Topic 5.

2 - Nationalism & Revolutions from 1750 - 1900

Thematic Focus: Governance (GOV)

A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order
through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in
different ways and for different purposes.

Essential Questions: In what ways were the causes and the effects of revolutions between 1750 and 1900 similar and different?

Historical Developments (KC’s)

• KC 5.3.II.ii: People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and
territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
• KC 5.3 :The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments,
leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
• KC 5.3.IV.A.i Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various
ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism.
• KC 5.3.III.B: Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution,
and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the
revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements
facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.
• KC 5.3.I.B: The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents— including the American
Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen”
during the French Revolution, and Bolívar’s “Letter from Jamaica” on the eve of the Latin American revolutions— influenced
resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.
• KC 5.3.II.iii : Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some
cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions.
 Learning Objective Study Guide Notes on Historical Developments (KC)

Explain causes and American Revolution:

effects of the various CAUSES:
revolutions in the period 1. Their rights weren't being protected
1750 to 1900.

Comparing Atlantic 2. independent politically.

Revolutions: Strayer
p. 700-714

Nations & Nationalism: Strayer 3. free market ideals

[German, Italian, Balkans]
p. 719-723

4. distance between the colonists and the king of Great Britain

5. European Enlightenment philosophy.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who influenced these ideas?
Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration. John Locke influenced it.

What are unalienable rights?

Rights that everyone is born with. Ex. Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Who helped the colonists defeat Great Britain?

France

The New Zealand Wars

Summarize the causes of the New Zealand Wars:
The Maori people lived in New Zealand for hundreds of years. After the English colonized New
Zealand, English control and pressure for their land grew. This led to a series of conflicts named
the New Zeland wars

What was the outcome?

The British won

The French Revolution

CAUSES:
★ liberty
Liberte, egalite, et fraternite (_________________, equality
_______________________,
and fraternity
_____________________)

★ Economic Woes:
spending
• France was ________________________ more than it was making.

• Aiding the US was expensive

★ Estates General
 • clergy
The ___________________

• nobility
The ___________________

• Commoners
_______________________

■ Why were the commoners upset and what did they break away to establish?
Voting inequality. The National Assembly.

Marquis de Lafayette
It seemed like _________________________________ was going to establish a constitutional monarchy,
Bastille
but the National Assembly grew unhappy and stormed the _________________________.

➔ Summarize what the Bastille represented:

It symbolized corruption in the government and the aristocracy, and the government's ignorance of its
citizens' rights

The two most permanent changes that took place in the early French Revolution were
1. The abolition of feudalism

2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man

King Louis XVI refusal to accept the new government created by the National Assembly resulted in
dissatisfaction among radical groups
____________________________

➔ What was the Reign of Terror?

A period during which the government executed many of the revolutionaries

Napoleon Bonaparte
The turmoil ended when ______________________________ became the French emperor in 1804.

The Hatian Revolution

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and describe his impact:
A former slave who was influenced by the American and French Revolutions. Leader of the revolution and the
army of the revolution.

What did L'Ouverture's army establish?

an independent government

Describe the constitution created by L’Ouverture.

It granted equality and citizenship to all residents.

What land reforms were made?

Plantations were divided up among formerly enslaved and free black people.
Jean - Jazques Dessalines wrote what?
A Haitian declaration of permanent independence

Haiti became:
1. The first Latin American to become independent

2. The first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere

3. The only country that is permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising

Comparisons:
Similarities: They both grew out of the Enlightenment's insistence that men had natural rights as citizens.

Differences: The Haitians had much less rights to begin with because they were slaves

Creole Revolutions in Latin America

Define the following Latin American social classes, and describe where they stood in society (new the
top, or the bottom).
❏ Peninsulares: Colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal. Top of the hierarchy

❏ Creoles: People who were born of European ancestors in the Americas. Second highest

❏ Mestizos: People who were born of European and Indian parents. They were third

❏ African Slaves, Indigenous populations, Mulattoes

They were at the very bottom

Summarize the three reasons many wanted independence from Spain:
1. Many Creoles were wealthy land or business owners. They opposed Spain's mercantilism,
which required exclusive trade with Spain.

2. Creoles wanted more political power. They hated that Spain gave Peninsulares a majority of the important jobs

3. Mestizos wanted political power and a share of the wealth of the colonies.

The Bolivar Revolutions

What did the Creole class want, and why did they refuse the help of the mestizos, indegenous people,
and mulattos?

They wanted Independence from Spain. They refused aid the masses because they feared them.
Describe the role of Simon Bolivar in Latin America. (What was his background, what did he want, how
did he describe himself?)

