MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI
A Project Report On:

‘Study of CNC machine '

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by :

• Salim Havaldar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Polytechnic, Mahagaon.
Semester – 5th
Academic year 2024-25

Under the guidance of

A.V. Savartkar

Department of mechanical engineering, SGMRP, Mahagaon Page 1

 (MSBTE)

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE,

MAHAGAON “SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL
POLITECHNIC”
A/P MAHAGAON, SITE – CHINCHEWADI, TAL – GADHINGLAJ, DIST – KOLHAPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of third year of Diploma Programmed in Mechanical
Engineering of Institute ‘SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLITECHNIC MAHAGAON –
416503 (CODE – 0965)’ has completed Micro-project on ‘ Study of cnc machine’ in Advanced
manufacturing processes (subject code – 22563) for academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT SIGNATURE

05 2209650316 Salim Havaldar

Date of submission:

Mr. A.v. Savartkar Mr. V. R. Mohite Mrs. R. S. Patil

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)

Department of mechanical engineering, SGMRP, Mahagaon Page 2

 INDEX

SR.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

01. Abstract & Aim 4
02. Introduction 5
03. Parts of cnc 6
04. Working of cnc 7,8
05. Elements of cnc 9
06. CNC Coordinate system 10
07. CNC Machine safety 11
08. Advantages & Disadvantages 12 , 13
09. Reference 14

Department of mechanical engineering, SGMRP, Mahagaon Page 3

 ❖ ABSTRACT –

The introduction of CNC machines has radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves are as
easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number
of machining steps that required human action has dramatically reduced. With the increased
automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in
consistency and quality can be achieved. CNC automation reduced the frequency of errors and
provided CNC operators with time to perform additional tasks. CNC automation also allows for
more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing process and the time required to
change the machine to produce different components. In a production environment, a series of CNC
machines may be combined into one station, commonly called a "cell", to progressively machine a
part requiring several operations.

❖AIM & JOB OPPORTUNITY -

Studying CNC machining can lead to various career opportunities. You can become a CNC
machinist, operating and maintaining machines to produce high-precision parts and tools.
Alternatively, you can work as a CNC programmer, creating programs for machines to execute
specific tasks. Other options include manufacturing engineering, designing and optimizing
production processes, or quality control, ensuring the quality of CNC-machined parts.

Further career paths include CAD/CAM design, creating designs and models for CNC machining, or
research and development, contributing to the advancement of new technologies. You can also share
your knowledge through teaching and training or move into supervision and management roles,
overseeing CNC machining operations. Additionally, studying CNC machining can empower you to
start your own business providing CNC machining services or creating innovative products.
Continuous learning will help you stay updated with the latest advancements in the field

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 ❖ INTRODUCTION-

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology uses computerized systems to control and monitor
machine tools and manufacturing processes. It executes tasks and operates machines with high
precision and accuracy, using computer programs. CNC machines are widely adopted in various
industries, including automotive, aerospace, medical devices, consumer electronics, and industrial
equipment.

CNC machines are used for manufacturing processes like milling, turning, drilling, grinding, and
cutting. They offer numerous benefits, including increased precision and accuracy, improved
productivity and efficiency, reduced labor costs, and enhanced flexibility and versatility. Industries
like automotive, aerospace, and medical devices rely heavily on CNC technology to manufacture
critical components. CNC has revolutionized the manufacturing industry, enabling companies to
produce high-precision parts and products with increased efficiency and productivity, and driving
innovation and competitiveness in the global market.

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 ❖ PARTS OF CNC MACHINE

1. Control Unit : The brain of the machine, responsible for interpreting and executing CNC
programs.

2. CPU (Central Processing Unit) : Processes data and controls machine operations.

3. Memory : Stores CNC programs, data, and settings.

4. Input/output (I/O) Interface : Connects peripherals, such as keyboards, monitors, and

sensors.

