2/12/2022

Big Data Analytics

Structuring with Regex
Muhammad Affan Alim

Regex for Structuring (Data Wrangling)

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What is Feature Engineering - Introduction

• The regular expression language is relatively small and
restricted, so not all possible string processing tasks can be
done using regular expressions

Match Characters
• Some characters are special metacharacters, and don’t match
themselves. Instead, they signal that some out-of-the-ordinary
thing should be matched, or they affect other portions of the RE
by repeating them or changing their meaning. Much of this
document is devoted to discussing various metacharacters and
what they do.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

.^$*+?{}[]\|()

Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• The first metacharacters we’ll look at are [ and ]. They’re used for
specifying a character class, which is a set of characters that you
wish to match.
• For example, [abc] will match any of the characters a, b, or c; this
is the same as [a-c], which uses a range to express the same set of
characters. If you wanted to match only lowercase letters, your RE
would be [a-z].

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• Metacharacters are not active inside classes. For example, [akm$]
will match any of the characters 'a', 'k', 'm', or '$'; '$' is usually a
metacharacter, but inside a character class it’s stripped of its
special nature.

Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• You can match the characters not listed within the class by
complementing the set.
• This is indicated by including a '^' as the first character of the
class.
• For example, [^5] will match any character except '5'. If the caret
appears elsewhere in a character class, it does not have special
meaning. For example: [5^] will match either a '5' or a '^'.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• Perhaps the most important metacharacter is the backslash, \
• As in Python string literals, the backslash can be followed by
various characters to signal various special sequences. It’s also
used to escape all the metacharacters so you can still match them
in patterns;
• for example, if you need to match a [ or \, you can precede them
with a backslash to remove their special meaning: \[ or \\.

Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• Some of the special sequences beginning with '\' represent
predefined sets of characters that are often useful,
• Let’s take an example: \w matches any alphanumeric character. If
the regex pattern is expressed in bytes, this is equivalent to the
class [a-zA-Z0-9_].

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• \d
Matches any decimal digit; this is equivalent to the class [0-9].

• \D
Matches any non-digit character; this is equivalent to the class
[^0-9].

• \s
Matches any whitespace character; this is equivalent to the class
[ \t\n\r\f\v].

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• \S
• Matches any non-whitespace character; this is equivalent to the class [^ \t\n\r\f\v].

• \w
• Matches any alphanumeric character; this is equivalent to the class [a-zA-Z0-9_].

• \W
• Matches any non-alphanumeric character; this is equivalent to the class
[^a-zA-Z0-9_].

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• These sequences can be included inside a character class. For
example, [\s,.] is a character class that will match any whitespace
character, or ',' or '.'.

• The final metacharacter in this section is ‘.’. It matches anything

except a newline character, and there’s an alternate mode
(re.DOTALL) where it will match even a newline. . is often used
where you want to match “any character”.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• Repeating Things
• Kleen * and kleen +
• There are two more repeating qualifiers. The question mark
character, ?, matches either once or zero times; you can think of it
as marking something as being optional. For example, home-
?brew matches either 'homebrew' or 'home-brew'.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• The most complicated repeated qualifier is {m, n}, where m and n
are decimal integers.
• This qualifier means there must be at least m repetitions, and at
most n.
• For example, a/{1,3}b will match 'a/b', 'a//b', and 'a///b'.
• It won’t match 'ab', which has no slashes, or 'a////b', which has
four.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• You can omit either m or n; in that case, a reasonable value is
assumed for the missing value.
• Omitting m is interpreted as a lower limit of 0, while omitting n
results in an upper bound of infinity.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

• Readers of a reductionist bent may notice that the three other
qualifiers can all be expressed using this notation. {0,} is the same
as *, {1,} is equivalent to +, and {0,1} is the same as ?.
• It’s better to use *, +, or ? when you can, simply because they’re
shorter and easier to read.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

.
(Dot.) In the default mode, this matches any character except a newline.
If the DOTALL flag has been specified, this matches any character
including a newline.

