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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Manage Your Moods 29
Take Control 29
An Invitation to Health 3 Develop Autonomy 29
Health and Wellness 3 Assert Yourself 30
The Dimensions of Health 4
Spiritual Health 30
Physical Health 4
Spirituality and Physical Health 30
Psychological Health 4 Deepen Your Spiritual Intelligence 31
Spiritual Health 4 Clarify Your Values 31
Social Health 4 Enrich Your Spiritual Life 31
Intellectual Health 4 Consider the Power of Prayer 32
Environmental Health 4 Cultivate Gratitude 33
Occupational and Financial Health 5 Forgive 33
Community Health 5 Sleep and Health 33
Health in America 5 Sleepless on Campus 34
Healthy People 2020 6 What Happens When We Sleep? 34
Health Disparities 6 How Much Sleep Do You Need? 35
Why Race Matters 7 Sleep’s Impact on Health 35
Cancer 7 Breathing Disorders (Snoring and Sleep Apnea) 36
Cardiovascular Disease 8 Movement Disorders 37
Diabetes 8 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders 37
Getting a Better Night’s Sleep 38
Infant Mortality 8
Sleeping Pills 38
Mental Health 8
Infectious Disease 8 Your Life, Your Future 39 • Self-Survey 40 • Review Questions 42
HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections 8
Sex, Gender, and Health 8 CHAPTER 3
Health on Campus 9 Mental Health 45
College and Health 10
The Brain: The Last Frontier 45
How Healthy Are Today’s Students? 10
Inside the Brain 46
The Future Starts Now 12 Sex Differences in the Brain 47
Student Health Norms 12 The Teenage and 20-Something Brain 47
The Promise of Prevention 12
Understanding Mental Health 48
Protecting Yourself 13
What Is a Mental Disorder? 48
Understanding Risky Behaviors 13
Mental Health on Campus 48
Making Healthy Changes 14 Students at Risk 49
Understanding Health Behavior 14
Depressive Disorders 50
Predisposing Factors 14
Depression in Students 51
Enabling Factors 14
Gender and Depression 51
Reinforcing Factors 14
Female Depression 51
How People Change 15
Male Depression 52
Health Belief Model 15
Major Depressive Disorder 52
Self-Determination Theory 15 Treating Depression 53
Motivational Interviewing 15 Bipolar Disorder 53
Self-Affirmation Theory 16 Anxiety Disorders 54
Transtheoretical Model 16 Specific Phobia 54
Your Life, Your Future 19 • Self-Survey 19 • Review Questions 21 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder 55
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 55
Other Common Disorders 56
CHAPTER 2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 56
Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being 23 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 56
Emotional and Mental Health 23 ADHD on Campus 56
The Lessons of Positive Psychology 24 Treating ADHD 57
Boost Self-Esteem 25 Autism Spectrum Disorder 57
Develop Self-Compassion 25 ASD on Campus 57
Boost Emotional Intelligence 26 Schizophrenia 57
Meet Your Needs 26 Self-Injury and Suicide 58
Pursue Happiness 26 Suicide on Campus 58
The Roots of Happiness 27 Risk Factors 59
What Does and Doesn’t Make Us Happy 28 Overcoming Problems of the Mind 60
Become Optimistic 28
v
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Self-Help Strategies 61 Managing Stress 85
Eating Right 61 Journaling 85
Exercise 61 Exercise 85
Books and Websites 61 Routes to Relaxation 85
Virtual Support 61
Meditation and Mindfulness 86
Yoga 87
Peer Support 61
Resilience 87
Where to Turn for Help 62
Types of Therapists 62 Stress Prevention: Taking Control of Your Time 88
Choosing a Therapist 63 Time Management 88
Types of Therapy 63 Overcoming Procrastination 89
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy 63 Your Life, Your Future 90 • Self-Survey 91 • Review Questions 91
Interpersonal Therapy 64
Other Treatment Options 64 CHAPTER 5
Psychiatric Drugs 64
Alternative Mind–Mood Products 64 Personal Nutrition 95
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 95
Your Life, Your Future 65 • Self-Survey 65 • Review Questions 66
The Building Blocks of Good Nutrition 96
Water 96
CHAPTER 4 Protein 96
Stress Management 69 Protein Sources 97
What Is Stress? 69 Carbohydrates 99
Eustress, Distress, and Neustress 69 Fiber 99
Stress and the Dimensions of Health 71 Gluten 100
Physical 71 Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load 100
Psychological 71 Low-Carb Foods 100
Spiritual 71 Refined Grains 100
Social 71 Fats 100
Intellectual 71 Vitamins 101
Occupational 71 Folic Acid 102
Environmental 71 Vitamin D 102
Types of Stressors 71 Minerals 103
Stress in America 72 Calcium 103
Stress on Campus 72 Sodium 103
Stress and Student Health 73 Calories 104
Gender Differences 73 Healthy Eating Patterns 105
Students under Age 25 74
MyPlate 105
The USDA Food Patterns 106
Students over Age 25 74
The DASH Eating Plan 106
Minority Students 74 The Mediterranean Diet 106
Entering Freshmen 75 Vegetables and Fruits 106
Test Stress 75 Vegetarian Diets 107
Other Stressors 76 Ethnic Cuisines 108
Financial Stress 76 Campus Cuisine: How College Students Eat 109
Occupational Stress 77 Nutrition Knowledge 109
Burnout 77 Fast Food: Eating on the Run 109
Illness and Disability 77 You Are What You Drink 110
Traumatic Life Events 78 Soft Drinks 110
Acute Stress Disorder 78 Energy Drinks 111
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 78 Choosing Healthful Snacks 111
Inside Stress 79 Taking Charge of What You Eat 112
General Adaptation Syndrome 79 Portions and Servings 112
Fight or Flight 80 Nutrition Labels 112
Freezing 80 What Is an “Organic” Food? 113
Submission 80 Genetically Engineered Foods 114
Challenge Response Model 81 Dietary Supplements 114
Tend-and-Befriend Model 81 Food Safety 114
Transactional or Cognitive-Relational Model 82 Fight BAC! 115
Yerkes-Dodson Law 82 Avoiding E. Coli Infection 115
The Impact of Stress 83 Food Poisoning 115
Stress and the Heart 83 Pesticides 116
Stress and Immunity 84 Food Allergies 116
Stress and the Gastrointestinal System 84 Nutritional Quackery 116
Stress and Cancer 84
Other Stress Symptoms 85 Your Life, Your Future 117 • Self-Survey 117 • Review Questions 119
vi Contents
CHAPTER 6 Healthier Heart and Blood Vessels 152
Weight Management 121 Healthier Lungs 152
Protection against Cancer 152
Weighing In 121
Better Bones 152
Weight on Campus 122
Lower Weight 153
What Is a Healthy Weight? 124 Better Mental Health and Functioning 153
Body Mass Index 124
Benefits for Students 153
Waist Circumference 125
Brighter Mood and Less Stress 153
Waist-to-Hip Ratio 125
Measuring Body Fat 126 A More Active and Healthy Old Age 153
Skinfold Measurement 126 Enhanced Sexuality 154
Home Body Fat Analyzers 126
Exercise Risks 154
Laboratory Methods 126 Physical A
ctivity Guidelines for Americans 154
How Much Exercise Is Enough? 155
Understanding Weight Problems 127
Your Exercise Prescription 156
How Did So Many Get So Fat? 127
Health Dangers of Excess Weight 128 The Principles of Exercise 156
The Impact on the Body 128 Overload Principle 157
Other Health Problems 129
FITT 157
Frequency 157
Premature Death 129
The Emotional and Social Toll 129 Intensity 157
If You’re Too Thin: How to Gain Weight 129 Time (Duration) 157
A Practical Guide to a Healthy Weight 130 Type (Specificity) 157
Understanding Why We Overeat 130 Reversibility Principle 157
Preventing Weight Gain 130 Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness 158
Weight Loss Diets 131 Monitoring Exercise Intensity 158
High-Protein Diets 131 High-Tech Gadgets 158
Low-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diets 131 Nontech Methods 159
Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets 131 Target Heart Rate 159
The Bottom Line 132 The Karvonen Formula 160
Do Weight Loss Programs Work? 132 Rating of Perceived Exertion 160
Physical Activity and Exercise 132 Designing an Aerobic Workout 160
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Obesity 133 Warm-up 160
Common Diet Traps 133 Aerobic Activity 160
Maintaining Weight Loss 134 Cooldown 160
Treating Severe Obesity 135 Your Long-Term Fitness Plan 161
Obesity Medications 135 Aerobic Options 161
Obesity Surgery 135 Stepping Out: Walk the Walk 161
Unhealthy Eating on Campus 136 America on the Move 161
Body Image 136 Jogging and Running 162
“Fat Talk” 137 High-Intensity Interval Training 162
Disordered Eating 137 Other Aerobic Activities 163
Extreme Dieting 137
Compulsive Overeating 138 Building Muscular Fitness 164
Binge Eating 138 Muscles at Work 164
Designing a Muscle Workout 166
Eating Disorders 138
Free Weights versus Machines 166
Anorexia Nervosa 139
