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EDC

Electronic Devices and Circuits (EDC) is a core subject in electronics engineering focusing on semiconductor devices and circuit design. It covers topics such as semiconductor basics, diodes, transistors, amplifiers, operational amplifiers, oscillators, power electronics, and digital electronics. Mastery of these concepts is crucial for developing efficient electronic systems.

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Simran Gumgaonkar
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22 views3 pages

EDC

Electronic Devices and Circuits (EDC) is a core subject in electronics engineering focusing on semiconductor devices and circuit design. It covers topics such as semiconductor basics, diodes, transistors, amplifiers, operational amplifiers, oscillators, power electronics, and digital electronics. Mastery of these concepts is crucial for developing efficient electronic systems.

Uploaded by

Simran Gumgaonkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Devices and Circuits

Electronic Devices and Circuits (EDC) is a fundamental subject in electronics


engineering that deals with semiconductor devices, their characteristics, and the
design of various circuits using these devices.

1. Semiconductor Basics

(a) Energy Bands in Semiconductors


• Valence Band: The highest energy band filled with electrons in a
material at absolute zero temperature.
• Conduction Band: The band above the valence band where free electrons
exist.
• Forbidden Gap: The energy gap between the conduction and valence bands.

(b) Types of Materials


1. Conductors: Materials with very low resistance (e.g., Copper, Silver).
2. Semiconductors: Materials with moderate resistance and bandgap (e.g.,
Silicon, Germanium).
3. Insulators: Materials with very high resistance (e.g., Glass, Rubber).

(c) Types of Semiconductors


• Intrinsic Semiconductor: Pure semiconductor (Si or Ge) with equal
electrons and holes.
• Extrinsic Semiconductor: Doped semiconductor to improve conductivity.
• n-type: Extra electrons (donor doping, e.g., Phosphorus in Si).
• p-type: Extra holes (acceptor doping, e.g., Boron in Si).

2. Semiconductor Diodes

(a) PN Junction Diode


• Formed by joining p-type and n-type materials.
• Forward Bias: Low resistance, allows current flow.
• Reverse Bias: High resistance, blocks current flow (except for
leakage).

(b) Diode Characteristics


1. Forward Bias Region: Small voltage drop (~0.7V for Si, ~0.3V for Ge).
2. Reverse Breakdown Region: At high reverse voltage, breakdown occurs.

(c) Special Diodes


1. Zener Diode: Used for voltage regulation.
2. Light Emitting Diode (LED): Emits light when forward biased.
3. Photodiode: Converts light into electrical current.
4. Schottky Diode: Fast-switching diode with low voltage drop.
5. Tunnel Diode: Used in microwave applications due to negative resistance
property.

3. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

(a) BJT Structure & Operation


• Types: NPN and PNP
• Three terminals: Emitter, Base, Collector
• Works in three modes:
1. Active Mode (Amplification)
2. Saturation Mode (Fully ON)
3. Cutoff Mode (Fully OFF)

(b) BJT Configurations


1. Common Base (CB) – High voltage gain, low input impedance.
2. Common Emitter (CE) – High current gain and voltage gain.
3. Common Collector (CC) – High input impedance, used for buffering.

(c) BJT as an Amplifier


• Small Signal Model:
• Voltage gain:
• Current gain:
• Biasing Circuits:
• Fixed Bias
• Voltage Divider Bias (Most Stable)
• Collector-to-Base Bias

4. Field Effect Transistor (FET)

(a) Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)


• Voltage-controlled device (unlike BJT, which is current-controlled).
• n-channel and p-channel types.
• Pinch-off voltage: The voltage at which conduction stops.

(b) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET)


• Types:
1. Enhancement Mode (Default OFF, turns ON with positive gate voltage).
2. Depletion Mode (Default ON, turns OFF with negative gate voltage).
• Used in digital circuits, power electronics, and microprocessors.

5. Amplifiers

(a) Classification of Amplifiers


1. Voltage Amplifier – Increases voltage of the signal.
2. Current Amplifier – Increases current of the signal.
3. Power Amplifier – Increases both voltage and current to drive loads.

(b) Power Amplifiers


1. Class A – High linearity but low efficiency (~25-30%).
2. Class B – High efficiency (~78.5%) but introduces crossover distortion.
3. Class AB – Compromise between Class A and B (moderate efficiency and
distortion).
4. Class C – Used in RF applications (high efficiency but poor linearity).

(c) Differential Amplifier


• Used in operational amplifiers (Op-Amps).
• Rejects common-mode noise and amplifies differential signals.

6. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

(a) Characteristics of an Ideal Op-Amp


• Infinite input impedance ().
• Zero output impedance ().
• Infinite gain ().

(b) Common Op-Amp Circuits


1. Inverting Amplifier:
• Gain:
2. Non-Inverting Amplifier:
• Gain:
3. Summing Amplifier: Used for adding multiple signals.
4. Differentiator: Outputs the derivative of the input signal.
5. Integrator: Outputs the integral of the input signal.
7. Oscillators
• Generate continuous AC signals without an external input.

(a) Types of Oscillators


1. RC Oscillator – Low-frequency applications.
2. LC Oscillator (Hartley, Colpitts) – High-frequency applications.
3. Crystal Oscillator – Used for precision timing (e.g.,
microcontrollers).

Barkhausen Criterion for Oscillation:

(where = amplifier gain, = feedback factor).

8. Power Electronics

(a) Rectifiers
• Convert AC to DC using diodes.
• Half-wave Rectifier: Uses one diode, 50% efficiency.
• Full-wave Rectifier: Uses two or four diodes, 81.2% efficiency.

(b) Voltage Regulators


• Maintain a constant voltage output.
• Types:
1. Linear Regulators (e.g., 7805, 7812 ICs).
2. Switching Regulators (e.g., Buck, Boost Converters).

(c) Power Semiconductor Devices


1. SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) – Used in high-power applications.
2. Triac – Controls AC power.
3. IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) – Combines MOSFET and BJT
benefits.

9. Digital Electronics Basics

(a) Logic Gates


• Basic: AND, OR, NOT
• Universal: NAND, NOR
• Derived: XOR, XNOR

(b) Flip-Flops
• SR, JK, D, T Flip-Flops – Used in memory and sequential circuits.

(c) Counters and Registers


• Counters: Used for counting applications.
• Shift Registers: Used for data storage and transfer.

Electronic Devices and Circuits form the backbone of modern technology, from
microprocessors to power systems. Understanding diodes, transistors, amplifiers,
and power devices is essential for designing efficient and robust electronic
systems.

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