^
(Caret.) Matches the start of the string, and in MULTILINE mode also
matches immediately after each newline.

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Here’s a complete list of the metacharacters

$
Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at the end
of the string, and in MULTILINE mode also matches before a newline.
foo matches both ‘foo’ and ‘foobar’, while the regular expression
foo$ matches only ‘foo’. More interestingly, searching for foo.$ in
'foo1\nfoo2\n' matches ‘foo2’ normally, but ‘foo1’ in MULTILINE
mode; searching for a single $ in 'foo\n' will find two (empty)
matches: one just before the newline, and one at the end of the
string.
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Module Contents
• The module defines several functions, constants, and an
exception. Some of the functions are simplified versions of the full
featured methods for compiled regular expressions.
• Most non-trivial applications always use the compiled form.

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Module Contents
• re.compile(pattern, flags=0)
• Compile a regular expression pattern into a regular expression
object, which can be used for matching using its match(), search()
and other methods, described below.

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Module Contents
• The sequence
>> prog = re.compile(pattern)
>> result = prog.match(string)
• is equivalent to
• result = re.match(pattern, string)
• but using re.compile() and saving the resulting regular expression
object for reuse is more efficient when the expression will be used
several times in a single program.
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Module Contents
• Performing Matches
Once you have an object representing a compiled regular expression,
what do you do with it? Pattern objects have several methods and
attributes. Only the most significant ones will be covered here;
consult the re docs for a complete listing.

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Module Contents
• Q

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Module Contents
• >>> import re
• >>> p = re.compile('[a-z]+')
• >>> p
• re.compile('[a-z]+')

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Module Contents
• Now, you can try matching various strings against the RE [a-z]+.
An empty string shouldn’t match at all, since + means ‘one or
more repetitions’. match() should return None in this case
• >>> p.match("")
• >>> print(p.match(""))
• None

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Regex Function
• The re module offers a set of functions that allows us to search a
string for a match:

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Module Contents
•

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Metacharacters
• Metacharacters are characters with a special meaning:

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Metacharacters
• []
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Find all lower case characters alphabetically between "a" and
"m":
>> x = re.findall("[a-m]", txt)
>> print(x)

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Metacharacters
• \
>> import re
>> txt = "That will be 59 dollars"
>> #Find all digit characters:
>> x = re.findall("\d", txt)
>> print(x)

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Metacharacters

• .
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed by two
(any) characters, and an "o":
>> x = re.findall("he..o", txt)
>> print(x)
Output: ['hello']
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Metacharacters

• ^
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Check if the string starts with 'hello':
>> x = re.findall("^hello", txt)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, the string starts with 'hello'")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Metacharacters
• $
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Check if the string ends with 'planet':
>> x = re.findall("planet$", txt)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, the string ends with 'planet'")
>> else:
>> print("No match")

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Metacharacters
• *
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed by 0 or more (any)
>> characters, and an "o":
>> x = re.findall("he.*o", txt)
>> print(x)

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Metacharacters
• +
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed by 1 or more (any)
characters, and an "o":
>> x = re.findall("he.+o", txt)
>> print(x)
• Output: ['hello']

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Metacharacters
• ?
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed by 0 or 1 (any)
character, and an "o":
>> x = re.findall("he.?o", txt)
>> print(x)
>> #This time we got no match, because there were not zero, not one, but two
characters between "he" and the "o“
Output: []
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Metacharacters
• {}
>> import re
>> txt = "hello planet"
>> #Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed exactly 2
(any) characters, and an "o":
>> x = re.findall("he.{2}o", txt)
>> print(x)
Output: ['hello']

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Metacharacters
• |
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"
>> #Check if the string contains either "falls" or "stays":
>> x = re.findall("falls|stays", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• A special sequence is a \ followed by one of the characters in the list below,
and has a special meaning:

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Special Sequences
• A special sequence is a \ followed by one of the characters in the list below,
and has a special meaning:

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Special Sequences
• \A

>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string starts with "The":
>> x = re.findall("\AThe", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is a match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match") Output: ['The']
Yes, there is a match!
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Special Sequences
• \b
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if "ain" is present at the end of a WORD:
>> x = re.findall(r"ain\b", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \b
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if "ain" is present at the beginning of a WORD:
>> x = re.findall(r"\bain", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \B
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if "ain" is present, but NOT at the beginning of a word:
>> x = re.findall(r"\Bain", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \d
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string contains any digits (numbers from 0-9):
>> x = re.findall("\d", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \D
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Return a match at every no-digit character:
>> x = re.findall("\D", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \s
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Return a match at every white-space character:
>> x = re.findall("\s", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \S
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Return a match at every NON white-space character:
>> x = re.findall("\S", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \w
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Return a match at every word character (characters from a to Z, digits from 0-9, and the
underscore _ character):
>> x = re.findall("\w", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \W
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Return a match at every NON word character (characters NOT between a and Z. Like "!",
"?" white-space etc.):
>> x = re.findall("\W", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Special Sequences
• \Z
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string ends with "Spain":
>> x = re.findall("Spain\Z", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is a match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Set
• A set is a set of characters inside a pair of square brackets [] with a
special meaning:

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Set
• [arn]
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string has any a, r, or n characters:
>> x = re.findall("[arn]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!") Output:
>> else: ['r', 'a', 'n', 'n', 'a', 'n']
>> print("No match") Yes, there is at least one match!
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Set
• [a-n]
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string has any characters between a and n:
>> x = re.findall("[a-n]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!") Output:
>> else: ['h', 'e', 'a', 'i', 'n', 'i', 'n', 'a', 'i', 'n']
>> print("No match") Yes, there is at least one match!
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Set
• [^arn]
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string has other characters than a, r, or n:
>> x = re.findall("[^arn]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
Output:
>> else: ['T', 'h', 'e', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'i', ' ', 'S', 'p', 'i']
>> print("No match") Yes, there is at least one match!
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Set
• [123]
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if the string has any 0, 1, 2, or 3 digits:
>> x = re.findall("[0123]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
Output:
>> else: []
>> print("No match") No match
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Set
• [0-9]
>> import re
>> txt = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
>> #Check if the string has any digits:
>> x = re.findall("[0-9]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
Output:
>> else: ['8', '1', '1', '4', '5']
>> print("No match") Yes, there is at least one match!
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Set
• [0-5][0-9]
>> import re
>> txt = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
>> #Check if the string has any characters from a to z lower case, and A to Z upper case:
>> x = re.findall("[a-zA-Z]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else: Output:
>> print("No match") ['t', 'i', 'm', 'e', 's', 'b', 'e', 'f', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'A', 'M']
Yes, there is at least one match!
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Set
• [a-z][A-Z]
>> import re
>> txt = "8 times before 11:45 AM
>> #Check if the string has any characters from a to z lower case, and A to Z upper
case:
>> x = re.findall("[a-zA-Z]", txt)
Output:
>> print(x) ['t', 'i', 'm', 'e', 's', 'b', 'e', 'f', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'A', 'M']
>> if x: Yes, there is at least one match!
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else:
>> print("No match")
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Set
• +
>> import re
>> txt = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
>> #Check if the string has any + characters:
>> x = re.findall("[+]", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if x:
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
>> else: Output:
>> print("No match") []
No match
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Python RegEx
• Python has a module named re to work with regular expressions.
To use it, we need to import the module.
• import re
• The module defines several functions and constants to work with
RegEx.

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Python RegEx
• re.findall()
• The re.findall() method returns a list of strings containing all
matches.