Recovery 166
What Causes Anorexia Nervosa? 139 Core Strength Conditioning 167
Health Dangers and Treatment 140 Muscle Dysmorphia 168
Bulimia Nervosa 140 Drugs Used to Boost Athletic Performance 168
What Causes Bulimia Nervosa? 140 Becoming More Flexible 169
Health Dangers and Treatment 141 The Benefits of Flexibility 169
Your Life, Your Future 142 • Self-Survey 142 • Review Questions 143 Stretching 170
Stretching and Warming Up 170
Stretching and Athletic Performance 170
CHAPTER 7 Mind-Body Approaches 172
Physical Activity and Fitness 147 Yoga 172
Physical Activity and Fitness 148 Pilates 172
Fitness and the Dimensions of Health 148 T’ai Chi 173
Working Out on Campus 149 Keeping Your Back Healthy 173
Physical Activity and Exercise 149 Evaluating Fitness Products and Programs 173
Exercise Is Medicine 150 Exercise Equipment 173
The Benefits of Exercise 151 Athletic Shoes 174
Longer and Healthier Life 152 Barefoot Running and Alternative Running Shoes 174
Fitness Centers 175
Contents vii
Sports Nutrition 176 Long-Term Relationships 202
Water 176 Marriage 202
Sports Drinks 176 Preparing for Marriage 203
Dietary Supplements 177 The Benefits of Marriage 203
Energy Bars 177 Same-Sex Marriage 203
Safe and Healthy Workouts 177 Issues Couples Confront 204
Temperature 178 Money 204
Heat Cramps 178 Sex 205
Heat Syndromes 178 Extramarital Affairs 205
Heat Exhaustion 178 Two-Career Couples 205
Heat Stroke 178 Conflict in Marriage 205
Protecting Yourself from Cold 178 Saving Marriages 206
Exercise Injuries 179 Divorce 206
PRICE 179 Family Ties 206
Overtraining 179 Diversity within Families 207
Exercise Addiction 180 Unmarried Parents 207
Your Life, Your Future 180 • Self-Survey 180 • Review Questions 181 Your Life, Your Future 208 • Self-Survey 209 • Review Questions 210
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9
Social Health 185 Sexual Health 213
The Social Dimension of Health 185 Sexual Health 213
Communicating 186 Sexuality and the Dimensions of Health 214
Learning to Listen 186 Becoming Male or Female 214
Being Agreeable but Assertive 187 How Hormones Work 215
How Men and Women Communicate 187 Women’s Sexual Health 216
Men 188 Female Sexual Anatomy 216
Women 188 The Menstrual Cycle 217
Nonverbal Communication 188 Premenstrual Syndrome 219
Forming Relationships 188 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 220
Friendship 189 Menstrual Cramps 220
Loneliness 189 Amenorrhea 220
Shyness and Social Anxiety Disorder 189 Toxic Shock Syndrome 220
Building a Healthy Community 190 Men’s Sexual Health 220
Doing Good 191 Male Sexual Anatomy 220
Living in a Wired World 191 Circumcision 221
Social Networking on Campus 191 The Gender Spectrum 222
Self-Disclosure and Privacy in a Digital Age 192 Responsible Sexuality 222
Problematic Cell Phone and Internet Use 193 Creating a Sexually Healthy Relationship 223
Dating on Campus 194 Making Sexual Decisions 223
Hooking Up 194 Saying No to Sex 224
Why Students Hook Up 195 Sexual Behavior 225
Consequences of Hooking Up 195 Sexual Initiation: “Having Sex” for the First Time 225
Friends with Benefits 196 Sex on Campus 225
Loving and Being Loved 196 Hooking Up 226
Intimate Relationships 196 Friends with Benefits 227
What Attracts Two People to Each Other? 197 Choosing Sexual Partners 228
Infatuation 197 Romantic Relationships 228
The Science of Romantic Love 197 Ethnic Variations 228
A Psychological View 197 Sex in America 228
An Anthropological View 198 Sexual Diversity 229
A Biochemical View 198 Heterosexuality 230
Mature Love 198 Bisexuality 230
Dysfunctional Relationships 198 Homosexuality 230
Intimate Partner Violence 199 Roots of Homosexuality 230
Emotional Abuse 199 Coming Out 231
Codependency 200 Homosexuality on Campus 231
Signs of Codependency 200 Sexual Activity 231
Enabling 200 Celibacy 231
When Love Ends 200 Abstinence 231
Partnering across the Lifespan 201 Fantasy 232
The New Transition to Adulthood 201 Pornography 232
Cohabitation 202 Masturbation 233
viii Contents
Nonpenetrative Sexual A ctivity (Outercourse) 233 When Pregnancy Occurs 272
Intercourse 233 Unwanted Pregnancy 272
Oral Sex 234 Abortion 272
Anal Stimulation and Intercourse 234 The Psychological Impact of Abortion 274
Sexual Response 234 The Politics of Abortion 274
Excitement 234 Pregnancy 275
Plateau 235 Preconception Care 275
Orgasm 235 Home Pregnancy Tests 275
Resolution 236 Prenatal Care 275
Other Models of Sexual Response 236 A Healthy Diet 275
Sexual Concerns 236 Exercise 276
Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions 237 Avoid Smoking and Smoke 276
Erectile Dysfunction 237 Don’t Use Alcohol or Drugs 276
Orgasm Problems in Men 238 A Woman’s Bodily Changes During Pregnancy 276
Female Sexual Dysfunction 239 Neonatal Development 276
Sex Therapy 239 Complications of Pregnancy 276
Drugs and Sex 240 Ectopic Pregnancy 276
Atypical Behavior 240 Miscarriage 277
Sexual Addiction 240 Infections 277
Sexual Deviations 241 Zika Virus 277
The Business of Sex 241 Genetic Disorders 278
Your Life, Your Future 242 • Self-Survey 242 • Review Questions 243 Premature Labor 278
Childbirth 278
CHAPTER 10 Preparing for Childbirth 278
Labor and Delivery 279
Reproductive Options 247 Cesarean Birth 279
Reproductive Responsibility 247 Infertility 280
Conception 248 Options for Infertile Couples 280
Abstinence and Nonpenetrative Sexual Activity 249 Artificial Insemination 280
Contraception 250 Assisted Reproductive Technology 280
The Benefits and Risks of Contraceptives 250 Adoption 280
Birth Control in America 254
Reproductive Coercion 254 Your Life, Your Future 281 • Self-Survey 282 • Review Questions 282
Contraception Choices 255
Birth Control on Campus 255 CHAPTER 11
Hormonal Contraceptives 255 Sexually Transmitted Infections 285
Oral Contraceptives 257 Sexually T ransmitted Infections and Diseases 286
Combination Oral Contraceptives 257 Zika Virus 286
Progestin-Only Pills 257 Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Infections 287
Before Using Oral Contraceptives 258 Screening for Sexually T ransmitted Infections 288
A Special Caution 258 The ABCs of Safer Sex 289
Long-Acting Oral Contraceptives 259 A Is for Abstain 289
Seasonale and Seasonique 259 B Is for Be Faithful 289
Lybrel, the “No-Period” Pill 259 C Is for Condoms 290
Contraceptive Patch 260 STIs and Gender 290
Contraceptive Vaginal Ring 260 If You Are a Woman 290
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives 261 If You Are a Man 291
Intrauterine Device 261 STIs on Campus 291
Contraceptive Injection 262 What College Students Don’t Know about STIs 291
Contraceptive Implant 262
Common STIs and STDs 292
Barrier Contraceptives 263 Human Papillomavirus 292
Condoms 263
Incidence 292
Male Condom 264
HPV Vaccination 293
Female Condom 265
HPV Vaccination on Campus 294
Contraceptive Sponge 266
Signs and Symptoms 294
Vaginal Spermicides and Film 266
Diaphragm 267 Diagnosis and Treatment 294
Cervical Cap 268 Genital Herpes 295
FemCap 268 Incidence 295
Fertility Awareness Methods 269 Signs and Symptoms 295
Emergency Contraception 270 Diagnosis and Treatment 295
Sterilization 270 Chlamydia 296
Male Sterilization 271 Incidence 296
Female Sterilization 271 Signs and Symptoms 296
Contents ix
Diagnosis and Treatment 297 Type 1 Diabetes 319
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 297 Type 2 Diabetes 319
Incidence 297 Gestational Diabetes 319
Signs and Symptoms 297 Detecting Diabetes 320
Diagnosis and Treatment 297 Diabetes Signs and Symptoms 320
Gonorrhea 297 Diabetes Management 320
Incidence 297 Treatment 321
Signs and Symptoms 298 Hypertension 321
Diagnosis and Treatment 298 Hypertension in the Young 322
Nongonococcal Urethritis 298 Who Is at Risk? 323
Syphilis 299 What Your Blood Pressure Reading Means 323
Incidence 299 Lowering High Blood Pressure 324
Signs and Symptoms 299 Reducing Sodium 324
Diagnosis and Treatment 299 The DASH Eating Pattern 324
Chancroid 299 Exercise 324
Pubic Lice and Scabies 300 Medications 324
Trichomoniasis 300 Your Lipoprotein Profile 324
Bacterial Vaginosis 300 What Is a Healthy Cholesterol Reading? 325
HIV and AIDS 300 Lowering Cholesterol 325
Incidence 301 Lifestyle Changes 325
Who Is at Risk? 301 Medications 325
Testing 302 Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease 327
Reducing the Risk of HIV Transmission 302 How the Heart Works 327
Sexual Transmission 302 Heart Risks on Campus 328
Nonsexual Transmission 303 Psychosocial Risk Factors 329
Preventing HIV Infection 303 Stress 329
Recognizing and Treating HIV/AIDS 303 Depression 329
HIV Testing 304 Anger and Hostility 329
