23

Chapter
Indefinite Integration

23.1 Introduct on
i
Consider a function F(x) and another function f(x) such that
F(x)= f(x) for all x in the domain of f then function F(x) is an
anti-derivative of a function f(x). The set of all antiderivatives of f
∫
is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by f ( x ) dx
the function f is the integrand of the integral and x is the variable

∫
of integration. As per the above definition f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C . The
constant C is the constant of integration or arbitrary constant. If we
differentiate both sides we will get f (x) = f ′(x)

23.2 Bas c Integrat on Formula

i
i
S.
∫ f ( x )dx
*
f (x)
No.
1. 0 C
1 n+1
2. xn(n ≠ – 1) x +C
n+1
1
3. log |x| +C
x
4. ex ex + C
ax
5. ax(a > 0, a ≠ 1) +C
log a
6. cos x sin x + C
7. sin x – cos x + C
8. sec x2
tan x
9. cosec x 2
–cot x
10. sec x . tan x sec x
11. cosec x. cot x –cosec x
B-208 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity

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12. sin–1x or –cos–1x
1 − x2
−1
13. –cos–1x
1 − x2
1
14. tan–1x
1 + x2
−1
15. –cot–1x
1 + x2
16. tan x log | sec x | or − log | cos x |
17. cot x log | sin x | or − log | cosecx |
x π
18. sec x log | sec x + tan x | or log tan( + )
2 4
x
19. cosec x log | cosecx − cot x | or log | tan |
2
1  x
20. 2 2 sin −1  
a −x  a
1
21. 2 2
log x + x 2 + a2
x +a
1
22. log x + x 2 − a2
x 2 − a2
x 2 2 1 2 −1 x
23. a2 − x 2 x − a + a sin
2 2 a
x 2 2 1 2
24. x 2 + a2 x + a + a log x + x 2 + a2
2 2
x 2 2 1 2
25. x 2 − a2 x − a − a log x + x 2 − a2
2 2
1 1 x −a
26. 2 2 log
x −a 2a x +a
1 1 a+ x
27. log
2
a −x 2 2a a−x
1 1  x
28. 2 2 tan−1  
a +x a  a
 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity B-209

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Fundamental Pro ert es o Integrat on

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f
i
1. ∫ f ( x + a)dx = f ( x + a) + C
1
2.
∫ f (ax + b)dx , a ≠ 0 = a f (ax + b)c
fx
3. ∫ f ( x ) dx = log f ( x ) + C
1
∫ ( f ( x )) f ( x )dx , = n + 1 ( f ( x )) + C Here n ≠ −1
4. n n+1

5. ∫ f ( g( x ))g( x )dx = f ( g( x )) + C
23.3 Im ortant y es o Funct ons and he r
Integrat on
p
T
p
f
i
T
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∫
Type (i) cos mx cos nx dx or
∫ sin mx sin nx dx
Use product to sum identities
1
cos A cos B = [cos ( A − B ) + cos( A + B )]
2
1
sin A sin B = [cos ( A − B ) − cos( A + B )]
2

∫ sin
m
Type (ii) x cos n x dx where m , n ∈ N then-
If m is odd put cos x = t,
If n is odd put sin x = t.
If both m and n are odd, put sin x = t if m ≥ n, and cos x = t otherwise.
If both m and n are even, use power reducing formulae.
1
sin2 x = (1 − cos2x )
2
2 1
cos x = (1 + cos2x )
2
If m + n is a negative even integer, put tan x = t
a sin x + b cos x + c
Type (iii)
∫ p sin x + q cos x + r
dx

d
Write Num = α ( DEN ) + β ( DEN ) + γ
dx
Find a, b and by comparing the coefficients of cos x, sin x and
constant term write the (p, q ≠ 0 and atleast one of a,b ≠ 0) integral
d
( DEN )
dx dx
∫
as α dx + β ∫ DEN
dx + γ
DEN ∫
B-210 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity

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ae x + be − x
Type (iv)
∫ pe x + qe − x dx

d
Write Num = α ( DEN ) + β ( DEN ) + γ
dx
Find a, b and by comparing the coefficients of ex, e–x or write the
(p,q ≠ 0 and atleast one of a,b ≠ 0) integral as
d
( DEN )
dx dx
∫
α dx + β ∫ DEN
dx + γ
DEN ∫
a tan x + b
Type (v) ∫
p tan x + q
dx

a sin x + b cos x
Change to
∫ psin x + q cos x dx And solve as explain in Type (ii)
ae2 x + b
Type (vi) ∫ pe2 x + q dx
ae x + be − x
Change to ∫ dx( p , q ≠ 0, at least one of a,b ≠ 0) and solve
be x + qe − x
as explain in Type (v)
dx
Type (vii) ∫ a sin x ± b cos x
Use a = r cos α , b = r sin α to put the integral in the form
1 dx
∫
r sin( x ± α )
. and then use formula for cosec x dx ∫
∫ (
Type (viii) e x f ( x ) + f(x) dx )
Write as ∫e
x
f ( x ) dx + e x f ( x )dx
∫
Integrate the first integral just once by parts taking ex as the second
function to obtain e f ( x ) − e f ( x )dx + e f ( x ) dx . cancel the last
∫ ∫
x x x

two integrals.
Type (ix) ∫e
ax
cos ( bx + c ) dx
Integrate by parts taking eax as the second function to obtain or
1 b ax
∫ eax sin ( bx + c ) dx eax cos ( bx + c ) + e cos ( bx + c ) dx ∫
a a
Again integrate by parts taking eax as the second function and then