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Python RegEx
• Example 1: re.findall()
• # Program to extract numbers from a string
>> import re
>> string = 'hello 12 hi 89. Howdy 34'
>> pattern = '\d+'
>> result = re.findall(pattern, string)
>> print(result)
• # Output: ['12', '89', '34']
• If the pattern is not found, re.findall() returns an empty list.
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Python RegEx
• Example 2: re.findall()
>> import re

>> #Return a list containing every occurrence of "ai":

>> txt = "The rain in Spain"

>> x = re.findall("ai", txt)
>> print(x)

Output:
['ai', 'ai']
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Python RegEx
• Example 3: re.findall()
>> import re
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> #Check if "Portugal" is in the string:
>> x = re.findall("Portugal", txt)
>> print(x)
>> if (x):
>> print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
Output:
>> else:
[]
>> print("No match") No match
• 66

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Python RegEx
• re.split()
• The re.split method splits the string where there is a match and
returns a list of strings where the splits have occurred.

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Python RegEx
• Example 1: re.split()
>> import re
>> string = 'Twelve:12 Eighty nine:89.'
>> pattern = '\d+'
>> result = re.split(pattern, string)
>> print(result)
• # Output: ['Twelve:', ' Eighty nine:', '.']
• If the pattern is not found, re.split() returns a list containing the
original string.
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Python RegEx
• Example 2: re.split()
>> import re
>> #Split the string at every white-space character:
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> x = re.split("\s", txt)
>> print(x)

Output:
['The', 'rain', 'in', 'Spain']

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Python RegEx
• Example 3: re.split()
>> import re
>> #Split the string at the first white-space character:
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> x = re.split("\s", txt, 1)
>> print(x)

Output:
['The', 'rain in Spain']

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Python RegEx
• You can pass maxsplit argument to the re.split() method. It's the maximum
number of splits that will occur.
>> import re
>> string = 'Twelve:12 Eighty nine:89 Nine:9.'
>> pattern = '\d+'
>> # maxsplit = 1
>> # split only at the first occurrence
>> result = re.split(pattern, string, 1)
>> print(result)
• # Output: ['Twelve:', ' Eighty nine:89 Nine:9.']
• By the way, the default value of maxsplit is 0; meaning all possible splits.
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Python RegEx
• re.sub()
• The syntax of re.sub() is:

• re.sub(pattern, replace, string)

• The method returns a string where matched occurrences are replaced with
the content of replace variable.

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Python RegEx
• Example 1: re.sub()
>> # Program to remove all whitespaces
>> import re
>> # multiline string
>> string = 'abc 12\
>> de 23 \n f45 6'

>> # matches all whitespace characters

>> pattern = '\s+'

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Python RegEx
>> # empty string
>> replace = ''

>> new_string = re.sub(pattern, replace, string)

>> print(new_string)

>> # Output: abc12de23f456

If the pattern is not found, re.sub() returns the original string.

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Python RegEx
• Example 2: re.sub()
>> import re
>> #Replace all white-space characters with the digit "9":
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> x = re.sub("\s", "9", txt)
>> print(x)

Output:
The9rain9in9Spain

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Python RegEx
• Example 3: re.sub()
>> import re
>> #Replace the first two occurrences of a white-space character with the digit 9:
>> txt = "The rain in Spain"
>> x = re.sub("\s", "9", txt, 2)
>> print(x)

Output:
The9rain9in Spain

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Python RegEx
You can pass count as a fourth parameter to the re.sub() method. If omitted, it
results to 0. This will replace all occurrences.

>> import re

>> # multiline string

>> string = 'abc 12\de 23 \n f45 6'

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Python RegEx
>> # matches all whitespace characters
>> pattern = '\s+'
>> replace = ''

>> new_string = re.sub(r'\s+', replace, string, 1)

>> print(new_string)

# Output:
# abc12de 23
# f45 6

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Python RegEx
• re.subn()
• The re.subn() is similar to re.sub() except it returns a tuple of 2 items
containing the new string and the number of substitutions made.

• Example 4: re.subn()

>> # Program to remove all whitespaces

>> import re
>> # multiline string
>> sstring = 'abc 12\de 23 \n f45 6'

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Python RegEx
>> # matches all whitespace characters
>> pattern = '\s+'

>> # empty string

>> replace = ''

>> new_string = re.subn(pattern, replace, string)

>> print(new_string)

>> # Output: ('abc12de23f456', 4)

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Python RegEx
• re.search()
• The re.search() method takes two arguments: a pattern and a string. The
method looks for the first location where the RegEx pattern produces a
match with the string.

