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CH 6 Theory

The document compares normal force and shear force, as well as torsional moment and bending moment, highlighting their definitions, directions, effects on materials, examples, and symbols. It also explains the mathematical and conceptual relationships between shear force and bending moment in beams, along with the physical interpretation of these concepts. Additionally, it introduces the flexure formula for calculating the maximum load a beam can support and discusses key concepts such as neutral axis and moment of inertia.

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Aleshba kashif
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9 views5 pages

CH 6 Theory

The document compares normal force and shear force, as well as torsional moment and bending moment, highlighting their definitions, directions, effects on materials, examples, and symbols. It also explains the mathematical and conceptual relationships between shear force and bending moment in beams, along with the physical interpretation of these concepts. Additionally, it introduces the flexure formula for calculating the maximum load a beam can support and discusses key concepts such as neutral axis and moment of inertia.

Uploaded by

Aleshba kashif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comparison Table: Normal Force vs.

Shear Force

Aspect Normal Force Shear Force

Force acting perpendicular to a


Definition Force acting parallel to a surface.
surface.

Acts tangentially or along the cross-


Direction Acts along the axis of the material.
section.

Effect on
Causes tension or compression. Causes sliding or distortion.
Material

Weight of a block resting on a Frictional force between layers of a sliding


Example
surface. deck.

Symbol Often represented by N Often represented by V

Comparison Table: Torsional Moment vs. Bending Moment

Aspect Torsional Moment Bending Moment

A twisting moment causing rotation


Definition A moment causing bending in a structure.
about an axis.

Acts around the longitudinal axis of


Direction Acts perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
a member.

Effect on Induces shear stress due to Induces tensile and compressive stresses
Material rotation. on opposite sides.

Torque applied on a wrench turning


Example Load applied on a beam causing it to bend.
a bolt.

Symbol Often represented by T Often represented by M

Diagrams

1. Normal Force and Shear Force

o Normal Force: Arrow perpendicular to a surface showing compression or tension.

o Shear Force: Arrows parallel to a surface indicating sliding layers.

2. Torsional Moment and Bending Moment


o Torsional Moment: Circular arrows around the longitudinal axis of a member.

o Bending Moment: Curved deformation in a beam with forces causing the curve.

Normal Force diagram

Shear Force diagram


Torsional Moment diagram

bending moment

The relationship between shear force (V) and bending moment (M) in a beam
can be expressed mathematically and conceptually as follows:
1. Mathematical Relationship

The shear force at a section is the rate of change of the bending moment along the length of the beam.

V=dM/dx

Where:

 V = Shear force at the section.

 M= Bending moment at the section.

 x= Distance along the length of the beam.

Similarly, the bending moment is the integral of the shear force:

M(x)=∫V dx+C
Where C is the constant of integration determined by boundary conditions.

2. Conceptual Relationship

 Shear Force Causes Change in Bending Moment:


A varying shear force across a beam results in a change in the bending moment. If the shear
force is constant, the bending moment increases linearly. If the shear force is zero, the bending
moment is constant.

 Graphical Relationship:

o The slope of the bending moment diagram at any point equals the value of the shear
force diagram at that same point.

o The area under the shear force diagram between two points equals the change in the
bending moment between those points.

3. Physical Interpretation

 A concentrated load on a beam creates a sudden jump in the shear force and a corresponding
change in the slope of the bending moment diagram.

 Distributed loads cause a gradual change in the shear force, leading to a parabolic variation in
the bending moment.
Beam:
A beam is a structural element designed to resist forces and moments, primarily bending, caused by
applied loads. It is typically a horizontal or inclined member that spans an open space and is supported
at its ends or at intermediate points. Beams are fundamental components in construction and
engineering, used in buildings, bridges, and other structures.

The Flexure Formula :


Mc
ơMAX = ( I )
The flexure formula, is used to calculate the maximum load a beam can safely support without

risking structural failure.

1. Neutral Axis:
The line within the cross-section where bending stress is zero. Stresses
change from tension to compression (or vice versa) across this axis.
2. Moment of Inertia:
A measure of the beam's resistance to bending, depending on the shape
and size of its cross-section.
3. Distance from Neutral Axis :
The further a point is from the neutral axis, the higher the stress.
4. Bending Moment :
The external moment causing the beam to bend, determined by the load
and support conditions.

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