∫
bring a multiple of eax cos ( bx + c ) dx to the left.
 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity B-211

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P( x )
Type (x)
∫ ( x − a )n dx
Put x – a = t, where n ≥ 1 and P(x) is a polynomial in x. express P(x)
in terms of ts and then integrate
P ( x ) dx
Type (xi) ∫( x − a )m ( x − b )n
where m , n ≥ 1, a ≠ b and deg

P(x) < m+n.

Write the integrand as
A1 A2 Am B B2 Bn
+ +… + 1 + +…+
x − a ( x − a)2 ( x − a)m x − b ( x − b)2
( x − b)n
Evaluate Ai s and Bj s and the integral.
P ( x ) dx
∫ ( x − a )( x2 + bx + c ) where b
2
Type (xii) − 4c < 0 and deg P(x) < 3

A Bx + C
Write the integrand as +
x − a x 2 + bx + c
x2 + 1
Type (xiii) ∫ x4 + kx2 + 1 dx 1
(1 + )dx
x2
Divide the numerator by x to obtain 2
∫ x2 + 1
+k
.

Now, put x – 1/x = t x2

x2 − 1
Type (xiv) ∫ x4 + 4k x2 + 1 dx 1
(1 − )dx
x2 1
Divide the numerator by x2 to obtain
∫ x2 + 1
+k
Now, put x +
x
=t

xP( x2 ) x2
Type (xv) ∫ Q( x2 ) dx

Put x2 = t where P and Q are polynomials in x

P( x 2 )
Type (xvi)
∫
Q( x2 )
dx

Put x2 = t where P and Q are polynomials in x

1
Type (xvii)
∫
( x + a2 )n
2
dx where n > 1

1
Let ∫ ( x + a2 )n
2
dx = An
B-212 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity

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Begin with An–1
1
∫
An−1 = 1.
( x + a2 )n−1
2
dx Integrate by parts and obtain a reduction

formula.
Type (xviii). ∫ R(sin x ,cos x ) dx where R is a rational function
We have following cases-

∫
Case (i) If R(sin x ,cos x ) dx
Substitute tan (x/2) = t
Case (ii) If R(–sin x, cos x)
Put cos x = t
Case (iii) If R (sin x, – cos x)
Put sin x = t .
Case (iv) If R(– sin x, – cos x)
Put tan x = t .

∫x
m
Type (xix) (a + bx n ) p dx
Where m, n, p are rational numbers. If integration is given in this
format then we have following cases.
Case (i) If p is a positive integer :- Expand (a + bx n )p by using
binomial theorem
Case(ii) If p is a negative integer:-
a c
Substitute x = t k m = , n = , where
b d
a, b, c, d ∈ I, b > 0, d > 0
m+1
Case (iii) is an integer:-
n
Put a + bx n = t s where p =r/s, r, s ∈ I , s > 0
m+1
Case (iv) + p is an integer:- Put a + bx n = x nt s where p=r/s,
n
r, s ∈I, s > 0.
Pn ( x )
Type (v) ∫
ax2 + bx + c
dx where Pn(x) is a polynomial of

degree in x
Pn ( x ) dx
∫ 2
ax + bx + c
dx = Qn−1 ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c + k ∫ 2
ax + bx + c
 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity B-213

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where Qn–1(x is a polynomial of degree (n – 1) in x & k is a constant.
Differentiate both the sides w.r.t. x and, multiplying by

ax 2 + bx + c to get the identity.

( 1
)
Pn ( x ) = Qn−1 ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c + Qn−1 ( x )( 2ax + b ) + k
2
Now compare coefficients to obtain Qn–1(x) and k.
1 1
Type (vi)
∫ Q
dx or Qdx , or ∫ Q ∫
dx where Q = ax2 + bx + c ,

We have following ways to solve this-

b
(a) Substitute x + =t
2a
1
(b) If Q = ( x − α )( x − β) with a ≠ b, then Substitute x − ( α + β ) = t
2
(c) If Q=0 has imaginary or Irrational roots then given expression
2
can be converted to ( x − p ) ± r 2
L L 2
Type (vii)
∫ Q ∫
dx or L Qdx , or ∫ Q dx where Q = ax + bx + c ,

& L = px + q
b
Substitute x + =t
2a
Type (xxi) ∫ R( x , ax2 + bx + c ) dx where R is a rational function of

x and ax 2 + bx + c ,
In this case substitute
(i) ax 2 + bx + c = t ± x a if a > 0

(ii) ax 2 + bx + c = tx ± c if c > 0

(iii) ax 2 + bx + c = t( x − α ) where a is a real root of
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
23.4 Integrat on y arts
i
b
p