• If the search is successful, re.search() returns a match object; if not, it

returns None.

• match = re.search(pattern, str)

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Python RegEx
• Example 1: re.search()
>> import re
>> string = "Python is fun"
>> # check if 'Python' is at the beginning
>> match = re.search('\APython', string)
>> if match:
>> print("pattern found inside the string")
>> else:
>> print("pattern not found")
• # Output: pattern found inside the string
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Python RegEx
• Example 2: re.search()
• import re

• txt = "The rain in Spain"

• x = re.search("\s", txt)

• print("The first white-space character is located in position:", x.start())

• Output:
• The first white-space character is located in position: 3

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Python RegEx
• Example 3: re.search()
>> import re

>> txt = "The rain in Spain“

>> x = re.search("Portugal", txt)
>> print(x)

• Output:
• None

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Python RegEx
• Example 3: re.search()
>> import re

>> txt = "The rain in Spain“

>> x = re.search("Portugal", txt)
>> print(x)

• Output:
• None

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Python RegEx
• Match object

• You can get methods and attributes of a match object using dir() function.
• Some of the commonly used methods and attributes of match objects are:
• match.group()
• The group() method returns the part of the string where there is a match.

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Python RegEx
• Example 2: Match object
>> import re
>> string = '39801 356, 2102 1111'
>> # Three digit number followed by space followed by two digit number
>> pattern = '(\d{3}) (\d{2})'
>> # match variable contains a Match object.
>> match = re.search(pattern, string)

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Python RegEx
>> if match:
>> print(match.group())
>> else:
>> print("pattern not found")

• # Output: 801 35

• Here, match variable contains a match object.

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Python RegEx
• Our pattern (\d{3}) (\d{2}) has two subgroups (\d{3}) and (\d{2}). You can
get the part of the string of these parenthesized subgroups. Here's how:
>>> match.group(1)
'801'
>>> match.group(2)
'35'
>>> match.group(1, 2)
('801', '35')
>>> match.groups()
('801', '35')
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Python RegEx
• Using r prefix before RegEx
• When r or R prefix is used before a regular expression, it means row string.
For example, '\n' is a new line whereas r'\n' means two characters: a
backslash \ followed by n.

• Backlash \ is used to escape various characters including all metacharacters.

However, using r prefix makes \ treat as a normal character.

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Python RegEx
• Example 7: Raw string using r prefix
>> import re
>> string = '\n and \r are escape sequences.'
>> result = re.findall(r'[\n\r]', string)
>> print(result)

• # Output: ['\n', '\r']

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Example of Regex

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Example - Regex
• Import pandas as pd
• Import numpy as np

• df = pd.read_csv(‘titanic_train.csv’)
• df[‘Title’] = df[‘Name’].str.extract(‘([A-Za-z]+\.)’,expand=False)
• df[‘Age’].fillna(df.groupby(‘title)[‘Age’].transform(‘mean’), inplace = True)

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Example 1 - Regex
• Import pandas as pd
• Import numpy as np

• df = pd.read_csv(‘titanic_train.csv’)
• df[‘Title’] = df[‘Name’].str.extract(‘([A-Za-z]+\.)’,expand=False)
• df[‘Age’].fillna(df.groupby(‘title)[‘Age’].transform(‘mean’), inplace = True)

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Example 2 - Regex
• Remove the unnecessary characters from columns
• import pandas as pd
• import numpy as np
• dfW = pd.read_csv('D:\\Teaching Subject\\Data Science\\Fall
2021\\Lectures\\Structuring and Regex Example\\weather_data.csv')

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Example 2 - Regex
• dfW['temperature'].replace('[^0-9-]','',inplace=True,regex=True)
• output

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Example 3 - Regex
• pakistan_intellectual_capital
• Practice of structuring problem. See in Jupytor notebook or PDF

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