5. Drive Systems : Controls and powers the machine's axes (motion).

6. Servo Motors: Provides precise motion control for each axis.

7. Encoders : Feedback devices that monitor and report axis positions.

8. Spindle : Rotates the cutting tool (e.g., drill bit, milling cutter).

9. Tool Changer: Automatically changes cutting tools.

10. Worktable : Holds the workpiece (material being machined).

11. Axes (X, Y, Z, etc.): Move the spindle or worktable to precise positions.

12. Safety Interlocks : Protect operators from machine motion.

13. Coolant System : Supplies coolant to the cutting zone (e.g., milling, turning).

14. Chip Conveyor : Removes metal chips and debris.

15. Operator Panel : Allows operators to interact with the machine.

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  Working Of ‘CNC’ Machine

1. Axis Movement Control:

CNC machines operate on a coordinate system with X, Y, and Z axes, which allow movement in
different directions.
The motors controlling these axes are powered by either Alternating Current (AC) or Direct Current
(DC), depending on the machine design.
Each axis is moved as per the commands given, allowing precise positioning and movement control.

2. Command-Based Operation:
CNC machines rely on a series of programmed commands, usually written in G-code or M-code.
Each command instructs the machine on specific actions such as moving to a particular position,
adjusting the speed, or setting the depth of cut.
Commands are preloaded into the CNC machine’s computer, which then executes each one in
sequence.

3. Separate Codes for Different Operations:

Different machine functions (like setting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) are assigned unique
codes.
For example, there may be specific G-codes to initiate a cutting operation, control spindle speed, or
change the tool.
This systematic coding allows the machine to perform complex operations consistently and
accurately.

4. Warning and Safety Systems:

CNC machines include built-in warning systems to prevent errors and protect the machine
components.
These systems monitor the operation and can alert the operator or halt the machine if issues arise,
such as tool wear, overheating, or an unexpected movement.
This enhances safety and ensures the longevity of the machine.

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5. Output and Precision:
The result of a CNC machine’s operation is a precisely machined component or part that meets exact
specifications.
The high level of control over movements, speeds, and cutting parameters ensures consistency and
accuracy in the final product.
CNC machines can produce complex shapes and detailed features that would be challenging or
impossible to achieve with manual machining, making them ideal for high-precision industries like
aerospace, automotive, and medical device manufacturing.

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Department of mechanical engineering, SGMRP, Mahagaon 9
  Elements of CNC Machine

1. Part Program
The part program is a set of coded instructions, which includes numbers, alphabets, and symbols that
define the sequence of operations to be performed by the CNC machine.
It specifies the movements and functions of the machine tool, including commands for cutting paths,
speeds, feed rates, and other parameters.
This program is loaded into the CNC system, and it acts as the "blueprint" for the machining
process.

2.Machine Control Unit (MCU)

The Machine Control Unit is considered the "brain" of the CNC system.
It consists of electronic hardware that interprets the commands from the part program and sends
appropriate signals to the machine tool to execute the required actions.
The MCU handles tasks such as processing data, managing feedback control, and ensuring accuracy
in movement.
It converts the coded instructions into actions by controlling motors, servos, and actuators that
manipulate the machine tool.

3. Machine Tool
The machine tool is the mechanical component that performs the actual operations, such as milling,
drilling, cutting, or shaping of the workpiece.
It follows the instructions from the MCU to carry out precise movements and operations on the
material.
Examples of machine tools include lathes, mills, and grinders, which are all commonly controlled
by CNC systems.

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  Coordinate System in CNC

1. Absolute Positioning:
In this mode, the target position of the tool is specified relative to a fixed origin point (usually the
starting point of the program).
Every command refers to a location based on this origin, meaning each target position is
independent of previous tool positions.
This method is useful for operations that require consistent reference to a single point, allowing for
precise and repeatable positioning.

2. Incremental Positioning:
In this mode, the target position of the tool is given relative to its current position, rather than a fixed
origin.
Each command moves the tool a certain distance from where it currently is, making it easier to
create patterns or sequential movements.
Incremental positioning is useful when the movement is based on a sequence of steps rather than a
fixed reference point.

