, if the
item „Table of Contents‟ extends for 5 pages, it should be printed in fresh paper
on right side page with second page of the „Table of Contents‟ on the back of the
paper and then continued. The page numbers of the prefacing material will be
printed in small Roman numerals continuously counting blank pages also.
However, the numbers are not printed on the blank pages.
The body of the thesis starting from Chapter 1 should be paginated in
Arabic numerals and should be centered at the bottom of the pages. The
pagination should start with the first page of Chapter 1 and should continue
throughout rest of the thesis. Each side of a sheet of paper should be counted as a
separate page, even if the back side of a sheet of paper is blank. The odd-
numbered pages are always on the right and even-numbered pages are always on

10
the left. If the end of a chapter is in odd page (right side page) the next chapter
should start on odd page i.e., on a fresh paper, and should be numbered as odd
only by counting the blank even page also. However, the page number is not
printed on the blank pages.

2.12. Printing
Printing of all material in general should be double –sided in black ink
with exceptions as indicated in sections 2.3 and 2.11.

2.13. Non-Paper Material

A report may contain non-paper material, such as CDs and DVDs, if
necessary. They have to be accommodated in a closed pocket in the back cover
page of the thesis. The inclusion of non-paper materials must be indicated in the
Table of Contents. All non-paper materials must have a label each clearly
indicating the name of the candidate, student code number and the date of
submission.

2.14. Binding
Thesis copies to be submitted for evaluation are to be soft bounded. The
cover page should be printed on glossy white card of 300 g/m2 or above.

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 Sample sheet 1

A Report submitted
on
TITLE OF THE PROJECT REPORT TO BE
SUBMITTED BY THE CANDIDATE

in partial fulfillment for the Degree of

B. Tech

in

Mechanical Engineering
by

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

Under the supervision of

Guide name with designation

pursued in
Department of <Name of the department/ year>
To

Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur

Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur

MUZAFFARPUR

MONTH, YEAR
 Sample sheet 2

(The certificate is to be printed on the Institute Letter-Head)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled <Title of the project>
submitted by <Name of the candidate> to the Muzaffarpur Institute of
Technology, Muzaffarpur, in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of B. Tech in (Mechanical Engineering) is a bona fide record of project
work carried out by him/her under my/our supervision. The contents of this
report, in whole or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institution
or University for the award of any degree or diploma.

<Signature> <Signature>

<Name of the supervisor> < External faculty>

Department of <Name of the Department of <Name of the

department/Centre> department Centre>

Muzaffarpur Countersignature of HOD with seal

<Month, year>

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 Sample sheet 3

DECLARATION

I declare that this project report titled <Title of the report> submitted in
partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Tech in (Mechanical Engineering)
is a record of original work carried out by me under the supervision of
<Name(s) of the Supervisor(s)>, and has not formed the basis for the
award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other Institution or
University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific
information, due acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings
of others have been cited.

<Signature>

<Name of the candidate>

<Student reg number (21……)>

Muzaffarpur, 842003

<Date>

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 Sample sheet 4

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All acknowledgements to be included here. Please restrict to two pages.

The name of the candidate shall appear at the end, without signature.

I thank Dr. M K Jha, Principal, MIT, Dr. Ashish Kumar Srivastava, HoD ME,
Mr. Pappu Kumar (Project Co-Ordinator) and other faculty members who helped in my
project.

I extend my sincere thanks to the entire MIT family for completing this project from
the beginning.

<Name of the Candidate>

vii
 Sample sheet 5

ABSTRACT

Abstract of the report to be given here. Please restrict to a maximum of

300 words. NOTE: The abstract should not have any citations, or abbreviations,
nor should it be divided into sections. It can be divided into adequate number of
paragraphs as the author wishes. It is advisable to avoid any equations in the
Abstract. Figures and tables are to be avoided.
Note that all paragraphs in the Abstract start with an indent of 15 mm, and
there is no extra spacing between two successive paragraphs. The text should be
Times New Roman font size 12, single spaced.

ix
 Sample sheet 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

CERTIFICATE iii
DECLARATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
ABSTRACT ix
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xv
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE xvii
1. TITLE OF CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 Section heading name 1
1.2 Section heading name 1
1.2.1 Second level section heading 3
1.3 Section heading name 4
1.4 Section heading name 5
1.4.1 Second level section heading 8
1.4.2 Second level section heading 11
1.4.2.1 Third level section heading 20
2. TITLE OF CHAPTER 2 23
2.1 Section heading name 23
2.2 Section heading name 24
2.2.1 Second level section heading 25
2.3 Section heading name 26
2.4 Section heading name 28
2.4.1 Second level section heading 30
2.4.2 Second level section heading 35