Diagnosing AIDS 304 Personality Types 330
Treatment 304 The Power of Positive Emotions 330
Your Life, Your Future 305 • Self-Survey 306 • Review Questions 307 Other Risk Factors 330
Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein 330
CHAPTER 12 Homocysteine 330
Illegal Drugs 330
Major Diseases 311 Bacterial Infection 331
Your Cardiometabolic Health 312 Aspirin and the Heart 331
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors 312 The Heart of a Woman 331
Risk Factors You Can Control 313 Coronary Artery Disease 332
Overweight/Obesity 313 Atherosclerosis 332
Body Fat 313 Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) 332
Waist Circumference 313 Is It a Heart Attack? 333
Physical Inactivity 314 Cardiac Arrest 333
Prolonged Sitting 314 Saving Hearts 333
Healthy Diet 314 Stroke 334
Tobacco Use 314 Who Is at Risk? 334
High Blood Glucose 314 Types of Stroke 335
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 314 Silent Strokes 335
Lipoprotein Levels 315 Transient Ischemic Attacks 335
Risk Factors You Can’t Control 315 The Effects of Stroke on the Brain 335
Family History 315 Why Quick Treatment Matters 335
Race and Ethnicity 315 Cancer 337
Socioeconomic Status 316 Understanding Cancer 337
Age 316 Who Is at Risk? 338
Height 316 Heredity 338
Racial and Ethnic Groups 338
Metabolic Syndrome 316
Who Is at Risk? 316 Obesity 339
What Are the Signs? 316 Carcinogens 340
Common Types of Cancer 340
Diabetes 317
Insulin Resistance 318 Skin Cancer 341
Prediabetes 318 Breast Cancer 342
Diabetes Mellitus 318 Cervical Cancer 345
Who Is at Risk? 318 Ovarian Cancer 346
Types of Diabetes 319 Testicular Cancer 346
x Contents
Colon and Rectal Cancer 347 West Nile Virus 373
Prostate Cancer 347 Zika Virus 373
Other Major Illnesses 348 Transmission 374
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders 348 Symptoms 374
Asthma 348 Diagnosis and Treatment 374
Ulcers 349 Prevention 374
Your Life, Your Future 350 • Self-Survey 351 • Review Questions 352 Avian Influenza 374
Emerging Infectious Diseases 374
SARS 375
CHAPTER 13 Ebola 375
Infectious Diseases 355 Smallpox 375
Understanding Infection 356 Reproductive and Urinary Tract Infections 375
Agents of Infection 356 Vaginal Infections 375
Viruses 356 Urinary Tract Infections 376
Bacteria 357 Your Life, Your Future 377 • Self-Survey 377 • Review Questions 378
Fungi 357
Protozoa 357
Helminths (Parasitic Worms) 357 CHAPTER 14
How Infections Spread 358 Consumer Health 381
Animals and Insects 358
Health Insurance 382
People 358 The Affordable Care Act 382
Food 358 How Health Care Insurance Works 382
Water 358 What You Need to Know 383
The Process of Infection 358 Consumer-Driven Health Care 384
Who Develops Infections? 358 Improving Your Health Literacy 384
How Your Body Protects Itself 359 Finding Good Advice Online 384
Immune Response 360 Getting Medical Facts Straight 386
Immunity and Stress 361 Evidence-Based Medicine 386
Immunity and Gender 361 Outcomes Research 386
Immune Disorders 362 Personalizing Your Health Care 387
Allergic Rhinitis 362 Your Family Health History 387
Autoimmune Disorders 362 Gender Differences 387
Immunization 363 Mobile Health (mHealth) Apps and Monitors 387
Childhood Vaccinations 363 Self-Care 388
Adult Vaccinations 363 Oral Health 389
Upper Respiratory Infections 364 Becoming a Savvy Health-Care Consumer 390
Common Cold 364 Making the Most of a Medical Visit 390
Preventing Colds 365 Scheduling the Appointment 390
Antibiotics 366 Before Your Appointment 390
Influenza 366 At Your Appointment 391
H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) 367 The Physical Examination 391
The Threat of a Pandemic 367 Talking with Your Health-Care Provider 391
Meningitis 367 After Your Visit 393
Preventing Meningitis 368 Diagnostic Tests 393
Recognizing Meningitis 368 Screening Tests 393
When to Seek Medical Care 369 Preventing Medical Errors 394
Hepatitis 369 Your Medical Rights 395
Hepatitis A 369 Your Right to Be Treated with Respect and Dignity 395
Hepatitis B 369 Your Right to Information 395
Who Develops Hepatitis B? 370 Your Right to Privacy and Access to Medical
Hepatitis C 370 Records 395
Your Right to Quality Health Care 396
Other Infectious Illnesses 371
Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mononucleosis 371 Elective Treatments 396
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Vision Surgery 396
(ME/CFS) 371 When Is Lasik Surgery Not for You? 396
Herpes Gladiatorum (MatHerpes, Wrestler’s Herpes, Cosmetic Surgery 397
Mat Pox) 371 Body Art Perils 397
Tuberculosis 372 Health Hoaxes and Medical Quackery 397
The “Superbug” Threat: MRSA 372 Nontraditional Health Care 398
Preventing MRSA 372 Types of CAM 398
Who Is at Highest Risk? 372 Alternative Medical Systems 399
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections 373 Mind–Body Medicine 400
Lyme Disease 373 Biologically Based Therapies 401
Contents xi
Manipulative and Body-Based Methods 401 Commonly Abused Drugs 427
The Health-Care System 402 Cannabinoids 427
Health-Care Practitioners 402 Risks and Potential Health Consequences 428
Physicians 402 Medical Marijuana 429
The Health-Care Team 402 Legalized Marijuana 429
Dentists 403 Dependence 429
Chiropractors 403 Withdrawal 430
Health-Care Facilities 403 Herbal Drugs 430
College Health Centers 403 Salvia 430
Outpatient Treatment Centerst 403 Khat 430
Hospitals and Medical Centers 403 Synthetic Designer Drugs 430
Emergency Services 404 Synthetic Marijuana 430
Inpatient Care 404 Synthetic Cathinone 431
Home Health Care 404 Club Drugs 432
Ecstasy 432
Herbal Ecstasy 433
GHB and GBL 433
CHAPTER 15 Nitrites 433
Addictive Behaviors and Drugs 409 Stimulants 433
Understanding Addiction 410 Amphetamines 434
Addiction and the Dimensions of Health 410 Methamphetamine 434
Preventing Addictions 411 Cocaine 436
Gambling and Behavioral Addictions 411 Depressants 438
Problem Gambling 412 Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates 438
Gambling Disorder 412 Opioids 439
Gambling on Campus 413 Fentanyl 440
Risk Factors for Problem Gambling 413 Hallucinogens 441
Drug Use on Campus 413 Dissociative Drugs 441
Why Students Don’t Use Drugs 414 Ketamine 441
Why Students Use Drugs 414 PCP 441
Understanding Drugs and Their Effects 415 Inhalants 442
Routes of Administration 416 Treatment of Substance Dependence and Misuse 443
Dosage and Toxicity 416 Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment 443
Individual Differences 416 12-Step Programs 444
Gender and Drugs 416 Relapse Prevention 444
Setting 417
Types of Action 417
Interaction with Other Drugs or Alcohol 417
Caffeine and Its Effects 417 CHAPTER 16
Caffeine Intoxication 419 Alcohol 449
Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks 419 Drinking in America 449
Medications 420 Why People Don’t Drink 450
Over-the-Counter Drugs 420 Why People Drink 450
Prescription Drugs 421 Drinking on Campus 451
Physical Side Effects 421 Why Students Don’t Drink 451
Psychological Side Effects 421 Why Students Drink 452
Drug Interactions 422 High-Risk Drinking on Campus 454
Drugs and Alcohol 422 Binge Drinking 454
Generic Drugs 422 Who Binge-Drinks in College? 454
Buying Drugs Online 422 Why Students Binge-Drink 454
Substance Use Disorders 423 Binge Drinking and Disordered Eating 455
Dependence 423 Predrinking/Pregaming 455
Misuse 423 Why Is Predrinking Popular? 456
Intoxication and Withdrawal 423 The Perils of Predrinking 456
Polyabuse 424 Underage Drinking on Campus 456
Coexisting Conditions 424 Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks 456
Causes of Substance Use Disorders 424 Why Students Stop Drinking 457
The Neurobiology of Dependence 424 Alcohol-Related Problems on Campus 457
The Psychology of Vulnerability 424 Consequences of Drinking 457
Prescription Drug Abuse 425 Drinking and Driving 458
Prescription Drugs on Campus 425 “Secondhand” Drinking Problems 459
Prescription Stimulants 425 Understanding Alcohol 459
Prescription Painkillers 426 Blood-Alcohol Concentration 460
xii Contents
Moderate Alcohol Use 463 Health Effects on Students 489
Alcohol Intoxication 463 Premature Death 490
Alcohol Poisoning 463 Heart Disease and Stroke 490
The Impact of Alcohol on the Body 464 Cancer 490
Digestive System 465 Respiratory Diseases 490
Weight and Waists 465 Other Smoking-Related Problems 491
Cardiorespiratory System 465 Emerging Tobacco Products 491
Cancer 465 Electronic Cigarettes 491
Brain and Behavior 465 Water Pipes (Hookahs) 492
Interaction with Other Drugs 466 Hookah Use on Campus 493
Immune System 467 Other Forms of Tobacco 494
