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Type of Microprocessors

The document provides an overview of microprocessors, detailing their functions, types, and specific models such as the 8085, 8086, and 80386. It explains key components like the program counter and stack pointer, as well as features like pipelining and memory addressing. Additionally, it compares different Intel processor generations, including i3, i5, i7, and i9, highlighting their specifications and performance differences.

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15 views15 pages

Type of Microprocessors

The document provides an overview of microprocessors, detailing their functions, types, and specific models such as the 8085, 8086, and 80386. It explains key components like the program counter and stack pointer, as well as features like pipelining and memory addressing. Additionally, it compares different Intel processor generations, including i3, i5, i7, and i9, highlighting their specifications and performance differences.

Uploaded by

mdrashedul.rashed2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Microprocessors

What is a Microprocessor?
■ The microprocessor is the main important or the heart of the
normal computer.

■ The microprocessor is totally computation engine.

■ Generally, the microprocessor is an integrated circuit and it


incorporates core function of a computer’s central processing
unit.
■ The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device
that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to
instructions stored in it’s memory and provide results as
output.
2
Program Counter
■ A program counter is a register in a computer processor that
contains the address (location) of the next instruction to be
executed.

■ This register is a memory pointer.


■ The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of
the instructions. The function of the program counter is to point to
the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched.

■ When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter


is incremented by one to point to the next memory location.

■ When the computer restarts or is reset, the program counter


normally reverts to 0.
3
Stack Pointer
■ A stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the last
program request in a stack.
■ A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down. As new
requests come in, they "push down" the older ones. The most recently
entered request always resides at the top of the stack, and the program
always takes requests from the top.
■ A stack (also called a pushdown stack) operates in a last-in/first-out sense.

■ When a new data item is entered or "pushed" onto the top of a stack, the
stack pointer increments to the next physical memory address, and the
new item is copied to that address.

■ When a data item is "pulled" or "popped" from the top of a stack, the item
is copied from the address of the stack pointer, and the stack pointer
decrements to the next available item at the top of the stack.
4
Pipelining
■ A technique used in advanced microprocessors where the
microprocessor begins executing a second instruction before the
first has been completed.

■ That is, several instructions are in the pipeline simultaneously, each


at a different processing stage.
■ The pipeline is divided into segments and each segment can
execute its operation concurrently with the other segments. When a
segment completes an operation, it passes the result to the next
segment in the pipeline and fetches the next operation from the
preceding segment. The final results of each instruction emerge at
the end of the pipeline in rapid succession.

5
8085 Microprocessor
■ The 8085 microprocessor is designed by Intel in the year of 1977
with the help of NMOS(N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor logic)
technology. It is a single core processor.
■ It is an 8-bit microprocessor
■ 8-bit data bus
■ 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB physical memory
■ Data bus and address bus are multiplexed. AD0 – AD7 are used for
Data bus and AD0-A15 are used for address bus.
■ Six 8 bit registers arranged in pairs
■ A 16-bit program counter
■ A 16-bit stack pointer
■ Doesn’t support pipelining.
■ Doesn’t support multitasking.
■ Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock

6
8085 Microprocessor

7
8086 Microprocessor

■ The Intel 8086,introduced in 1978, is a single core processor.

■ It is 16 bit processor. So that it has 16 bit ALU, 16 bit registers and internal data bus and
16 bit external data bus. It make s faster processing.

■ Data and address bus are multiplexed. AD0-AD15 are used both for data bus and
address bus.

■ 8086 has 20 bit address lines to access memory. Hence it can access

2^20 = 1 MB memory location.

■ 8086 has 16-bit address lines to access I/O devices, hence it can access

2^16 = 64K I/O location

■ It doesn’t support multitasking

■ Operates in two modes:-8086 operates in two modes:

■ Minimum Mode: A system with only one microprocessor.

■ Maximum Mode: A system with multiprocessor. 8


8086 Microprocessor
■ Pipelining:- Pipelining improves the performance of the processor so that operation
is faster. 8086 uses two stage of pipelining. First is Fetch Stage and the second is
Execute Stage.

■ Fetch stage that prefetch up to 6 bytes of instructions stores them in the queue.
■ Execute stage that executes these instructions.

■ 8086 uses memory banks:- The 8086 uses a memory banking system. It means
entire data is not stored sequentially in a single memory of 1 MB but memory is
divided into two banks of 512KB.

■ Instruction Queue:- It has an instruction queue (like cache). Which capable of


storing 6 instructions bytes from the memory resulting in faster processing.

■ Interrupts:- 8086 has 256 vectored interrupts.


■ Multiplication And Division:-8086 has a powerful instruction set. So that it supports
Multiply and Divide operation.
9
8086 Microprocessor

10
8086 Microprocessor Internal Block Diagram

11
Difference Between 8085 and 8086
Features 8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor

Size It is 8 bit microprocessor It is 16 bit microprocessor

Address
It has 16 bit address bus It has 20 bit address bus
Bus

Data Bus It has 8 bit data bus It has 16 bit data bus

8085 can access up to 2^16 = 64 8086 can access up to 2^20 = 1 MB


Memory
Kb of memory of memory.

Instruction 8085 doesn't have an instruction


8086 has an instruction queue
Queue queue

Pipelining It does not support pipelining. It supports pipelining.

Multiproce
8085 does not support
ssing 8086 supports multiprocessing
multiprocessing
Support

Flags 5 flags. 9 flags.

Operating
single operating mode two modes
Modes
I/O I/O address is 28 = 256 I/O’s I/O address is 216 = 65536 I/O’s

Cost The cost of this processor is low The cost of this processor is high 12
80386 Microprocessor

▪ As it is a 32-bit microprocessor. Thus has


32-bit ALU.
▪ 80386 has data bus of 32-bit.
▪ It holds address bus of 32 bit.
▪ It has separate pins for data and address bus
▪ It supports physical memory addressability of
4 GB and virtual memory addressability of 64
TB (2^46).
▪ Supports multiuser and multitasking
environment and protection mechanism
I3 vs i5 vs i7 vs i9 13th gen

Properties I3 I5 I7 I9

core 4 14 16 24
Threads 8 20 24 32
Clock 3.40-4.50 3.50-5.10 3.40-5.40 3.00-5.80
speed
(GHz)
Cache 12 24 30 36
(MB)
Memory 128 128 128 128
(GB)
(Maximum)

Price 16k 37k 48k 68k


(Approx)
End

15

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