INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING

Mr. Godwin Treasure

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & IT
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING
COM 217

COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction of Computer: Basics of computer; Organization of computer; Software and

hardware; Input/output devices;
Inside the PC Opening the PC and identification; Study of different blocks; Assembling and
disassembling;

Basic networking concepts: Network topologies: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, CAN., Networking
Model; The OSI mode; TCP/ IP Models; Network adapters.
Introducing protocols; Cabling and troubleshooting; Introduction to various networking
devices: Routers; Switches; Modems; Hubs etc.; Wired and Wireless technology;

Network basic and configuration: Setting IP addresses; Sharing files and folders. Network
troubleshooting; PING test, ipconfig etc.;
Introduction to servers and network security: Types of servers Files servers, Email
Servers, Proxy servers etc.
Basics of Internet and Intranet; Types of Internet connections: Dialup, Broadband, Leased
Line, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 2G, 3G, 4G, WVWV, E-mails, Search Engines, Social Networking.
Cloud application; Audio-Video Conferencing; Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP); Recovery
and backup; Essential security measures.
 MODULE 1

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a sophisticated electronic device that not only manipulates information and
data but also performs a vast array of complex tasks critical to various fields of study, industry,
and daily life. At its core, a computer is designed to accept input, process it according to a set
of instructions, store information, and produce output. This fundamental process—known as
the input-process-output cycle—forms the backbone of all computer operations. You may
already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and
browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even
videos.

ORGANIZATION OF COMPUTER
A computer has five functionally independent units: the Input Unit, Memory Unit, Arithmetic
& Logic Unit, Output Unit, and Control Unit.

Input Unit
The computer receives coded information through the input unit. The most common input
device is the keyboard. When a key is pressed, it is instantly translated into a corresponding
binary code and sent via a cable to the memory or processor.

Memory Unit
This unit stores programs and data, and it is divided into Primary and Secondary Memory.
Primary Memory operates at electronic speed, essential for storing programs before
execution. Random Access Memory (RAM) allows data to be accessed quickly by specifying an
address. However, since Primary Memory is expensive, Secondary Memory is used for larger
data storage needs, particularly for information that is not accessed frequently. Examples
include Magnetic Disks and Tapes.

Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)

The ALU performs all arithmetic and logical operations. These operations begin once the
necessary data (operands) are brought into the processor.

Output Unit
The Output Unit presents processed results to the outside world, displaying data in a readable
format.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
Computers are known for their high speed, reliability, accuracy, large memory
capacity, logical decision-making ability, versatility, automation, and diligence.

 Speed: The speed of a personal computer is measured in megahertz (MHz),

indicating millions of clock cycles per second, generated by the microprocessor
clock. Most modern microcomputers operate at speeds ranging from 300 MHz
to 2 GHz, enabling rapid processing of complex tasks.
  Reliability and Accuracy: Computers deliver highly reliable and precise results.
They maintain accuracy across milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, or
picoseconds, depending on the required precision. A computer’s accuracy is
enhanced by electrical pulses that consistently convey correct information,
along with built-in error-checking systems that reduce errors, especially in
repetitive tasks.

 Large Memory: Computer memory stores data and information either

temporarily or permanently. Temporary memory, known as Random Access
Memory (RAM), holds programs currently running on the system and is cleared
when the system is turned off. Permanent memory stores large volumes of
data, like applications (e.g., MS Office) and operating systems (e.g., Windows or
UNIX), on storage devices such as hard disks. Data in permanent memory
remains accessible even after the computer is powered off.

 Logical Operations: Computers perform logical operations, such as comparing

numbers to determine if one is equal to, greater than, or less than another.
These operations also allow comparisons of text, images, and even audio,
enabling the computer to take appropriate actions based on the results.

 Automation: When powered on, a computer automatically executes

instructions to check all peripheral devices, load the operating system, and
provide a user interface without human intervention.

 Diligence: Computers are highly diligent machines, capable of performing

multiple tasks or repetitive tasks tirelessly, without losing accuracy or position.

LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS
Despite their remarkable capabilities in speed, accuracy, and efficiency, computers
have inherent limitations due to their design and nature. Here are some of the key
limitations of computers:

1. Lack of Intelligence and Creativity

Computers excel at processing data and executing tasks based on programmed
instructions, but they cannot think independently or exhibit creativity. They lack
intuition, emotions, and the capacity for abstract thought. For example, a
computer can analyze data trends but cannot independently generate new
ideas or insights unless explicitly programmed. It cannot create or understand
artistic or sensory concepts such as taste, smell, or visual aesthetics.
2. Dependency on Human Input and Instructions
Computers cannot operate without human intervention or programming. They
need specific instructions to perform any task, which makes them highly
dependent on humans for input, design, and maintenance. Without these
instructions, computers cannot interpret context or make autonomous
decisions, meaning they cannot function as independent agents.
3. Limited Understanding of Natural Language
Computers primarily understand binary code—combinations of 0s and 1s—used
to perform operations. They require interpreters, compilers, or specialized
software to translate human languages into binary code, making interactions
with computers less intuitive. Despite advancements in natural language
processing, computers still struggle with nuances, idioms, and ambiguity in
human languages.
4. Incapability to Learn from Experience
Traditional computers do not inherently learn from experience; they follow the
same set of instructions regardless of outcomes. While some modern
computers use artificial intelligence and machine learning to recognize patterns
and improve over time, they still lack the full adaptability and experiential
learning capacity of humans. They cannot autonomously refine their
performance in tasks without explicit programming.
5. Lack of Sensory Perception
Computers cannot perceive sensory details, such as taste, smell, or touch, nor
can they understand these experiences as humans do. They rely on sensors to
detect environmental inputs (such as temperature or motion), but these
sensory inputs are processed as data without any subjective interpretation or
experience.
6. No Emotional Intelligence
Computers lack emotions, which are essential for human interaction, empathy,
and understanding complex social dynamics. They cannot respond
appropriately to human feelings or understand the emotional implications of
actions. This limits their usefulness in tasks that require emotional engagement,
such as counseling or relationship-building activities.
7. Rigidity and Lack of Flexibility
A computer cannot easily adapt to changes in a task or context unless it is
reprogrammed. It follows exact instructions and cannot deviate from its
programmed path. This rigidity is particularly limiting in situations requiring
flexibility, judgment, or improvisation, where human input is often necessary to
adjust to unexpected changes.
8. Limited Ability to Reason
Computers follow logical instructions and can make decisions based on
programmed logic but lack true reasoning capabilities. They cannot evaluate
situations with complex, unstructured information or make decisions without
predefined rules or data. While computers can simulate decision-making within
certain constraints, they cannot genuinely reason or navigate moral and ethical
dilemmas.
9. Limited Capacity for Autonomous Action
Computers are incapable of self-awareness or independent action. They require
external prompts or programs to begin tasks and cannot proactively address
needs, identify new goals, or take initiative in the same way humans do. This
limits their capacity to operate autonomously in unpredictable environments.
10. Susceptibility to Malfunctions and Vulnerabilities
Computers, like any machine, are prone to hardware and software
malfunctions, such as crashes, data corruption, or system failures, which can
disrupt performance. Furthermore, computers are vulnerable to security
 threats like hacking, malware, and viruses, potentially compromising sensitive
data and functionality.
11. Dependence on Energy and Maintenance
Computers rely heavily on a consistent power supply to function. Power
interruptions can result in data loss or operational failures, especially in systems
without backup. Regular maintenance is also necessary to ensure hardware and
software remain functional and secure. Human intervention is often needed for
troubleshooting, repairs, and updates.
12. Incapable of Original Decision-Making without Data
Computers rely on data to make decisions, meaning they are ineffective without
a robust set of input data. They cannot function well in situations where data is
incomplete, ambiguous, or unavailable. This reliance on data limits computers'
ability to function effectively in uncertain or novel scenarios.

ASSIGNMENTS:

1. As artificial intelligence advances, do you think computers will ever be capable of
true creativity or emotional intelligence? Why or why not?

 2. How should society prepare for a future where computers perform tasks
traditionally done by humans? Consider potential impacts on employment, education,
and ethics.

3. Write a 500-word essay on one specific limitation of computers (e.g., lack of

intelligence, dependency on human input, or lack of emotional intelligence). In your
essay:
 Describe the limitation in detail, including examples of how it manifests in real-
world scenarios.
 Analyze the impact of this limitation on specific industries (e.g., healthcare,
education, law, finance).
 Suggest how humans currently compensate for this limitation in these fields.

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Computer hardware is any physical device used in or with your machine, whereas
software is a collection of code installed onto your computer's hard drive. For
example, the computer monitor you are using to read this text and the mouse you
are using to navigate this web page are computer hardware. The Internet browser
that allowed you to visit this page and the operating system that the browser is
running on are considered software.

All software utilizes at least one hardware device to operate. For example, a video
game, which is software, uses the computer processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard
drive, and video card to run. Word processing software uses the computer processor,
memory, and hard drive to create and save documents.
Hardware is what makes a computer work. A CPU processes information and that
information can be stored in RAM or on a hard drive. A sound card provides
sound to speakers, and a video card provides an image to a monitor. Each of
these are examples of hardware components.

ASSIGNMENT 2: CAN A COMPUTER RUN WITHOUT SOFTWARE? EXPLAIN IF

YES OR NO

[email protected]

INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Computer hardware system is divided up into input and output devices. Input devices
are things that send information into your computer and output devices are things
where information is coming out from your computer.