Health Problems Later in Life 467 Cigars and Pipes 494
Increased Risk of Dying 467 Bidis 494
Alcohol, Gender, and Race 467 Clove Cigarettes (Kreteks) 494
Gender 467 Smokeless Tobacco 495
Race 468 Snus 495
African American Community 468 Quitting Tobacco Use 495
Hispanic Community 468 Physical Benefits of Quitting 496
Native American Community 469 Psychological Benefits of Quitting 496
Asian American Community 469 Quitting on Your Own 496
Alcohol-Related Disorders 469 Virtual Support 496
Alcohol Use Disorder 469 Stop-Smoking Groups 496
Causes 470 Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) 496
Medical Complications 470 Nicotine Gum 497
Alcoholism Treatments 471 Nicotine Patches 497
Detoxification 471 Nicotine Inhaler 497
Electronic Cigarettes 497
Medications 471
Medications and Other Treatments 498
Inpatient or Residential Treatment 472
Combined Treatments 498
Outpatient Treatment 472 Quitting and the Risks Associated with Smoking 498
Behavioral Therapies 472
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 499
Moderation Training 472 Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke 499
12-Step Self-Help Programs 472 Thirdhand Smoke 499
Harm Reduction Therapy 473 The Fight for Clean Air 501
Alternatives to AA 473
Recovery 473
Alcoholism’s Impact on Relationships 474
Growing Up with an Alcoholic Parent 474 CHAPTER 18
Adult Children of Alcoholics 474 Personal Safety 507
Your Life, Your Future 475 • Self-Survey 475 • Review Questions 477 Unintentional Injury 507
Why Accidents Happen 508
CHAPTER 17
Safety on the Road 509
Tobacco 481 Avoid Distracted Driving 509
Tobacco Use in America 482 Don’t Text or Talk 510
Why People Smoke 482 Stay Alert 510
Limited Education 483 Buckle Up 510
Underestimation of Risks 483 Check for Air Bags 511
Adolescent Experimentation and Rebellion 483 Rein in Road Rage 511
Stress 483
Cycle Safely 511
Parent Role Models 483 Safety at Work and at Home 512
Addiction 483
Computers and Your Health 512
Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs) 512
Genetics 484
Vision Problems 512
Weight Control 484
At Home 513
Mental Disorders 484
Substance Abuse 484
Which Gender Is at Greater Risk? 513
Tobacco Use Disorder 484 Violence in America 514
Gun Violence 514
Tobacco Use on Campus 485 Mass Shootings 514
Social Smoking 486 A Public Health Approach 515
College Tobacco-Control Policies 486
Violence and Crime on Campus 516
Smoking, Gender, and Race 486 Hazing 517
Tobacco’s Immediate Effects 487 Hate or Bias Crimes 517
How Nicotine Works 487 Microaggressions 517
Tar and Carbon Monoxide 488 Shootings, Murders, and Assaults 518
Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking 488 Consequences of Campus Violence 518
Contents xiii
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Sexual Victimization and Violence 519 Electromagnetic Fields 544
Cyberbullying and Sexting 519 Cell Phones 544
Sexual Harassment 519 Microwaves 545
Stalking 520 Ionizing Radiation 545
Intimate Partner (Dating) Violence 520 Diagnostic X-Rays 545
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner V
iolence 520 Your Hearing Health 545
Disclosure and Support 521 How Loud Is That Noise? 546
Sexual Assault on Campus 521 Effects of Noise 546
Changing the Campus Culture 521 Are Earbuds Hazardous to Hearing? 546
The “It’s On Us” Campaign 521 Hearing Loss 548
Bystander Training 522 Your Life, Your Future 548 • Self-Survey 549 • Review Questions 550
Types of Sexual Victimization and Violence 522
Nonvolitional Sex and Sexual Coercion 522
Incapacitated Sexual Assault and Date-Rape Drugs 522 CHAPTER 20
Rape 523 A Lifetime of Health 553
Types of Rape 524 Quality and Quantity of Life 553
Acquaintance or Date Rape 524 Will You Live to 50? 554
Stranger Rape 525 Aging Well 555
Male Nonconsensual Sex and Rape 525 Physical Activity: It’s Never Too Late 555
Impact of Rape 525 Nutrition and Obesity 556
What to Do in Case of Sexual Assault and Rape 526 The Aging Brain 556
Helping the Victims of Violence 526 Cognitive Aging 556
Memory 557
Women at Midlife 557
Menopause 558
CHAPTER 19 Hormone Therapy (HT) 558
A Healthier Environmental 531 Men at Midlife 559
The Environment and Your Health 531 Low Testosterone 559
Climate Change 532 Prostate Problems 559
Global Warming 532 Sexuality and Aging 559
The Health Risks 532 The Challenges of Age 560
The Impact of Pollution 533 Mild Cognitive Impairment 561
The Air You Breathe 534 Alzheimer’s Disease 561
Ozone 535 Osteoporosis 562
Particle Pollution 535 Preparing for M edical Crises and the End of Life 562
Working toward Sustainability 536 Advance Directives 562
The Water You Drink 537 Health-Care Proxies 563
Is Bottled Water Better? 537 Living Wills 563
Portable Water Bottles 538 The Five Wishes 563
Indoor Pollutants: The Inside Story 539 DNR Orders 563
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 539 Holographic Wills 563
Secondhand Smoke 539 Ethical Dilemmas 564
Thirdhand Smoke 539 The Gift of Life 564
Radon 539 Death and Dying 565
Molds and Other Biological Contaminants 540 Death Literacy and Education 565
Household Products 540 Defining Death 565
Formaldehyde 541 Denying Death 566
Pesticides 541 Emotional Responses to Dying 566
Asbestos 541 How We Die 567
Lead 542 A “Good” Death 567
Carbon Monoxide and N itrogen Dioxide 542 Caregiving 568
Chemical Risks 543 Hospice: Caring When Curing Isn’t Possible 568
Agricultural Pesticides 543 Near-Death Experiences 568
Chemical Weapons 543 Suicide 569
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity 544 “Rational” Suicide 569
Invisible Threats 544 Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide 569
Right to Die Laws 569
xiv Contents
The Practicalities of Death 569 Answers to Review Questions 577
Funeral Arrangements 570
Autopsies 570
Glossary 578
Grief 570
Grief’s Impact on Students 571
Grief’s Effects on Health 571
Index 587
Contents xv
Key Features
CON S U M E R A L E RT Reducing Your Risk of STIs 291
Lowering Your Cardiometabolic Risks 313
Sleeping Pill Precautions 37 Caring for Your Cold 366
The Pros and Cons of Antidepressants 53 Getting Your Money’s Worth from the Health-Care System 392
Dubious Diets 131 Develop a Positive Addiction 411
Fitness Monitors 158 Drink Less, Save More 453
Online Flirting and Dating 193 The Toll of Tobacco 482
Safe Sex in Cyberspace 232 No- and Low-Cost Ways to Green Your Space 538
Should You Get the HPV Vaccine? 294 Reduce Your Future Health-Care Costs 557
Are You Addicted to Tanning? 341
Protecting Yourself from the Perils of Piercing 370
Too Good to Be True? 386 S NA P S HO T: ON CA M P U S NOW
Alcohol and Drug Interactions 466
E-cigarettes 492 Student Health 11
Bicycle Helmet Heads-up 511 Sleepy Students 35
What Difference Does a Lightbulb Make? 537 Student Mental Health 49
Stressed-Out Students 73
Are You Eating Your Veggies? 114
H E A LT H NOW! The Weight of Student Bodies 123
Student Bodies in Motion 150
First Steps 12 All the Lonely Students 190
Counting Your Blessings 26 The Sex Lives of College Students 226
Count Your Blessings 58 Birth Control Choices of College Students 256
Write It Out! 85 Students and STIs 292
More Healthful Fast-Food Choices 109 Cancer Preventive Strategies 337
Thinking Thinner 130 Vaccinations 364
Excise Exercise Excuses 150 Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Campus 399
Assessing a Relationship 198 Student Marijuana Use 410
Developing Sexual Responsibility 222 Student Drinking 452
Choosing a Contraceptive 254 Student Smoking 485
Telling a Partner You Have an STI 293 How Safe Do Students Feel? 516
Infection Protection 359 Students’ Views on the Environment and Energy 532
Is a CAM Therapy Right for You? 401 Dying Young: Leading Causes of Death 565
Recognizing Substance Abuse 423
If Someone Close to You Drinks Too Much 474
Kicking the Habit 495 YOU R S T R AT EGI E S FOR C H A NGE
How to Avoid Date Rape 525
Protecting the Planet 533 How to Cope with Distress after a Trauma 88
Preparing for a Medical Crisis in an Aging Relative 564 Creating a Healthy Eating Pattern 105
The Right Way to Walk and Run 162
How to Assert Yourself 187
H E A LT H ON A BU D GE T How to Cope with an Unhealthy Relationship 201
If You Have an STI 290
Invest in Yourself 14 How to Lower Your Blood Pressure 324
Happiness for Free 27 How to Cope with Grief 571
The Exercise Prescription 61
How to Handle Economic Stress 76
Frugal Food Choices 110 YOU R S T R AT EGI E S FOR
Hold the Line! 123 P R E V E N T ION
Low-Cost Fitness Aids 175
Money Can’t Buy Love 204 If You Are at Risk 6
Seven Secrets to a Good Sexual Relationship 224 How to Help Someone Who Is Depressed 53
