“Artificial” + “Intelligence”

”Simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer

systems”

COURSE OUTCOME
CO1
Design AI solution with appropriate choice of agent architecture

CO2
Analyze and solve problems for goal based agent architecture (searching and
planning algorithms).

CO3
Represent and formulate the knowledge to solve the problems using various
reasoning techniques
 CO4
Analyze applications of AI and understand planning & learning processes in
advanced AI applications

Recommended Books
1. Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig, "Artificial Intelligence A

Modern Approach “Third Edition" Pearson Education. 2. Elaine

Rich and Kevin Knight "Artificial Intelligence "Third Edition 3. George F Luger
“Artificial Intelligence” Low Price Edition , Pearson Education., Fourth edition
4. Davis E.Goldberg, "Genetic Algorithms: Search, Optimization and Machine
Learning", Addison Wesley, N.Y., 1989.

5. Ivan Bratko "PROLOG Programming for Artificial Intelligence",

Pearson Education, Third Edition.

MODULE 1
Reference - Chapter 1
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human
intelligence processes - by machines, especially
computer systems
– These processes include
• LEARNING (the acquisition of information and rules for using the
 information),

• REASONING (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions)

and self-correction

• Particular applications of AI include

– Expert Systems, Speech Recognition And Machine Vision
Acting humanly: The Turing Test
approach
• The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950),
was designed to provide a satisfactory TURING
TEST operational definition of intelligence.
Thinking humanly: The cognitive
modeling approach
 • If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a

human, we must have some way of determining how

humans think. • We need to get inside the actual workings

of human minds. – There are three ways to do this:

• through introspection-trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by; •

through psychological experiments—observing a person in action; • through

brain imaging—observing the brain in action

Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought”

 approach
“Logicist tradition within artificial intelligence hopes to
build on programs to create intelligent systems”
– First, it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in
the formal terms required by logical notation
• particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain.

– Second, there is a big difference between solving a problem

“in principle” and solving it in practice.

Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

 • A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the

best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best

expected outcome.

– All the skills needed for the Turing Test also allow an agent

to act rationally

Computer Would Need To Possess the following Capabilities: 1. NATURAL

LANGUAGE PROCESSING to enable it to communicate successfully in English

2. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION to store what it knows or hears 3.

AUTOMATED REASONING to use the stored information to answer questions

and to draw new conclusions

4. MACHINE LEARNING to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and

extrapolate patterns.

5. COMPUTER VISION to perceive objects

6. ROBOTICS to manipulate objects and move about

Applications of AI*
• AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and
advice to the users. • Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and
comprehend visual input on the computer. For example,
– A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of
the areas. – Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
– Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made
by forensic artist.
• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human
talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change
in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text. • Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform
the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real
 world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They
have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In
addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new
environment.

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
• The ability of a system to :-
• calculate,
• reason,
• perceive relationships and analogies,
• learn from experience,
• store and retrieve information from memory,
• solve problems,
• comprehend complex ideas,
• use natural language fluently,
• classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.
COMPONENTS OF INTELLIGENT
SYSTEMS
Comprehend,Speak,
Write..
Judge , Predict
Awareness,studying ,practising interpreting
Decision Making
Sensing,Organizing,

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set
of rules and data.

• Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by

searching algorithms.
– For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and recall as
its pattern is simple.

• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is
missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
FOUNDATION OF
AI
• Philosophy
• Mathematics
• Economics
• Neuroscience
• Psychology
• COMPUTER ENGINEERING
 • Linguistics
• Philosophers (going back to 400 B.C.) made AI conceivable by considering the
ideas that the mind is in some ways like a machine, that it operates on
knowledge encoded in some internal language, and that thought can be used to
choose what actions to take.

• Mathematicians provided the tools to manipulate statements of logical certainty

as well as uncertain, probabilistic statements.

– They also set the groundwork for understanding computation and reasoning about algorithms. •

Economists formalized the problem of making decisions that maximize the expected
outcome to the decision maker.

