Table of Contents

1. Median of Arrays 27. Inorder Traversal

2. 0-1 Knapsack 28. Sort Stacks
3. Matrix Product 29. Stacks from Queues
4. Find Duplicates 30. Palindromes
5. Consecutive Array 31. Max Stacks
6. Zero Matrix 32. Two Missing Numbers
7. Square Submatrix 33. Big Int Modules
8. Merge K Arrays 34. Swap Variables
9. Matrix Search 35. Gray Code
10. Merge Arrays 36. Rotate Bits
11. Zero Sum Subarray 37. Number of Ones In a Binary
12. Permutations Number
13. N Stacks 38. Linked List Cycles
14. Anagrams 39. Random Linked List
15. Build Order 40. Dedup Linked List
16. Shortest Path 41. Split a Linked List
17. Random Binary Tree 42. Nth to the Last Element
18. Lowest Common Ancestor 43. Three Sum
19. Sum 44. Tree Level Order
20. Reverse Stack 45. Autocomplete
21. Tree to Doubly Linked List 46. String Deletion
22. Longest Consecutive Branch 47. Longest Common Substring
23. Print Reversed Linked List 48. String Compression
24. Balanced Binary Tree 49. Fibonacci Number
25. Binary Search Tree Verification 50. Priority Queue
26. Smallest Change 51. Kth Most Frequent String

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Introduction
Hey there! Sam here from Byte by Byte.

I’m so excited that you decided to download this guide and I

want to tell you a little bit about why I created it and how to get
the most out of it.

Back in 2014, I was interviewing for jobs. I was a senior at

Princeton and I’ll tell you, it wasn’t going particularly well.
Everyone else was so much smarter than me. They knew all
the things that I didn’t.

But I needed a job, so I didn’t stop. I just kept doing interviews.

Week in and week out, I had interviews. And most of them
didn’t go particularly well…

... but I started to get better.

And that’s when I realized what I was missing: Really solid practice.

When I was doing actual interviews over and over again, I found that it started to get easier. I
wasn’t as nervous. I was comfortable in the interviews.

After landing multiple great job offers at companies like Amazon and Yext, I knew that I wanted
to help others accomplish what I had just done. I started Byte by Byte to do just that.

Since then, I’ve helped thousands of students get jobs at FAANG companies (Facebook,
Amazon, Apple, Netflix, Google) and many others. I’ve helped bootcamp graduates finally break
into tech. I’ve helped 10-year industry veterans move into that next position.

And now I want to help you too!

Thank you so much for joining me on this journey. I can’t wait to help you find your dream job in
tech.

Best,

Sam Gavis­Hughson, Byte by Byte

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How To Use This Guide
In this guide, you’ll find 50 of the most popular coding interview questions that I’ve seen asked.
And for every single one, I’ve provided code and a detailed video explanation.

But here’s the thing. It’s not going to be enough for you just to read through the whole thing and
head off to your interview. If you really want to get the most out of this guide, you’re going to
have to put in the work.

The key when you study these problems is to solve them exactly as you will when you go into
your interview. Developing a systematic approach and practicing it will allow you not only to
solve these problems, but solve so many others in your interview.

Here are the steps that you should follow:

1. Understand the problem

While this may sound obvious, it is a step that is constantly missed. My favorite go-to
problem when evaluating people is asking them to print out a linked list in reverse order.
Consistently, at least half of the people will spend a lot of time reversing the linked list
and returning it, rather than using a simple stack-based or recursive solution that prints
out the list and returns nothing.

Understanding exactly what is being asked of you is critical to your success. Ask any
clarifying questions necessary (you can also ask later so you don’t have to figure out all
your questions now). Also consider the example you’re given. Look at the input and
figure out how that resulted in the given output. If you see any obvious problem areas or
edge cases, add in your own example. Based on the input and output, what should be
the signature of your function?

2. Find a brute force solution

While I’ve already somewhat belabored the point here, it is absolutely essential that you
start with a brute force solution. Far too many people try to jump into an optimized
solution and get lost. At that point it can be really hard to recover without simply starting
over, and in an interview you definitely don’t have time to start over.

Finding a brute force solution also guarantees that you find a solution. When searching
for a brute force solution, there are a couple of things you can try. If a question asks for
the most something (longest path, largest weight, etc), you can solve it by finding every
possible solution and comparing them.

If you’re unsure how to approach a problem, try solving it by hand first and then

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 codifying your approach into an algorithm. Remember that your solution can be super
inefficient. It doesn’t matter at this point.

3. Optimize the brute force solution

Here is where you have the chance to shine. You shouldn’t spend more than 5-10
minutes on this step before moving on to coding, but this is your chance to make your
algorithm as efficient as you can.