So, for example a KEYBOARD sends input into the computer therefore it's an
input device. I'll type my keys and it sends the signal inside the computer giving
it some directions.
A MOUSE is also another example of an input device we're sending information
into the computer system.
A MONITOR is an example Of an Output device this is because the computer
system is sending information Out to the monitor for us to see-
WEBCAM would be an example of an input device it takes pictures of us and
sends it into the computer
SPEAKERS are examples Of Output devices the reason is because the signal is
coming out creating sounds from the computer.
The MICROPHONE would be an input device because we're sending information
into the computer.
PRINTER would be an example of an output device that's because of computer
sending information out to it so that we can create some cool prints.
The SCANNER would be an input device because it sends the image information
into the computer
 INSIDE THE PC:
THE CASE: The outer shell is known as the case its primary function is to keep
the insides nice and safe from things that are on the Outside. it also helps to
keep the system cool. usually, it has vents on the front and back for proper
aeration.

POWER SUPPLY: power supplies function is to take power from the electrical
outlet and spread it out to all of your computer system, giving power to all
individual parts. Power supplies come in wattages and that's dependent on how
much Hardware you have inside your system
MOTHERBOARD: A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer
system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a computer,
including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input
and output devices. Motherboards, often referred to as a logic board, main
board or "mobo"
for short, are the "back-bone" of the computer. Its purpose is to connect all
the parts of the computer together and make everything centralized using its
printed circuit board. The central processing unit, hard drives, memory,
graphic processing unit, printers, and other ports all connect to the computer
directly or via special cables that attach on to the motherboard.

BIOS: essentially when your computer turns on it needs to have some

information about what's connected to it and what time it is. All that
information is stored on the little chip called the BIOS
CPU (Central Processing unit): The next most important component is the CPU,
central processing unit, which is "the brains" of a computer. the CPU's finction is
to select instructions, process them, perform arithmetic and logical
comparisons, and store results of operations in memory,”. Most computers
today have two or more CPUs to help maximize potential and processing power.
Have you ever wondered what the "dual core" or "quad-core" labels on your
computer meant? Simply put, "dual-core" refers to two CPUs as opposed to
"quad-core" which is four CPUs and the general standard today. Generally, the
more CPU cores you have, the faster your computer will be able to complete
requests made by the user such as exporting a movie file. The two major
corporations to produce this part are Intel and AMD.

Hard Drives: if you've ever wondered where all your information goes when
you enter it onto a Word Document and continue to save it, the answer is the
hard drive. It is known as permanent memory and is not volatile, meaning it
does not get erased when the power is shut off. This type of memory is where
all your documents, pictures, programs, videos and movies are stored and kept
safely.
Memory (Random Access Memory): It starts to get a little confusing here
differentiating between hard drive memory and random access memory but
there is a clear distinction which most people cannot identify until they are
told. Have you ever wondered why when you try to buy a computer the sales
associate insists you get more RAM (Random Access Memory) so that your
computer is faster? Well, they never really told you the real reason behind that
logic I'm guessing. Random Access memory, often referred to as RAM, is
memory that can be accessed randomly. Likewise, when your brain can recall
from memory quickly it is able to better react to situations or problems. This is
special to computers because they can only manipulate data that is on the
main memory. Therefore, every program you execute or every file you access
must be moved from the hard drive into the memory.

GPU/Graphic Cards/Video Cards: Now it is time to look at how your computer

puts out such beautiful visuals. This is no miracle. The Graphics processing unit
(GPU) often referred to as a graphics card is used primarily for 3D applications.
NVIDIA, a global corporation that manufactures graphics processors, mobile
technologies, and desktop computers defines a GPIJ as a "single chip process
that aids in creating lighting effects and transforming objects every time a 3D
scene is redrawn" (Britannica). This is the equivalent to how your eyes function
and relate your beautiful visual sensory details to your brain. These calculations
are extremely mathematically intensive tasks that would put fair amount of
strain on the CPU. By allowing the GPI-J to take over these tasks it enables the
CPU to tend to other non-visual related calculations that the computer needs to
function.

Optical Drives: The final part is an optical drive. We are all familiar with this and
tend to use them often. An optical drive is just a fancy word for a CD or DVD
drive. These are used to read or write data from discs which can then be
 removed and carried. Blu-Ray readers are the new technology standard for
movies but overall, as a removal memory they have become almost obsolete
due to the creation of USB's and thumb drives. Not only are USBs easier to
carry, but also so cheap that everyone has one on their key chains these days.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A
program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software —

System Software
Application Software

System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the
computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level
languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as
the interface between the hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,
Assemblers, etc.