• Neuroscientists discovered some facts about how the brain works and the ways in
which it is similar to and different from computers.
• Psychologists adopted the idea that humans and animals can be considered

information- processing machines.

• Linguists showed that language use fits into this model.

• Computer engineers provided the ever-more-powerful machines that make

AI applications possible.

• Control theory deals with designing devices that act optimally on the basis

of feedback from the environment.

– Initially, the mathematical tools of control theory were quite different from AI, but the
 fields are coming closer together.

Turing Test
“HUMAN BEINGS ARE INTELLIGENT”

• To be called intelligent, a machine

must produce responses that are
indistinguishable from those of a
human Alan Turing

Does AI have applications?

• Autonomous planning and scheduling of tasks aboard a spacecraft •

Beating Gary Kasparov in a chess match

• Steering a driver-less car

• Understanding language

• Robotic assistants in surgery

• Monitoring trade in the stock market to see if insider trading is

going on

COMPONENTS OF AI
There are three types of components in AI

1) Hardware Components of AI

2) Software Components

3) Architectural Components
HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF AI
a) Pattern Matching
b) Logic Representation
c) Symbolic Processing
d) Numeric Processing
e) Problem Solving
f) Heuristic Search
g) Natural Language processing
h) Knowledge Representation
i) Expert System
j) Neural Network
k) Learning
l) Planning
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
a) Machine Language
b) Assembly language
c) High level Language
d) LISP Language
e) Fourth generation Language
f) Object Oriented Language

g) Distributed Language
h) Natural Language
i) Particular Problem Solving Language
ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS
a) Uniprocessor
b) Multiprocessor

c) Special Purpose Processor

d) Array Processor

e) Vector Processor

f) Parallel Processor

g) Distributed Processor
Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of

headings: – Search (includes Game Playing).

– Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it.
– Planning.

– Learning.
– Natural language processing.
– Expert Systems.
– Interacting with the Environment
(e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics)
History of Artificial Intelligence(Pg No 16-28)
• The gestation of artificial intelligence (1943–1955)
• The birth of artificial intelligence (1956)
• Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952–1969)
• A dose of reality (1966–1973)
• Knowledge-based systems: The key to power(1969–1979)
• AI becomes an industry (1980–present)
• The return of neural networks (1986–present)
• AI adopts the scientific method (1987–present) • The
emergence of intelligent agents (1995–present) • The
availability of very large data sets (2001–present)
 AI Problems (Rich & Knight)
AI Techniques
• Technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be
represented in a way that:
1. Knowledge captures generalizations.

2. Understood by people who must provide it

3. Can be easily modified to correct errors and reflect changes.

4. Can be used in almost all situations

5. Able to narrow down the possibilities on it s own knowledge

AI Techniques
 AI Applications
• Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
 – Analysis of data:

AI Applications
• Medicine:
– Image guided surgery

AI Applications
• Medicine:
– Image analysis and enhancement

AI Applications
• Transportation:
 – Autonomous
vehicle control:

AI Applications
• Transportation:
– Pedestrian detection:
AI Applications
Games:
AI Applications
• Games:
 AI Applications
• Robotic toys:

AI Applications
Other application areas:
• Bioinformatics:
– Gene expression data analysis
– Prediction of protein structure
• Text classification, document sorting:
– Web pages, e-mails
– Articles in the news
• Video, image classification
• Music composition, picture drawing
• Natural Language Processing . •
Perception.
AI in daily life
Commuting (
Google Maps)
Email (Spam)
Plagiarism (Turnitin)
Social Networking (FB ( ? ),Snapchat,
Instagram Online Shopping-Recommendations
Things AI cannot do (Yet)
• Conversational interfaces—ask Siri something off
script, and it breaks down
• Automated scientific discovery
• Automated medical diagnosis
• Automated scene comprehension for blind people
• Cannot write software
• Safe and reliable driverless cars
• Computers cant Think/Understand/
• Creative writing
• AI cannot exercise free will