There are plenty of approaches you can try here, including brainstorming more efficient
data structures, looking at duplicated or unnecessary work that you’re performing, or
just looking for more efficient solutions unrelated to your brute force solution. The key
is, though, to not spend too much time here before simply selecting the best solution
you have and starting to code it up.

4. Code the solution

Now that you’ve done all the legwork, coding your solution should hopefully be the easy
part. If not, it’s worth dedicating time to practicing coding, particularly on paper or a
whiteboard.

5. Test the solution

This final step is critical, and something that many people do wrong. Not only does it
show your interviewer that you are careful and thorough, it gives you yourself the
confidence that your solution is correct. How would it feel to answer your interviewers
“Is your solution correct?” with a confident “Yes!”?

The key to testing your code is to actually go through the code line by line. Too many
people simply talk through the logic. This is a good first step, but it guarantees that you
miss small typos or indexing errors. Missing these could leave a bad taste in your
interviewer’s mouth even if you did well otherwise. Therefore you should pick a simple
example and go through the code in its entirety.

With a defined process at your side, there is no reason to be nervous in an interview. Even if you
see a problem that confuses the hell out of you, you know where to begin and can simply take it
one step at a time.

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Array Problems

1. Median of Arrays

● Question: Find the median of two sorted arrays.

● Eg.

arr1 = [1, 3, 5]

arr2 = [2, 4, 6]
median(arr1, arr2) = 3.5

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/median/

2. 0-1 Knapsack
● Question: Given a list of items with values and weights, as well as a max weight,

find the maximum value you can generate from items where the sum of the
weights is less than the max.

● Eg.

items = {(w:1, v:6), (w:2, v:10), (w:3, v:12)}

maxWeight = 5

knapsack(items, maxWeight) = 22

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/01knapsack/

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3. Matrix product
● Question: Given a matrix, find the path from top left to bottom right with the

greatest product by moving only down and right.

● Eg.

[1, 2, 3]
[4, 5, 6]
[7, 8, 9]

1 ‑> 4 ‑> 7 ‑> 8 ‑> 9

2016

[‑1, 2, 3]

[4, 5, ‑6]
[7, 8, 9]

‑1 ‑> 4 ‑> 5 ‑> ‑6 ‑> 9

1080

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/matrixproduct/

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4. Find Duplicates

● Question: Given an array of integers where each value 1 <= x <= len(array), write
a function that finds all the duplicates in the array.

● Eg.

dups([1, 2, 3]) = []
dups([1, 2, 2]) = [2]

dups([3, 3, 3]) = [3]

dups([2, 1, 2, 1]) = [1, 2]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/findduplicates/

5. Consecutive Array

● Question: Given an unsorted array, find the length of the longest sequence of
consecutive numbers in the array.
● eg.

consecutive([4, 2, 1, 6, 5]) = 3, [4, 5, 6]

consecutive([5, 5, 3, 1]) = 1, [1], [3], or [5]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/consecutivearray/

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6. Zero Matrix
● Question: Given a boolean matrix, update it so that if any cell is true, all the cells

in that row and column are true.

● Eg.

[true, false, false] [true, true, true ]

[false, false, false] ‑> [true, false, false]
[false, false, false] [true, false, false]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/zeromatrix/

7. Square Submatrix

● Question: Given a 2D array of 1s and 0s, find the largest square subarray of all
1s.
● Eg. Given a 2D array of 1s and 0s, find the largest square subarray of all 1s.

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/squaresubmatrix/

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8. Merge K Arrays

● Question: Given k sorted arrays, merge them into a single sorted array.
● Eg.

merge({{1, 4, 7},{2, 5, 8},{3, 6, 9}}) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/mergekarrays/

9. Matrix Search
● Question: Given an n x m array where all rows and columns are in sorted order,

write a function to determine whether the array contains an element x.

● Eg.

contains([1, 2, 3, 4]
[5, 6, 7, 8]
[9, 10, 11, 12]) = True

Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/matrixsearch/

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10. Merge Arrays
● Question: Given 2 sorted arrays, A and B, where A is long enough to hold the

contents of A and B, write a function to copy the contents of B into A without

using any buffer or additional memory.
● Eg.

A = {1,3,5,0,0,0}
B = {2,4,6}
mergeArrays(A, B)

A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/mergearrays/

11. Zero Sum Subarray

● Question: Given an array, write a function to find any subarray that sums to zero,
if one exists.
● Eg.

zeroSum({1, 2, ‑5, 1, 2, ‑1}) = [2, ‑5, 1, 2]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/zerosum/

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12. Permutations
● Question: Write a function that returns all permutations of a given list.

● Eg.

permutations({1, 2, 3})
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]

[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/permutations/

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13. N Stacks

● Question: Implement N > 0 stacks using a single array to store all stack data
(you may use auxiliary arrays in your stack object, but all of the objects in all of
the stacks must be in the same array). No stack should be full unless the entire
array is full.
● Eg.