Integration by parts is used to integrate product of two function.
if f(x), g(x) are two integrable function then
d
{
∫ f ( x ). g( x )dx = f ( x )∫ g( x )dx − ∫ dx f ( x )∫ g( x )dx dx }
B-214 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity

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Important points
(a) f(x) is called 1st and g(x) 2nd function
(b) The preferential order to select 1st function is inverse → Logarithm
→ Algebraic → Trigonometric → Exponential. (ILATE)

23.5 athods o Part al Fract ons

M
f
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P( x )
1. Partial fractions f ( x ) = (where deg P(x)< n
( x − a1 )…( x − an )
A1 A2 A
and a1, a2 .... an are distinct) is given by + + . . .+ n
x − a1 x − a2 x − an
P(ai )
where Ai = = value
( ai − a1 )…( ai − ai −1 )( ai − ai +1 ) . . . (ai − an )
of the expression ( x − ai ) f ( x ) at x = ai . In other words, Ai , is
the value of obtained by substituting x = ai everywhere in f(x)
except in the factor x – ai.
2. If P ( x ) = b0 + b1 x +…+ bn x n , the partial fraction of
P( x )
where, a1 , a2 ,…an are distinct, is given by
( 1 )…( x − an )
x − a
A A2 An
bn + 1 + +…+ where Ais are given in (1)
x − a1 x − a2 x − an
above for instance, if a, b, c are distinct
x3 a3 1
≡1+
( x − a)( x − b)( x − c ) ( a − b )( a − c ) x − a
b3 1 c3 1
+ +
( )( )
b − a b − c x − b ( )( ) − c
c − a c − b x

23.6 Part al ract on
i
f
i
px + q A B
1 +
( x − a)( x − b) x −a x −b

px 2 + 9x + r A B C
2 + +
( x − a)( x − b)( x − c ) x −a x −b x −c

px + q A B C
3 3
+ +
( x − a) ( x − a)2 ( x − a)3
( x − a)
 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity B-215

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px 2 + qx + r A B C
4 + +
2
( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − a ) ( x − a ) ( x − b)

px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
5 +
2 2
( x − a) x + bx + c
( x − a)( x + bx + c )

23.7 Integrat on By su st tut on

i
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Functions Substitution
1 x = a tan θ or a cot θ
1 (a2 + x 2 ), x 2 + a2 ,
x +a2 2 or a sin θ

1
2 (a2 − x 2 ), a2 − x 2 , x = a sin θ or a cos θ
a − x2
2

1
3 ( x 2 − a2 ), x 2 − a2 , x = a sec θ or a cos ec θ
x 2 − a2

4 ( x ± x 2 ± a2 )n x ± x 2 + a2 = t

2x 2x a2 − x 2
5 , , x = a tan θ
a2 − x 2 a2 + x 2 a2 + x 2

1
(n ∈ N , n > 1) x +a
6 1−
1
1+
1 =t
( x + a ) ( x + b) 2
2 x+b

x a+ x
7 , , x( a + x ) x = a tan2 θ. a cot 2 θ
a+ x x

x a −1 1
8 , , x(a − 1) x = a sin θ or a cos2 θ
a−x x x(a − 1)

x x −a 1 x = a sec–1θ or a
9 , , x( x − 1)
x −a x x( x − a ) cosec–1 θ

a−x a+ x
10 , x = a cos2θ
a+ x a−x
B-216 Algebr ic Formul e nd nequ lity

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 Tips for MCQs
x n eax n
(1) If ln = ∫x n eax dx , then ln = − ln −1
a a
(2) ∫ (log x) dx = x log x – x
1 (log x)2 (log x)3
(3) ∫ log x dx = log (log x) + log x +
2(2!)
+
3(3!)
+…

acosx + bsin x
(4) ∫ ccosx + dsin x dx

ac + bd ac − bd
= log ccosx + dsin x + k
x +
2 2
c +d c2 + d2

sinn x 1 sinn −1 x n − 1 sinn −2x
(5) ∫ dx = . − ∫ dx
cosm x m − 1 cosm −1 x m − 1 cosm −2x
(6) ∫ a x cos (bx + c)dx
ax
= [(log a)cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)] + k
(loga)2 + b2

(7) ∫a
x
sin ( bx + c ) dx
ax
= [(log a)sin (bx + c) − b cos (bx + c)] + k
(loga)2 + b2

ax
(8) ∫ xe cos(bx + c )dx
xeax
= [a cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)]
a2 + b2 eax
− 2 2
[( a − b )cos(bx+c) +2ab sin(bx+c)] + k
2
a +b (
2 2
)
∫ xe axsin (bx + c)dx
ax
(9)
xe eax 2 2
= [a sin (bx + c) + b cos (bx + c)] − [( a − b )
(a )
2 2 2 2
a +b 2
+b
sin(bx+c) +2ab cos(bx+c)] + k

− cosx . sinn −1 x n − 1
(10) ∫ sinn x dx = sinn −2x dx
n ∫
+
n
n −1
(11) ∫ cosn x dx = sin x . cos x + n − 1 cosn −2x dx
n n
∫
n −1
(12) ∫ tann x dx = tan − tann −2x dx
n −1 ∫