3. TITLE OF CHAPTER 3 41
3.1 Section heading name 41

xii
 Sample sheet 6

3.2 Section heading name 44

3.3 Section heading name 50
3.4 Section heading name 52
3.4.1 Second level section heading 59
3.4.2 Second level section heading 65
3.4.2.1 Third level section heading 70
4. TITLE OF CHAPTER 4 75
4.1 Section heading name 75
4.2 Section heading name 79
4.2.1 Second level section heading 89
4.3 Section heading name 93
4.4 Section heading name 101
4.4.1 Second level section heading 126
4.4.2 Second level section heading 150
4.4.2.1 Third level section heading 190
5. TITLE OF CHAPTER 5 207
5.1 Section heading name 211
5.2 Section heading name 290
5.3 Section heading name 311
5.3.1 Second level section heading 329
5.3.2 Second level section heading 330
5.3.2.1 Third level section heading 340
REFERENCES 349
Appendix 1 Title of the appendix 1 361
Appendix 2 Title of the appendix 2 369
Non-paper material
1. CD [Label] back cover of the report
2. CD [Label] “

xii
 Sample sheet 7

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1.1. Schematic diagram showing the 5

proposed mechanism

1.2. Next figure alpha 9

2.1. Next figure beta 35

2.2. Next figure gamma 39

3.1. Next figure alpha, alpha 46

4.1. Plot of concentration vs time 120

5.1. Next figure beta, beta 310

xiii
 Sample sheet 8

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1.1. Percentage composition of 11

fuel components

1.2. Name of Table delta 12

2.1. Name of Table gradient 35

4.2. Name of Table alpha 100

5.1. Kinetic parameters calculated for the system 310

xv
 Sample sheet 9

ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE

Utmost care should be taken by the project student while using technical abbreviations,
notations and nomenclature.

The abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order as shown below.

AFM Atomic Force Microscopy

BBB Blood Brain Barrier

CNT Carbon Nanotube

The meaning of special symbols and notations used in the report should be explained.

|x| - absolute value of x

μ - mean

logn(x) - logarithm (x) to the base n

Chemical nomenclature

NH4+ - ammonium

CH4 - methane

OH- - hydroxide

SO42- - sulphate

Biological nomenclature

Soneratia apetalla - saline tolerant species

Oryza sativa - common rice

xvii
 Sample sheet 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Green house gases

The green houses gases are receiving so much of attention these days from the
scientific community. The careful management of these gases is a serious research
problem. Recently, Attanas and Monica (2012) reported the hazards associated with the
mismanagement of these gases. Table 1.1 lists the percentage distribution of the gases.

The studies related to the management of these systems need to follow a unified
approach as suggested by earlier workers (Ram et al., 2005a; Ram et al., 2005b).
However reports from Gurudeep and Mahin (2009) indicate the permissible level of
green house gases1.

Table 1.1 Title of the table (Times New Roman 11)

Aa Bb C D

a
A is admonishment coefficient of total population (Times New Roman 10)
b
B is Bombardment coefficient of the mean population (Times New Roman 10)

1.1.1 Motivation of the study

Alarming rate of climate change, sea level rise and other natural disasters are to
be managed efficiently. Assessment and management of green house gases thus
become very much essential..

1
Adapted from Monika and Ram, 2008 (Times New Roman 10)

1
 Sample sheet 2

The satellite image as given in Figure 1.1 shows the area from where
samples are collected.

Figure 1.1 Title of the figure (Times New Roman 11)

2
 Sample sheet 3

REFERENCES
1. Attanas, D.B. and Monica, H.G. (2012). Effects of green house gases, In Proc.
IOOC-ECOC, pp. 557-998.

2. Gurudeep, P.R. and Mahin, P. (2009). Risk sensitive estimation model II.
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 43 (15): 355 - 363.

3. Prakas, K. (2011). Feedback and optimal sensitivity: Model reference

transformations, multiplicative seminorms, and approximate inverses. IEEE
Transactions on Automatic Control, 26(2): 301–320

4. Ram, R., Krishna, S. and Peter, K. (2005a). Risk sensitive estimation and a
differential game. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 39(9): 1914–
1918.

5. Ram, R., Krishna, S and Peter, K. (2005b). Differential rectification using

control points. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing, 55: 914
– 918.

6. Singh, K. and Robin, R. (2008). A linear- quadratic game approach to estimation

and smoothing. In American Control Conference, New York. June 20 – 25,
2008, pp. 2818–2822.

349
 Sample sheet 13

361