xvii
Steps to Prevent Suicide 60 How to Avoid MRSA 372
How to Handle Test Stress 76 How to Boost Health Understanding 384
How to Protect Yourself from Food Poisoning 115 How to Take Care of Your Mouth 390
Keeping the Pounds Off 134 How to Say No to Drugs 425
How to Avoid Stretching Injuries 172 How to Recognize the Warning Signs of Alcoholism 471
How to Stay Safe in the “Hookup Era” 227 What to Do in an Emergency 508
How to Recognize a Stroke 334 How to Protect Your Ears 546
Save Your Skin 343 Keep Your Bones Healthy 563
How to Protect Yourself and Others from Influenza 368 Learning about Death 566
xviii Key Features
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Mary were known, Cecil’s counter move was to send help to the
reform party in Scotland, and to revive the talk of a marriage
between Elizabeth and the Earl of Arran, the heir-apparent to the
Scottish crown. Arran was in France; and on the first suspicion
against him of intriguing with the English, the King had ordered his
capture, dead or alive. Randolph and Killigrew were successively
sent by Cecil to Throgmorton with orders to aid the Earl, and, at any
risk, smuggle him to England.[110] In disguise he was conveyed by
Randolph to Zurich, and thence to England, and subsequently into
Scotland,[111] to head the Protestant party against the French, from
his father’s castles of Hamilton and Dumbarton. Whilst Arran was in
hiding in England, Cecil was apparently the only minister who saw
him, and when he left, it was with full instructions and pecuniary
help from the Secretary. Cecil was a man of peace; but the main
point of his policy was the keeping of the French out of Flanders and
Scotland. Now that Guise ambition openly struck at England through
the northern kingdom active measures were needed, and they were
taken.
As usual, Cecil’s report on the whole question[112] to the Queen
judiciously summed up all the possibilities. The document sets forth
the desirability of an enduring peace between Scotland and England,
and the impossibility of it whilst the former country is governed by a
foreign nation like the French in the absence of its native sovereign;
that the land should be “freed from idolatry like as England”; and
that the nobility should be banded together with the next heir to the
crown (Arran) to remedy all abuses. “If the Queen (Mary) shall be
unwilling to this, as is likely, … then it is apparent that Almighty God
is pleased to transfer from her the rule of the kingdom for the weale
of it. And in this time great circumspection is to be used to avoid the
deceits and trumperies of the French.” Sir William’s decision, after
infinite discussion, is that the cheapest and only possible way will be
at once to send strong reinforcements to the Scottish reformers, and
at the same time that Sadler and Crofts on the Border should be
sleepless, as they were, in their efforts in favour of the Protestant
Scots.
There was no matter which concerned Cecil so much as this, as
will be seen by his many interesting letters about it to Sir Ralph
Sadler in the Sadler Papers. He had gone to Burghley in September
1559, and thence wrote to Sadler his anxiety to hear of Arran’s[113]
safe arrival in Scotland. “Th’erle of Arrayn borrowed of me at his
being at London 200 crowns, which he promised should be paid to
you, Mr. Sadler, for me. After some tyme passed, I praye you aske it
of hym.” The next day Cecil wrote that he had ordered Sadler “to
lende the Protestants money, as of your selve, taking secretly the
bonds of them to rendre the same; so as the Quene should not be
partie thereto.” Thenceforward money was secretly sent in plenty by
Sir William to maintain the Scottish reformers who were besieging
Leith, but Knox and the rigid Calvinists, with their republican and
anti-feminine ideas, were hated by the Queen, and made matters
difficult. “Knox’s name,” says Cecil, “is the most odious here. I wish
no mention of it hither.” “Surely I like not Knox’s audacitie.… His
writings do no good here, and therefore I do rather suppress
them.”[114]
But it became evident that the Lords of the Congregation would
be unable much longer to hold their own without powerful armed
assistance from England. This would of course mean a renewal of
the war with France, and before it could be undertaken it was
necessary to make quite sure of the attitude of Philip, who was
about to marry the French Princess. On this occasion, for the first
time, Cecil was met and hampered in his action by a counter intrigue
within the English court, such as for the next twenty years
continually faced him.
When the Queen rode through the city from the Charterhouse to
the Tower on her white jennet, she was followed closely by a
handsome young man of her own age, who attracted general
attention. She had appointed Lord Robert Dudley, the son of Cecil’s
old patron, Northumberland, Master of the Horse at Hatfield on the
day that Mary died. In less than six months the tongue of scandal
was busy with the doings of the Queen and her favourite, and the
Spanish agents were calculating the chances of his being made an
instrument for their ends. Gradually the English competitors for the
Queen’s hand sank into the background, whilst Dudley, a married
man, grew in favour daily.[115] He was made a Knight of the Garter,
to the openly expressed annoyance of other older and worthier
nobles; money grants and favours of all sorts were showered upon
him, and the Queen would hardly let him out of her sight. So long as
the talk of the match with the Archduke Charles only dragged on its
interminable length, Dudley was mildly approving and claiming
rewards and bribes from the Spaniards in consequence; for he knew
perfectly well that the negotiation was a feint, and that the religious
obstacles were unsurmountable. But when, as has been seen,
national interests led Cecil to play his master-move and checkmate
Mary Stuart and the French connection in Scotland with Arran and
the English marriage, Dudley saw that the affair was serious, and at
once set about frustrating Cecil’s national policy for his personal
advantage. In order to obstruct the marriage with Arran, the first
step was for Dudley to profess himself hotly in favour of the Austrian
match.
His sister, Lady Sidney, was sent to the Bishop of Aquila, with the
assurance that the Queen would consent to marry the Archduke at
once if she were asked (September 1559). Dudley and Parry both
came and assured the Bishop of their devotion, body and soul, to
Spanish interests.[116] There was, they said, a plot to kill the Queen,
and she had now made up her mind to concede the religious points
at issue and marry the Archduke at once. The Queen herself avoided
going so far as that in words, but by looks and hints she confirmed
what Lady Sidney and Dudley had said. Between them they
hoodwinked the Churchman, and he urged upon Philip and the
Emperor the coming of the bridegroom. After his long talk at
Whitehall with the Queen at the end of September, the Bishop saw
Cecil, who by this time was fully aware of what was going on, and
adroitly turned it to the advantage of his policy. War with the French
in Scotland was practically adopted, if Philip could be depended
upon to stand aloof. When, accordingly, the Bishop approached
Cecil, the latter, although he avoided pledging himself to the Queen’s
marrying the Archduke, spoke sympathetically about it. But his tone
was different from Dudley’s. “I saw,” says the Bishop, “that he was
beating about the bush, and begged that we might speak plainly to
one another. I was not blind or deaf, and could easily perceive that
the Queen was not taking this step to refuse her consent after all.
He swore he did not know, and could not assure me.” But then Cecil
shot his bolt. The French, he said, were striving to impede the
Archduke’s match, and had offered great things to the Swedes if
they could bring about the marriage of Elizabeth with the Prince of
Sweden. “They (the English) well understood that this was only to
alienate the Queen from her connection and friendship with Philip,
and thus to enable the French to invade this country more
easily.”[117] Cecil then consented, but vaguely, to help forward “our
affair,” and was promised all Philip’s favour if he did so. All Cecil
asked for and wanted was an assurance of the help or neutrality of
Spain, in the event of a French invasion, and this he unhesitatingly
got—“if the Queen will marry the Archduke,” a condition which Cecil,
at least, must have known would not be fulfilled.