N = 3;
capacity = 10;
Stacks stacks = new Stacks(N, capacity);
stacks.put(0, 10);
stacks.put(2, 11);

stacks.pop(0) = 10;
stacks.pop(2) = 11;

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/nstacks/

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14. Anagrams
● Question: Given two strings, write a function to determine whether they are
anagrams.
● Eg.

isAnagram("", "") = true

isAnagram("A", "A") = true
isAnagram("A", "B") = false
isAnagram("ab", "ba") = true
isAnagram("AB", "ab") = true

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/anagrams/

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Graph Problems

15. Build Order

● Question: Given a list of packages that need to be built and the dependencies for
each package, determine a valid order in which to build the packages.
● Eg.

0:

1: 0
2: 0
3: 1, 2
4: 3
output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/buildorder/

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16. Shortest Path

● Question: Given a directed graph, find the shortest path between two nodes if

one exists.
● Eg.

Directed graph:

shortestPath(2, 3) = 2 ‑> 5 ‑> 4 ‑> 3

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/shortestpath/

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Recursion Problems

17. Random Binary Tree

● Question: Implement a binary tree with a method getRandomNode() that returns

a random node.
● Eg.

getRandomNode() = 5

getRandomNode() = 8

getRandomNode() = 1

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/randombinarytree/

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18. Lowest Common Ancestor

● Question: Given two nodes in a binary tree, write a function to find the lowest
common ancestor.
● Eg.

lcs(4, 3) = 1

lcs(6, 7) = 3

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/lowestcommonancestor/

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19. Sum

● Question: Given two integers, write a function to sum the numbers without using
any arithmetic operators.

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/sum/

20. Reverse Stack

● Question: Given a stack, reverse the items without creating any additional data
structures.
● Eg.

reverse(1‑>2‑>3) = 3‑>2‑>1

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/reversestack/

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21. Tree to Doubly Linked List

● Question: Given a tree, write a function to convert it into a circular doubly linked

list from left to right by only modifying the existing pointers.

● Eg.

<‑ 4 <‑> 2 <‑> 5 <‑> 1 <‑> 6 <‑> 3 <‑> 7 ‑>

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/treetolist/

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22. Longest Consecutive Branch

● Question: Given a tree, write a function to find the length of the longest branch of
nodes in increasing consecutive order.
● Eg.

length = 3

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/longestbranch/

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23. Print Reversed Linked List

● Question: Given a linked list, write a function that prints the nodes of the list in
reverse order.
● Eg.

printReversedList(1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3)

Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/printreversedlist/

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24. Balanced Binary Tree

● Question: Given a binary tree, write a function to determine whether the tree is
balanced.
● Eg.

Balanced tree (all branches are same height +- 1):

Balanced tree (all subtrees are balanced):

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/balancedtree/

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25. Binary Search Tree Verification

● Question: Given a binary tree, write a function to test if the tree is a binary search
tree.
● Eg.

Valid:

Invalid:

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/binarysearchtree/

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26. Smallest Change

● Question: Given an input amount of change x, write a function to determine the

minimum number of coins required to make that amount of change.

● Eg. (using American coins)

change(1) = 1

change(3) = 3

change(7) = 3

change(32) = 4

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/smallestchange/

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Stack Problems

27. Inorder Traversal

● Question: Given a binary search tree, print out the elements of the tree in order
without using recursion.
● Eg.

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/inordertraversal/

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28. Sort Stacks

● Question: Given a stack, sort the elements in the stack using one additional
stack.
● Eg.

sort([1, 3, 2, 4]) = [1, 2, 3, 4]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/sortstacks/

29. Stack from Queues

● Question: Implement a LIFO stack with basic functionality (push and pop) using
FIFO queues to store the data.
● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/stackfromqueues/

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30. Palindromes

● Question: Given a linked list, write a function to determine whether the list is a
palindrome.
● Eg.

palindrome(1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3) = false

palindrome(1 ‑> 2 ‑> 1) = true

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/palindromes/

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31. Max Stacks

● Question: Implement a LIFO stack that has a push(), pop(), and max() function,
where max() returns the maximum value in the stack. All of these functions
should run in O(1) time.
● Eg.

push(1)

max() = 1

push(2)

max() = 2

push(1)

max() = 2

pop() = 1

max() = 2

pop() = 2

max() = 1

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/maxstack/

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Bit Manipulation Problems

32. Two Missing Numbers

● Question: Given an array containing all the numbers from 1 to n except two, find
the two missing numbers.