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software -

Close to the System
Fast in speed
Difficult to design
Difficult to understand
Less interactive
Smaller in size
Difficult to manipulate
Generally written in low-level language

Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under
the category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for
writing and editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often
called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a
spreadsheet package.
Examples Of Application software are the following —

Payroll Software
Student Record Software
Inventory Management Software
Income Tax Software
Railways Reservation Software
Microsoft Office Suite Software
Microsoft Word Microsoft Excel Microsoft PowerPoint

Features Of application software are as follows —

Close to the user
Easy to design More interactive
Slow in speed
Generally written in high-level language
Easy to understand
Easy to manipulate and use
Bigger in size and requires large storage space
 MODULE 2
ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY OF PC
Assembling a computer seems like a difficult job, however, once you get used to it, you
will realize that it's easier done than said. You need to be cautious about putting the
right components in the right place and make sure that all screws are properly tight.
Follow the steps below to properly assemble a computer system.
Step 1: Take Inventory
Before starting, gather all necessary components and tools to ensure a smooth
assembly process. Here’s a list of the main parts and tools you’ll need:
1. Motherboard: The main circuit board that holds the CPU, memory, and
connectors for other components.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of the computer, responsible for
executing instructions.
3. CPU Cooler: A fan or liquid cooler that sits atop the CPU to regulate its
temperature.
4. Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory that helps your
computer run programs and process data.
5. Storage Device: Either a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD) for
storing data and the operating system.
6. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides power to all the components in the system.
7. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Required for rendering graphics (if not
integrated into the CPU).
8. Case/Chassis: The housing that holds all the internal components and provides
structural support.
9. Screws and Standoffs: Essential for securing components to the case and
motherboard.
10. Thermal Paste (if needed): Applied to the CPU before attaching the cooler to
ensure efficient heat transfer.
11. Screwdrivers (usually Phillips-head): Required to tighten screws.
12. Antistatic Wrist Strap: Helps prevent electrostatic discharge, which could
damage sensitive components.

Step 2: Prepare the Case

1. Open the case and remove any protective coverings.
2. Locate the screw holes inside the case for mounting the motherboard and ensure
they align with the holes on your motherboard.
3. Install standoffs, if necessary, to keep the motherboard elevated and prevent it
from touching the metal case.

Step 3: Install the Power Supply

1. Place the power supply unit (PSU) in its designated area, usually at the bottom or
top of the case.
2. Secure the PSU with screws and ensure the fan is facing outward (usually toward
a vent in the case).
3. Connect the necessary power cables to the motherboard, CPU, and other
components.

Step 4: Mount the Motherboard

1. Align the motherboard with the case’s standoffs.
2. Gently place it into position, ensuring the ports align with the I/O shield.
3. Screw the motherboard in place, tightening each screw just enough to hold it
securely but without over-tightening.

Step 5: Install the CPU

1. Open the CPU socket on the motherboard by releasing the latch.
2. Carefully align the CPU with the socket, matching the notches or pins.
3. Place the CPU gently into the socket, avoiding any force.
4. Secure the CPU with the latch.

Step 6: Apply Thermal Paste and Attach the CPU Cooler

1. If the cooler does not have pre-applied thermal paste, apply a small amount
(about the size of a grain of rice) to the CPU.
2. Mount the cooler on top of the CPU, ensuring it’s secure.
3. Plug the cooler's power cable into the motherboard’s CPU fan header.

Step 7: Insert the RAM

1. Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard.
2. Align each RAM stick with the slot, ensuring the notch lines up with the slot’s
ridge.
3. Press down firmly until the RAM clicks into place.

Step 8: Install the Storage Device

1. If using an HDD or SSD, mount it in the case’s designated drive bay.
2. Secure it with screws or using the case's mounting mechanism.
3. Connect the storage device to the motherboard with a SATA cable (for SATA
drives) or directly to the motherboard slot (for M.2 SSDs).

Step 9: Install the Graphics Card (if required)

1. Locate the PCIe slot on the motherboard.
2. Remove any covers on the case where the graphics card will be accessible.
3. Align the card with the slot, pressing it firmly into place.
4. Secure the card to the case with screws and connect the necessary power cables.

Step 10: Connect All Cables

1. Attach the motherboard’s main power cable and CPU power cable from the PSU.
2. Connect storage device cables (SATA or M.2).
3. Attach any other necessary connectors, including case power and reset switches,
USB headers, and audio connectors.
 Step 11: Double-Check Connections and Close the Case
1. Verify all components and cables are securely connected.
2. Close the case panel and screw it shut.
3. Attach the power cable and peripherals, such as the monitor, keyboard, and
mouse.

Step 12: Power On and Test the System

1. Press the power button to start the computer.
2. Enter the BIOS/UEFI to check if all components are detected.
3. Proceed to install an operating system if all parts are functioning correctly