For the next week or two the Queen surpassed herself in vivacity,
in pretended anticipation of the coming of her Imperial lover. She
became outwardly more Catholic than ever. Candles and crucifixes
were again put up on the altars of her chapels, priests wore their
vestments, and the Spanish Bishop was in the best of spirits. All this
was going too far for Cecil, and was forcing his hand. He wanted to
ensure Philip’s countenance by arousing jealousy of the French,
whilst keeping the Archduke’s marriage gently simmering. But if
Dudley and the Queen carried it too far, it would either end in
mortally offending Philip, or in introducing a strong Catholic influence
in England, which would have been the end of Cecil as a minister.
Feria, in Flanders, saw this clearly enough, and wrote to the Bishop
to tell Dudley that Cecil would really be against the Archduke’s
business.[118] Dudley’s intrigue to prevent the Scottish match, not
only hampered Cecil, but set the whole court by the ears. The Duke
of Norfolk and the thorough-going Spanish Catholic party formed a
plot to kill Dudley, as they knew he was not sincere, and would
prevent the marriage with the Archduke, perhaps, at the last
moment; whilst Cecil’s own Protestant friends, Bedford especially,
who did not understand his cautious manner of dealing with
difficulties, quarrelled with him about his apparent acquiescence in
fresh Popish innovations.
Dudley’s bubble soon burst of itself. The Emperor, not under the
sway of Elizabeth’s charm, was cool. The Bishop, as a feeler, fostered
the idea that the Archduke was already on the way, and then the
Queen, Dudley, and Lady Sidney took fright and began to cry off;
and the Bishop saw he had been deceived (November 1559). But
Arran’s suit had still to be combated, and Dudley warmly took up the
Swedish match; whilst the gossips whispered that he had decided to
poison his wife, and marry the Queen himself. Matters had reached
this stage, when the Bishop’s agents began plotting with the Duke of
Norfolk for the open coming of the Archduke, his marriage with
Catharine Grey, and the murder of Elizabeth and Dudley; but this
required bolder hands than Norfolk or Philip, and nothing came of it
but open quarrels between Dudley and those who he knew were
planning his ruin. Gradually prudent Cecil worked the Archduke’s
negotiations back again into the stage in which they had been when
Dudley interfered. The Bishop was courted, an envoy was sent to
Vienna, care was taken to keep alive Philip’s jealousy of the French—
more than ever to be feared by the Spanish King, now that his own
Netherlands were seething with disaffection; and then, at last, Cecil
was able to accede to the prayer of the Scottish reformers,[119] and
send an English force to their aid.
On the 23rd December 1559, Cecil could write to Sadler, saying
that the Duke of Norfolk and Lord Grey were on their way north to
take command of the army. “Our shippes be on the sea, God spede
them! William Winter is appointed, as he commeth nigh, to learn of
you the state of the French navy within the Firth. And it is thought
good that ye should cause some small vessell to goo to hym with
your intelligence before he come very nigh that towne, lest by
tarryeng for your answer his voyage be hindered. The French are
much amased at this our sodden going to sea, so as the Marq
d’Elbœuf being come to Callise is retorned to Parriss in great hast.
We lack intelligence from you and be ignorant of what ye do in
Scotland. We be afrayd of the loss of Edinburgh Castle. God gyve ye
both good night, for I am almost a slepe. At Westminster, hora 12ᵃ
nocte 23 Dec. 1559.”[120]
The fleet of thirty-two sail, with 8000 infantry and 2000 cavalry,
sailed up the Forth exactly a month after this letter was written, to
the dismay of the French and the Queen Regent, who shortly
afterwards learnt that Elbœuf and his army had been storm-beaten
back to France. The French and Catholic Scots were now cooped up
in Leith, with no possibility of receiving aid from France; whilst the
English on the Border, and the Lords of the Congregation, were
organising a strong land force to invade Scotland.
There was nothing more to be dreaded by Philip—as Cecil well
knew—than a war between England and France for the cause of the
Scottish Protestants. The Spanish alliance with France had aroused
the distrust of the powerful reform party in the latter country; and
on the accession of Francis II. and the Guises to power, the Queen-
mother, Catharine de Medici, whose chance had at last come after
years of insult and neglect, at once threw her influence into the
scale of their opponents, the Montmorencis and the reformers.
Throgmorton had been sent to France to form a union between the
Protestant and anti-Guisan elements in France and Elizabeth, and in
this he had been entirely successful, to the unfeigned dismay of
Philip and his agents.[121] This combination of Protestants in
England, Scotland, and France, and probably also in Germany, was a
most threatening one for Philip’s objects, especially in view of the
condition of his own Netherlands; and yet his hands were tied. He
dared not raise a hand to make French Mary Stuart Queen of Great
Britain, although the triumph of reform in Scotland and this
combination of Protestants struck at the very root of his objects and
his policy. To the cautious planning of Cecil almost exclusively was
owing the fact that in one year Philip had been disarmed, and
rendered impotent to injure a Protestant England. The Spanish
Bishop’s only remedy for it all was to plot with the extreme English
Catholics to kill Elizabeth, Dudley, and Cecil, and place Catharine
Grey or Darnley on the throne under Spanish tutelage; and he
conspired ceaselessly with that object. But his master knew better
than he. The French, he was aware, would fight to prevent such a
result, as well as the English, and neither he nor his coffers were in
a mood for fighting them then; so he had to stoop to peaceful
diplomacy, and tried to beat Cecil at his own game. The Secretary
had continued to answer firmly all the Bishop’s remonstrances and
veiled threats, for he knew Philip could not move; and when it was
decided to send a special Flemish envoy to England to dissuade the
Queen from aiding the Scottish Protestants, the Bishop almost
scornfully told Feria that, if talking had been of any good, he would
have done it already. “They would do more harm than good if they
were only coming to talk, for the English Catholics expect much
more than that.” “Cecil,” he says, “is the heart of the business, and is
determined to carry it through, until they are ruined, as they will
be.”[122] In the meanwhile (April 1560) the siege of Leith went on,
notwithstanding the attempts of the French to settle terms of peace
in London. Elizabeth would have nothing to do with any peace that
left a French man-at-arms in Scotland.
Philip’s Flemish envoy, De Glajon, arrived in London on the 5th
April 1560, and was very coolly received by Elizabeth.[123] In Philip’s
name he exhorted her to abstain from helping the Scottish rebels,
and then threatened that if she did not come to terms with the
French, Spanish troops would be sent to reinforce the latter. She was
dignified, but alarmed at this, and sent Cecil on the following day to
discuss the question with De Glajon.[124] After a conference, lasting
five hours, in which Cecil recited all the English complaints against
France, and pointed out the danger to Philip that would ensue upon
the French becoming masters of Scotland, he positively assured the
envoy that the English troops would not be withdrawn from Scotland
until their objects were attained. The French Ambassador tried hard
to draw Philip’s envoy into a joint hostile protest[125] to Elizabeth;
but the Spaniards knew that their master really did not mean to
fight, and declined to compromise him. They, indeed, assured Cecil
privately, that if Philip helped the French, it would only be in the
interests of Elizabeth herself.
Through all the negotiation Cecil’s management was most
masterly. He had taken Philip’s measure now, and knew the
powerless position in which English diplomacy, aided by
circumstances, had placed him. The Guises had taken his measure
too. As week followed week, and hope of help from him
disappeared, they saw that they must make such terms as they
might with Elizabeth. The French in Leith were heroically holding
out, though starving and hopeless; no reinforcements could be sent
from France, for England held the sea, and the Queen-mother and
the reform party would give no help to purely Guisan objects. So at
last, in May, Monluc, the Bishop of Valence, came humbly to London
and sued Elizabeth for peace, and Cecil and Wotton, with Sir Henry
Percy, Sir Ralph Sadler, and Peter Carew, travelled to Scotland to
meet the French commissioners and settle the terms. Cecil started
on the 30th May, and at the different stages of his journey he wrote
letters to Sir William Petre.[126] On the 31st he writes from Royston:
“in no apparent doubt of health, yet by foulness of weather afraid to
ride to Huntingdon till to-morrow.” On the 2nd June his letter comes
from his own house at Burghley, “rubbing on between health and
sickness, yet my heart serveth me to get the mastery.”
His energy, his command of detail, and his foresight are
remarkably shown in these letters. He spurs Petre to do as evidently
he himself would have done—to expedite everything necessary for
the prosecution of the war, though peace was in prospect; “to
quicken the Lord Treasurer for money,” and so forth. From Stamford
he went to Doncaster, Boroughbridge, Northallerton, Newcastle, and
so to Scotland, always vigilant, observant, suggestive; but in nearly
every letter expressing deep distrust of the French, whom he
suspected of treachery at every point. When they met in Edinburgh
his complaints are constant of their “cavilations” and hairsplitting.
“They may contend, however, about a word,” he says, “but I mean
to have the victory.” Before the negotiations commenced, the Queen
Regent, Mary of Lorraine, died (11th June), and this, by perplexing
the French, somewhat facilitated an arrangement. The most difficult
point was the use of the English arms by Mary Stuart, and, on the
1st July, Cecil wrote to the Queen that the negotiations had been
broken off on that point alone. After this was written, but before it
was despatched, Cecil proposed a “device,”[127] by the insertion of a
“few fair words”; and an arrangement was the result, which stands a
triumphant vindication of Cecil’s policy.