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  Cnc Machine Safety-

CNC machines are very safe to use as they are designed to be as safe as possible. One of the main
advantages of CNC machines is that they are much saferthan manually operated machines.

1. Most modern CNC machines are designed so that the cutting tool will not start unless the guard is
in position. Also, the best CNC machines automatically lock the guard in position whilst the cutter is
shaping material. The guard can only be opened if the cutter has stopped
2. It is essential that pupils / students / machine operators receive ‘quality’ instruction before
attempting to use any CNC equipment.
3. CNC routers, used for shaping materials such as woods and plastics, have built in extraction. Dust
can be very dangerous if inhaled and can also cause eye irritation. The CNC Router shown above
has an outlet for an extraction unit. As the router is fully enclosed, dust cannot escape into the
atmosphere. If an extraction unit is attached the dust is removed automatically. Most manually
operated machine routers have very limited extraction systems which leave some dust in the air.
4. The CNC router above has a single phase electrical supply. Older machines such as manually
operated milling machines and center lathes have three phase supplies. A single phase electrical
supply can be ‘plugged’ into any available socket. The electrical supply for the machine comes
through a residual circuit breaker (RCB). If an electrical fault develops the RCB will cut off
electrical power immediately.
5. Single phase CNC machines can be moved more easily because they are simply unplugged and
relocated. Three phase machines are specially wired by an electrician into the electrical supply and
cannot be unplugged.
6. Most CNC machines work behind a guard or even a closed, transparent safety door. This means
that the operated cannot be hurt by 'flying' pieces of sharp/hot material.
7. Commonsense applies to the use of all machines including CNC machines. Basic safety training
regarding working in a workshop and with other machines applies to CNC machines as well.

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  Advantages of CNC machining-

 Advantages:

1.High Precision and Accuracy:

CNC machines can achieve extremely high precision, making them suitable for producing complex
and intricate parts with consistent accuracy.
2.Increased Productivity and Efficiency:
CNC machines can operate continuously 24/7, which enhances productivity. They also perform
operations faster than manual machines.
3.Reduced Human Error:
Since CNC machines follow programmed instructions, they reduce the risk of human errors and
maintain consistent quality across large batches.
4.Flexibility in Production:
CNC machines can easily switch between different tasks by loading different programs, allowing for
a flexible production process without the need for time-consuming retooling.
5.Enhanced Safety:
Operators do not directly interact with the cutting tools, reducing the risk of accidents. Additionally,
CNC machines often come with safety features like guards and emergency stop buttons.

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 Disadvantages of CNC machining-

 Disadvantages:

1.High Initial Cost:

CNC machines are expensive to purchase and require a significant investment upfront, which can be
a barrier for small businesses.
2.Complex Programming:
Operating CNC machines requires knowledge of programming, which means operators need proper
training. Additionally, programming errors can lead to production issues.
3.Maintenance Requirements:
CNC machines require regular maintenance and servicing to ensure optimal performance. Repairs
can also be costly due to the complexity of the machines.
4.Job Losses in Manual Machining:
CNC technology reduces the need for manual machining skills, which can lead to job displacement
for traditional machinists.
5.Dependency on Power Supply:
CNC machines require a continuous and stable power supply. Power outages or fluctuations can
disrupt operations and potentially damage the machine or parts.

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  Reference-

 ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net › 303...
(PDF) Study on computer numerical control (CNC) machines

 Textbook
https://testbook.com ( cnc)-machines...
CNC Machines: Definition, Working, Components, Types, Functions

 TechTarget
https://www.techtarget.com › com...
What is computer numerical control (CNC)?

 Reference Books-

 1. "CNC Programming Handbook" by Peter Smid

 2. "CNC Machining and Programming" by Mike Lynch

 3. "CNC Machine Programming and Operation" by R. K. Singh

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