Bolivar was born in Venezuela in 1783 to a family of village aristocrats in Spain.

He wanted Gran Columbia to be a federation similar to the US. He described himself as a liberal
who believed in a free market

Who were the caudillos and how were they involved in the politics of Latin America?

They were strong, local leaders with regional power bases. They intervened in national politics to make or
break governments.

Results of the Creole Revolutions

How did new constitutions in Latin America keep social structures in place even though they had been
banned?
They forbade voting by those who could not read or write in Spanish, effectively denying indigenous people
the vote.

Describe the status of women after the Latin American revolutions?

They gained little from the Revolutions. They were still unable to vote or enter into contracts. Most women
recieved little education.

How was Manuela Saenz unique?

She was the lover of Simon Bolivar. She actively participated in fighting along side Bolivar.

Changes to Spanish Colonialism

Summarize the impact of Lola Rodriguez de Tio. Who was she and what did she do?

She was a recognized poet. In her poems, she critiqued Spain's rule over Puerto Rico.

Propaganda
Why did many young Filipino students embrace the ideas of nationalism?

Many of them traveled to Europe to attend universities. In Europe there was an atmosphere of nationalism
and republicanism, which these students embraced and brought back to the Philippines.

Define the Propaganda Movement.

A movement spurred by young Filipinos who published pieces calling for greater autonomy for the
Philipines, but not for independence or revolution.

Who was the leader of this movement and what did his death lead to?

He was Jose Rizal. His death lead to the Philipine Revolution in 1896.

Nationalism and Unification in Europe

unifying
Finish this sentence ...”Nationalism was a __________________ force that not only threatened large
empire………….”
 Italian Unification
Summarize the motivations of Count di Cavour.
He sought to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy.

Define realpolitik.

The practical politics of reality

Describe the beliefs of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi and how they impacted Italian
unification.

Mazzini had been agitating for Italian resurgence since early in the nineteenth century. Garibaldi
was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of Naples.

German Unification
Why were nationalism movements growing in German?
They strengthened as a result of opposition to French occupation of German states under Napoleon Bonaparte

Define Liberalism:

a desire for representation under constitutions that recognized civil liberties

Who was Otto Van Bismark?

A Prussian leader

Describe how he engineered the unification of the German empire.

He used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars in order to bring together the countries in Germany.

Global Consequences
What was the long-term effect of Nationalism?

Extreme nationalism would lead to World War I.

What trouble continued to plague Italy despite unification?
Poverty continued to plague Italy, which would lead to considerable emigration in the late nineteenth
century.

Balkan Nationalism
What signaled the beginning of the end of Ottoman dominance?
A failed attempt by the Ottomans to capture Vienna

What two ideas led to Greek nationalism?

1.
Enlightenment principles

2. The reverence with which Greece and it ancient culture were viewed across Europe

Intervention from who helped Greece gain its independence?

A British, French, and Russian fleet.

The waning of Ottoman control led to…..

greater freedom and ideas like nationalism

List the things that brought people together:

1.
religion

2. language

3. shared history

4. folk traditions

Ottoman Nationalism
Define Ottomanism. What was its goal?
It was a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state.

How did the Ottoman Empire try to achieve Ottomanism?

The attempted removal of ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences

What was the effect of Ottomanism on other ethnic groups?

 The attempt to create a more unified state actually served to highlight and intensify subject people's
feelings of difference and promote their desire for independence.

The Future of Nationalism

What evidence supports the claim that nationalism is in decline?
In Europe, many countries have agreed to use the same currency. This made travel much easier

Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period 1750 to 1900.
The years 1750-1900 experienced revolutions that changed the world. The new Age of Enlightenment became
a pursuit of liberty and equality and challenged politics and social hierarchies established over the decades.
The American Revolution succeeded in solidifying the first modern-day republic for the world. The French
Revolution confronted the monarchy head-on for a true republican effort of significant social and political
change and sincerity, to establish a sustainable republic. The Haitian Revolution—historically the only
successful slave revolt—was the impetus for generations in Latin America to seek independence with notions
of regional autonomy. Finally, the Industrial Revolution saw economic and social change—from urbanization to
a burgeoning working class—that had never been realized or established before. Ultimately, these revolutions
changed the world

Multiple Choice: A______ B: ________ C:___________

SAQs: For each, bullet point evidence for each part

5.2 (1A) 5.2 (2A) 5.2 (3A)

5.2 (1B) 5.2 2(B) 5.2 (3B)