The French troops were all to be withdrawn, Leith and Dunbar to
be razed, Mary abandoned her claim to the English crown, and
acknowledged Elizabeth; and, above all, Mary granted a constitution
to her subjects, which well-nigh annihilated the prerogative of her
throne. A Parliament was to be forthwith summoned, which should
have the power to declare or veto war or peace; during the
sovereign’s absence the country was to be governed by a council of
twelve persons to be chosen out of twenty-four elected by
Parliament, seven of the twelve being chosen by the Queen, and five
by Parliament; no foreigner was to hold any place of trust, nor was
an ecclesiastic to control the revenues; a complete indemnity was
given for all past acts, civil and ecclesiastical, and the question of
religious toleration was to be finally decided by Parliament.
Thus the Scottish-French question, which had been a standing
menace to England for centuries, was settled by the statesmanship
of Cecil; and perhaps through the whole of his great career no
achievement shows more clearly than this the consummate tact,
patience, firmness, moderation, and foresight that characterised his
policy. Less than two years before England under the patronage of
Philip was forced to accept a humiliating peace from France, and
Spanish and French agents had intrigued against each other as to
which of their two sovereigns should use prostrate, exhausted
England for his own objects. In two short years of dexterous
statesmanship England had turned the tables. Not only had she with
comparative ease effected a vast domestic revolution, but she was
conscious of the fact that both of the great Continental rivals were
impotent to injure her, out of jealousy of each other, whilst her own
power for offence and defence had enormously increased, and the
knitting together of the reformers throughout Europe had placed her
at the head of a confederacy which she could use as a balance
against her enemies.
CHAPTER V
1560-1561
The results achieved in so short a time after Elizabeth’s accession

were due in a large measure to the moderation and prudence of
Cecil’s methods. The changes which had been made attacked many
interests, and ran counter to many prejudices; and the policy of
Elizabeth in retaining most of her sister’s Councillors had surrounded
her with men who still clung to the old faith and the traditions of the
past. From the first the Spanish and French Ambassadors had begun
to bribe the Councillors, and had respectively formed their parties
amongst those who immediately surrounded the Queen. Elizabeth
herself was fickle and unstable, yet obstinate in the opinion of the
moment. Her vanity often led her into false and dangerous positions,
and already scandal was busy with her doings. She was easily
swayed by the opinions of others, yet fiercely resented any attempt
at dictation. Her feelings, moreover, towards the French were by no
means so antagonistic as those of Cecil, and the cost of the war in
Scotland had caused her great annoyance. It will be seen, therefore,
that the task of her principal minister in carrying out with safety a
consistent national policy was an extremely difficult one. More than
once during the Scotch war the French-Guisan party in Elizabeth’s
court had, to Cecil’s dismay, nearly persuaded the Queen to suspend
hostilities, whilst Philip’s paid agents in her Council were for ever
whispering distrust of Cecil and his religious reforms. Whilst the
Howards, Arundel, Paget, Mason, and the rest of the Philipians—as
the puritan Lord John Grey called them—were denouncing the
minister for his Protestant measures, the hot zealots who had
hurried back from Germany and Switzerland, dreaming of the violent
establishment of an Anglican Church on the Genevan pattern, were
discontented at the slowness and tentative character of the religious
reforms adopted; and Cecil’s own friends, like the Earl of Bedford,
the Duchess of Suffolk, and the Lord Admiral Clinton, were often
impatient at his moderation. To this must be added the unprincipled
influence of Dudley, who was ready to swear allegiance to any
cause, to serve his purpose of dominating the Queen, a purpose
which was naturally opposed by Cecil as being dangerous to the
national welfare. It will thus be seen that the patient, strong minister
was surrounded by difficulties on every side; and but for the fact
that none of his rivals were comparable with him in ability and
energy, Cecil must have shared the usual fate of ministers, and have
fallen before the attacks of his enemies.
He returned from Scotland at the end of July, after an absence of
sixty-three days[128] and from a letter of the Lord Treasurer
(Winchester) to him soon afterwards (24th August 1560), it is
evident that his detractors had been at work in his absence.[129] The
old Marquis loved to stand well with all men, but his tendencies we
know now to have been “Philipian,” and he wrote to the Secretary:
“In the meantime all good Councillors shall have labor and dolor
without reward; wherein your part is most of all mens; for your
charge and paynes be farre above all oder mens, and your thanks
and rewards least and worst considered, and specially for that you
spend wholly of yourself, without your ordinary fee, land, patent,
gift, or ony thing, which must nedes discomfort you. And yett when
your counsell is most for her Majesties honour and profitt, the same
hath got hinderance by her weke creditt of you, and by back
councells; and so long as that matter shall continue it must needs be
dangerous service and unthankful.”
Less than three weeks after this letter was written, the Bishop of
Aquila went to Greenwich about the Austrian match, which still
dragged on, when, to his surprise, the Queen told him flatly she had
altered her mind, and would not marry at all. The Bishop then
sought out Cecil, who, he knew, was now in semi-disgrace, owing to
the efforts of Dudley in his absence. The Secretary was not in the
habit of wearing his heart upon his sleeve, and if he did so on this
occasion to Philip’s minister, it may be concluded that it was from
motives of policy, which are not very far to seek. “After exacting
many pledges of strict secrecy, he said that the Queen was
conducting herself in such a way that he thought of retiring. He said
it was a bad sailor who did not enter port if he could when he saw a
storm coming on, and he clearly foresaw the ruin of the realm
through Robert’s intimacy with the Queen, who surrendered all
affairs to him and meant to marry him. He said he did not know how
the country put up with it, and he should ask leave to go home,
though he thought they would cast him into the Tower first. He
ended by begging me in God’s name to point out to the Queen the
effect of her misconduct, and persuade her not to abandon business
entirely, but to look to her realm; and then he repeated to me twice
over that Lord Robert would be better in Paradise than here.”[130]
After this Cecil told the Ambassador that Dudley “was thinking of
killing his wife,” which on the following day the Queen partly
confirmed by mentioning to the Bishop that she was “dead or nearly
so.” The Bishop’s comment upon this is, that “Cecil’s disgrace must
have great effect, as he has many companions in discontent,
especially the Duke of Norfolk.… Their quarrels cannot injure public
business, as nobody worse than Cecil can be at the head of affairs,
but the outcome of it all might be the imprisonment of the Queen,
and the proclamation of the Earl of Huntingdon[131] as King. He is a
great heretic, and the French forces might be used for him. Cecil
says he is the real heir of England, and all the heretics want him. I
do not like Cecil’s great friendship with the Bishop of Valence.”
Shortly after this was written, the tragic fate of Amy Robsart was
announced. For months past there had been rumours of the
intention of Dudley to have his wife killed, in order that he might
marry the Queen, and as the date of Cecil’s conversation with the
Bishop is not quite certain, it is possible that he may have spoken
with the knowledge that she was already dead. In any case,
however, it is certain that, at this time, Cecil feared that the Queen’s
passion for Dudley would bring about the downfall of the edifice he
had so laboriously built, and he sought if possible to lay the
foundation for his future action. The friendship with the Guisan
Bishop, Monluc, was clearly a feint, as was also the idea that the
French would help Huntingdon to the detriment of their own Queen
Mary Stuart, but it would serve to arouse the jealousy of the
Spaniards, and would incline them to Cecil’s side to prevent it.
Dudley had in Cecil’s absence gained most of the advanced
Protestant party to his side by his open championship of their ideas,
and the Secretary, finding himself distrusted by his friends, was
obliged to endeavour to discredit Dudley, to gain the sympathy of
the Spanish Bishop, and, through him, of the “Philipians,” who were
already opposed to Dudley as an upstart and a friend of France.
Regarded in this light, Cecil’s unwonted frankness to the Spanish
Ambassador is intelligible enough. If things went well with the
Queen, the “Philipians” could keep him in office, and if disaster befell
her, he dissociated himself from her before the catastrophe, and
made common cause with the party which in such case would
certainly be uppermost.
The danger, however, soon blew over, for Amy Robsart’s death
caused so much scandal as to cover Dudley with obloquy, and
render him powerless for a time, during which Cecil regained his
influence. How completely he did so is seen in Dudley’s enigmatical
letter to him at the time when he was first feeling the effect of the
odium of his wife’s death. The real meaning of the letter is not
intelligible. Dudley had retired from court, probably to Wanstead,
and had been visited by Cecil, who was having close inquiry made
into the death of Lady Robert. He appears to have made some
friendly promise to Dudley, who is effusively grateful. “The great
frendshipp you have shewyd towards me I shall not forgett. I pray
you lett me hear from you what you think best for me to doe; if you
doubt, I pray you ask the question (of the Queen?), for the sooner
you can advyse me the more I shall thank you. I am sorry so sodden
a chaunce shuld brede me so great a change, for methinks I am
here all this while as it were in a dream.”[132] Dudley’s retirement
and pretended disgrace, to save appearances, did not last long; and
when he came back to court he found Cecil in full favour again.[133]
Whilst Lord Robert was away Cecil had extracted a positive
assurance from the Queen direct, that she would not marry Dudley.