● Eg.

missing([4, 2, 3]) = 1, 5

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/twomissingnumbers/

33. Big Int Modules

● Question: Given a list of bytes a, each representing one byte of a larger integer
(ie. {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78}represents the integer 0x12345678), and an integer
b, find a % b.
● Eg.

mod({0x03, 0xED}, 10) = 5

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/bigintmod/

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34. Swap Variables

● Question: Given two integers, write a function that swaps them without using
any temporary variables.
● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/swapvariables/

35. Gray Code

● Question: Given two integers, write a function to determine whether or not their
binary representations differ by a single bit.
● Eg.

gray(0, 1) = true

gray(1, 2) = false

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/graycode/

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36. Rotate Bits

● Question: Given a number, write a function to rotate the bits (ie circular shift).
● Eg.

rotate(0xFFFF0000, 8) = 0x00FFFF00

rotate(0x13579BDF, 12) = 0xBDF13579

rotate(0b10110011100011110000111110000000, 17) =
0b00011111000000010110011100011110

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/rotatebits/

37. Number of Ones in a Binary Number

● Question: Given an integer, write a function to compute the number of ones in

the binary representation of the number.
● Eg. Given an integer, write a function to compute the number of ones in the
binary representation of the number.
● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/onesinbinary/

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Linked List Problems

38. Linked List Cycles

● Question: Given a linked list, determine whether it contains a cycle.

● Eg.

1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3 ‑> 4

^ |

|_________|

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/listcycles/

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39. Random Linked List

● Question: Given a linked list where each node has two pointers, one to the next

node and one to a random node in the list, clone the linked list.
● Eg.

1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> null

| | | |

v v v v

3 1 3 2

Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/randomlinkedlist/

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40. Dedup Linked List

● Question: Given an unsorted linked list, write a function to remove all the
duplicates.
● eg.

dedup(1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3 ‑> 2 ‑> 1) = 1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/deduplinkedlist/

41. Split a Linked List

● Question: Given a linked list, write a function to split the list into two equal
halves.
● Eg.

divide(1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3 ‑> 4) = 1 ‑> 2, 3 ‑> 4

divide(1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3 ‑> 4 ‑> 5) = 1 ‑> 2 ‑> 3, 4 ‑> 5

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/splitlinkedlist/

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42. Nth to the Last Element

● Question: Given a linked list, and an input n, write a function that returns the
nth-to-last element of the linked list.
● Eg. Given a linked list, and an input n, write a function that returns the nth-to-last
element of the linked list.
● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/nthtolastelement/

43. Three Sum

● Question: Given a list of integers, write a function that returns all sets of 3
numbers in the list, a, b, and c, so that a + b + c == 0.
● Eg.

threeSum({‑1, 0, 1, 2, ‑1, ‑4})

[‑1, ‑1, 2]

[‑1, 0, 1]

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/threesum/

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44. Tree Level Order

● Question: Given a tree, write a function that prints out the nodes of the tree in
level order.
● Eg.

traverse(tree) = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/treelevelorder/

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String Problems

45. Autocomplete

● Question: Write an autocomplete class that returns all dictionary words with a

given prefix.
● Eg.

dict: {"abc", "acd", "bcd", "def", "a", "aba"}

prefix: "a" ‑> "abc", "acd", "a", "aba"

prefix: "b" ‑> "bcd"

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/autocomplete/

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46. String Deletion

● Question: Given a string and a dictionary HashSet, write a function to determine

the minimum number of characters to delete to make a word.
● Eg.

dictionary: [“a”, “aa”, “aaa”]

query: “abc”

output: 2

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/stringdeletion/

47. Longest Common Substring

● Question: Given two strings, write a function that returns the longest common
substring.
● Eg.

longestSubstring("ABAB", "BABA") = "ABA"

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/longestsubstring/

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48. String Compression

● Question: Given a string, write a function to compress it by shortening every

sequence of the same character to that character followed by the number of

repetitions. If the compressed string is longer than the original, you should return
the original string.
● Eg.

compress(“a”) = "a"

compress(“aaa”) = "a3"

compress(“aaabbb”) = "a3b3"

compress(“aaabccc”) = "a3b1c3"

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/stringcompression/

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49. Fibonacci Number

● Question: Given an integer n, write a function to compute the nth Fibonacci

number.
● Eg.

fibonacci(1) = 1

fibonacci(5) = 5

fibonacci(10) = 55

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/fibonacci/

50. Priority Queue

● Question: Implement a Priority Queue

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/priorityqueue/

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51. Kth Most Frequent String

● Question: Given a list of strings, write a function to get the kth most frequently
occurring string.
● Eg.

kthMostFrequent({"a","b","c","a","b","a"}, 0) = "a"

kthMostFrequent({"a","b","c","a","b","a"}, 1) = "b"

kthMostFrequent({"a","b","c","a","b","a"}, 2) = "c"

kthMostFrequent({"a","b","c","a","b","a"}, 3) = null

● Answer: https://www.byte-by-byte.com/kthmostfrequentstring/

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