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SDEL2

The document covers various aspects of operating systems, particularly focusing on interrupts, RTOS, kernel functions, and embedded Linux architecture. It details types of interrupts, the role of file managers, features of Linux, and the structure of the embedded Linux system. Additionally, it discusses kernel modules, real-time scheduling algorithms, file systems, I/O mechanisms, and interrupt handling processes in Linux.

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shaik abrar ahmed
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4 views5 pages

SDEL2

The document covers various aspects of operating systems, particularly focusing on interrupts, RTOS, kernel functions, and embedded Linux architecture. It details types of interrupts, the role of file managers, features of Linux, and the structure of the embedded Linux system. Additionally, it discusses kernel modules, real-time scheduling algorithms, file systems, I/O mechanisms, and interrupt handling processes in Linux.

Uploaded by

shaik abrar ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section A (10 × 1 = 10 Marks)

Q1:

a) Types of Interrupts: Interrupts are classified into:

 Hardware Interrupts: Triggered by external devices (e.g., keyboard, timer).


 Software Interrupts: Generated by software (e.g., system calls).
 Maskable Interrupts: Can be disabled during execution.
 Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMI): Critical interrupts that cannot be ignored.

b) RTOS (Real-Time Operating System): A specialized OS that guarantees timely and deterministic
execution of tasks, used in embedded systems, industrial automation, and robotics.

c) Lock Function: A synchronization mechanism that prevents multiple processes or threads from accessing a
shared resource simultaneously, avoiding race conditions.

d) RTOS Signal Functions:

 kill(): Sends a signal to a process.


 sigaction(): Defines signal handling.
 pause(): Suspends process execution until a signal arrives.
 sigqueue(): Queues a real-time signal.

e) Kernel Functions:

 Process management (scheduling, multitasking).


 Memory management (allocation, paging).
 Device management (drivers, I/O control).
 File system management (access control).
 Interprocess Communication (IPC) (signals, shared memory).

f) Role of File Manager:

 Manages file creation, modification, and deletion.


 Controls file permissions and access.
 Provides storage abstraction to applications.

g) Features of Linux:

 Open-source and customizable.


 Multi-user & Multi-tasking support.
 Shell & Command Line Interface (CLI).
 Robust networking capabilities.
 Extensive file system support (EXT4, NTFS, FAT).

h) Configuration for Hard Real-Time Performance:

 Preemptive kernel with low latency.


 High-resolution timers.
 Deterministic scheduling algorithms (Rate Monotonic, EDF).
 Minimal kernel overhead.

i) Registering and De-registering Functions in Linux Modules:

 Registering: module_init()
 De-registering: module_exit()

j) Functions of Embedded Linux Application Programs:

 Real-time processing for embedded applications.


 Hardware abstraction and control.
 Data communication and storage management.
 User interaction via UI or CLI.

Section B (4 × 5 = 20 Marks, 200 words each)


Q2: Embedded Linux Architecture

Embedded Linux is a specialized Linux distribution optimized for resource-constrained embedded devices
like routers, IoT devices, and automotive systems.

Components of Embedded Linux Architecture:

1. Bootloader (e.g., U-Boot, GRUB):


o Initializes hardware and loads the kernel.
2. Kernel (e.g., Linux Kernel 5.x):
o Handles process management, memory management, device drivers, and networking.
3. Root File System (RootFS):
o Contains essential system libraries, binaries, and configuration files.
4. Device Drivers:
o Manage hardware interaction (e.g., GPIO, UART, I2C).
5. User Space Applications:
o Includes system utilities and custom applications.

Advantages of Embedded Linux:

 Open-source and customizable.


 Robust networking and security features.
 Scalability from small IoT devices to high-end industrial controllers.

Embedded Linux is widely used in automotive systems (Android Auto), smart appliances, and industrial
automation.

Q3: Kernel Modules in Linux

A kernel module is a piece of code that can be loaded/unloaded dynamically into the kernel without rebooting
the system. It is primarily used for device drivers, file systems, and system extensions.
Types of Kernel Modules:

1. Device Drivers: Provide an interface for hardware devices.


2. File System Modules: Support various file system types (EXT4, NTFS).
3. Network Modules: Handle networking protocols (TCP/IP).

Creating a Kernel Module:

1. Define Module Entry/Exit Points:


o module_init(my_module_init);
o module_exit(my_module_exit);
2. Compilation:
o Use Makefile with obj-m := mymodule.o.
3. Load/Unload Module:
o insmod mymodule.ko (Load)
o rmmod mymodule (Unload)

Advantages of Kernel Modules:

 Enhances kernel functionality without recompilation.


 Efficient hardware interaction through device drivers.
 Supports modular design for system updates.

Q4: Root File System (RootFS) in Linux

The Root File System (RootFS) is the topmost directory in Linux, containing essential system files necessary
for booting and running applications.

Key Components of RootFS:

1. /bin (Binaries): Core system utilities like ls, cp, mkdir.


2. /sbin (System Binaries): Administrative tools like mount, fsck.
3. /lib (Libraries): Shared system libraries (glibc, libm).
4. /dev (Device Files): Special files for hardware devices.
5. /proc (Process Information): Runtime process data.
6. /sys (Kernel Info): System and device configurations.

Types of RootFS Implementations:

 Traditional Disk-based (EXT4, XFS).


 RAM-based (tmpfs, initramfs) for faster access.

Importance of RootFS:

 Manages essential system resources.


 Provides user-space applications and libraries.
 Supports system configuration and device management.
Q5: Real-Time Scheduling Algorithms

Real-Time Scheduling Algorithms ensure task execution within strict timing constraints, critical for RTOS,
automotive systems, and industrial automation.

Types of Real-Time Scheduling Algorithms:

1. Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS):


o Fixed priority based on frequency (shorter periods = higher priority).
o Suitable for static real-time systems.
2. Earliest Deadline First (EDF):
o Dynamically schedules tasks based on nearest deadlines.
o More flexible than RMS but computationally expensive.
3. Least Laxity First (LLF):
o Prioritizes tasks with the least time margin before missing deadlines.
4. Priority Inheritance Protocol:
o Prevents priority inversion by temporarily boosting priority.

Real-World Applications:

 Automotive ECUs (Electronic Control Units).


 Robotics & Embedded Systems.
 Industrial Control Systems.

Q6: File System and I/O in Linux

A file system organizes and manages data storage efficiently, while I/O operations handle data exchange
between applications and hardware.

Types of File Systems in Linux:

1. EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System): Default Linux file system with journaling.
2. XFS (High-performance file system): Used for large-scale data storage.
3. FAT32/NTFS: Compatibility with Windows systems.

I/O Mechanisms in Linux:

1. Buffered I/O: Uses system cache for performance (e.g., fopen(), fread()).
2. Direct I/O: Bypasses caching for real-time applications.
3. Memory-Mapped I/O: Maps files into memory space for efficient access.

Efficient file system management and I/O optimization are crucial for embedded systems, database
servers, and cloud storage solutions.

Q7: Interrupt Handling in Linux

Interrupt handling allows asynchronous event processing in Linux.


Steps in Interrupt Handling:

1. Interrupt Occurrence: Device triggers an interrupt request (IRQ).


2. Interrupt Handler Execution:
o Saves CPU state.
o Calls appropriate ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).
3. Deferred Processing (SoftIRQ): Handles complex tasks outside critical sections.
4. Resume Execution: Restores CPU state and resumes normal execution.

Interrupt handling is critical for real-time performance, low-latency processing, and efficient hardware
interaction.

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