Cecil had thereupon made another attempt to revive the Archduke’s
negotiation,[134] and at the same time had sounded the Spanish
Ambassador about marrying Catharine Grey to a nominee of Philip;
this being a prudent attempt to obtain a second connecting link with
Spain, now that the negotiations with the Archduke had been worn
nearly threadbare.
But the Spanish-Austrian family were not responsive. They had
been fooled more than once, and were determined that Elizabeth
should not lead them into a position compromising to their dignity;
but it was necessary for those who had the welfare of England at
heart to take some steps which should render Dudley’s hopes
unrealisable. The Protestant party in the Council, with Cecil’s
acquiescence, again brought up the proposal of the new King of
Sweden, Eric XIV. He was an eager suitor, and had been trying to
gain a hearing at intervals since before Mary’s death; and in answer
to private messages from England, intimated his intention of coming
himself to win his bride. The Protestants were overjoyed; for this
would have been an ideal solution for them, especially now that the
situation had been unexpectedly changed by the death of the young
King of France, Mary Stuart’s husband (5th December 1560). This
event, which took away much of the Guises’ power, and weakened
Mary’s connection with France, now governed by her mother-in-law,
Catharine de Medici, who hated her, banished in a large measure
Philip’s dread of her accession to the English throne; and the
Catholics in England thought they saw daylight ahead, if the Queen
died childless.
It was natural, therefore, that the Protestants should make a
counter move, and actively revive the idea of the Swedish match. It
was equally to be expected that when Dudley thus found himself
without any party at all but his personal friends, he should seek
support in a fresh quarter. He was without shame, scruple, or
conscience. He had betrayed, or was ready to betray, every person
or cause that trusted him; his sole object was to force or cajole the
Queen into marrying him, and he grasped at any aid towards it. In
January 1561 his brother-in-law, Sir Henry Sidney, a Catholic, and a
friend of Spain, came to the Bishop of Aquila, and assured him that
Dudley was innocent of his wife’s death, though public opinion was
universally against him. Sidney then went on to say that, as
Elizabeth’s desire to marry Dudley was evident, it was surprising that
the Spanish party had not helped him in his object, and thus gained
his gratitude, in return for which “he would hereafter serve and obey
your Majesty like one of your own vassals.” The Bishop was not
eager, for he had been tricked before when the Sidneys were the
intermediaries; but when Sidney promised that if Dudley were aided
to marry the Queen, he would restore the Catholic religion in
England, the Churchman listened. He could be no party, of course,
he said, to a bargain about religion; but if Dudley really wished to
repent in this way, he should be delighted. The Queen acquiesced in
the intrigue, and eagerly listened to the Spaniard’s advocacy of
Dudley’s suit, though doubtless she did not know that her English
suitor had promised, in the event of his marriage, to hand over the
whole government to the King of Spain, and fully restore the
Catholic faith.[135]
As some earnest of the Queen’s and Dudley’s chastened hearts,
the Bishop had urged that English plenipotentiaries should be sent to
the Council of Trent, and the English bishops released who were
imprisoned for refusing the oath of supremacy. Dudley was willing to
promise that or anything else; but in so important a matter of State
as the recognition of the Pope’s Council, the co-operation of Cecil
was needed. He was, of course, opposed to Dudley’s suit, but had
not interfered openly to stop these negotiations, the Bishop says, in
consequence of his having been bribed by the grant of some
emoluments enjoyed by Parry, who had recently died, but more
probably because he may really have been at the bottom of these
negotiations, and he knew that he could checkmate Dudley more
effectually, if necessary, at a later stage.[136] As we have seen, his
opposition to strong forces was rarely direct. He knew in this case
that the Queen would resent open thwarting from him; and that it
would also have the effect of offending the Catholics, and renewing
the quarrel with Dudley and his friends. So when he was consulted,
he feigned to welcome the project of sending English representatives
to the Council of Trent, and at once proceeded to kill it with
kindness.
The situation in England was an extremely critical one. Much
public dissatisfaction existed at the Queen’s questionable behaviour,
and the Catholics, especially, were greatly disturbed in consequence
of the attitude of Mary Stuart. The treaty of Edinburgh, the result of
so much thought and labour, had not been ratified by Mary and her
husband when the latter died; and in answer to requests on the part
of the English Government, through Throgmorton and Sir Peter
Mewtys, that she would ratify it, Mary declined until she had by her
side some of her Scottish Councillors. The Scottish Parliament had
been summoned in accordance with the treaty, before the latter had
been accepted by the sovereign, and consequently her refusal to
ratify the treaty raised a host of difficulties on all sides. It was felt
universally that Mary might well expect now the countenance of
Philip in her pretensions to the English crown, whilst all that was
Catholic in France looked to her uncles, the Guises, as leaders. The
combination was too strong for Cecil to face directly, in addition to
the Queen’s caprice and the factions of the English court, and his
method of dealing with the matter was characteristically prudent.
During the progress of Dudley’s negotiations with the Spaniard to
bring back England to Catholicism, the puritan Earl of Bedford was
sent to France, ostensibly to ask Mary again to ratify the treaty of
Edinburgh, and to condole with her for the loss of her husband; but
his real object was to bring about an understanding with the Duke of
Vendôme,[137] Coligny, and the French Protestants. At the same time
Randolph was entrusted with an important message to the
Protestant nobles of Scotland. He was to tell them that the
Protestant princes of Germany were firmly united; that the French
reformers were now the stronger party; that the Queen of England
would stand by the Scots; and to exhort them to be true to the
Protestant faith, no matter what efforts might be made to move
them. Randolph was also to approach even Scottish Catholics, and
point out what a favourable opportunity now occurred, the Queen of
Scots being free of her French connection, to form a close union
between England and Scotland.[138]
But whilst this seed was germinating it was necessary for Cecil to
dally with the Catholics and “Philipians” in England. He accordingly
went (March 1561) to the Spanish Ambassador with a message—
secretly purporting to come from the Queen, but ostensibly from
himself—to the effect that it would be a great favour to the Queen
“and a help to this business” if Philip would write her a letter as soon
as possible, “urging her, in the interests of her country, to marry at
once; and, as she is disinclined to marry a foreigner, he advises her
to choose one of her own subjects, who, in such case, would receive
Philip’s friendship and support.” Cecil affected to urge this course
very warmly upon the Bishop, who, however, was wary, and insisted
upon knowing definitely whether the Queen herself had sent the
message. The only answer that Cecil would give was that it was not
fair to drive a modest maiden like the Queen up in a corner, and
make her personally responsible for steps leading to her own
marriage. But he told the Bishop that the reason Philip’s letter was
necessary, was that the Queen should submit it to a packed
deputation of both Houses of Parliament, so that her marriage with
Dudley might, in appearance, have the sanction of her people. No
course so likely as this to frustrate the match could have been
devised, as Dudley himself saw, for he fell ill of vexation; but, as the
Bishop says, he was faint-hearted, and lacked ability and courage to
break through the snares that Cecil had spread for him. The Bishop
divined the plan very soon. “The deputation is being arranged,” he
says, “to suit him and the heretics, who have entire control of the
Queen.… She dares not go against Cecil’s advice, because she thinks
that both sides would then rise up against her.”
Cecil, “who,” he says, “is entirely pledged to these unhappy
heresies, and is the leader of the business,” tried on more than one
occasion to draw the Spanish Bishop into religious controversy—the
Bishop thought, with the object of discovering whether Dudley or
the Queen had gone further in their pledges than he had been told.
He suggested that the Pope should send theologians to England to
discuss religion with English divines, but the Bishop would not hear
of it. Then he proposed that the Bishop himself should secretly meet
the Archbishop of Canterbury (Parker) and endeavour to bring about
a religious modus vivendi; to which the Spaniard replied, that if they
were sincere in their desire to agree, they had better begin with the
main points of difference, instead of discussing secondary points of
dogma.[139]
Cecil assured him that the Queen would send representatives to
the Pope’s Council, on condition that it was held in a place
satisfactory to other princes; that the Pope or his legate should
preside over the Council, not so as to infer that he was the ruler of
it, but only the president of its deliberations; that questions of faith
might be decided by Holy Scripture, the consensus of divines, and
the decisions of early councils; that the English bishops should be
recognised as equals of the rest; and other conditions of the same
sort, which obviously frustrated—as they were meant to do—all hope
of the religious compact, upon which Dudley’s hopes were ostensibly
built. In the court, we are told, Cecil went about saying that the
Queen wished to send her envoys to the Council, but that a Council
could not judge questions of faith, nor could the Pope, as of right,
claim to preside.[140] On the one hand, he reprehended the Bishop
of Winchester (Horn) for preaching against the authority of the
Councils, and caused a meeting of bishops to be called at Lambeth,
to settle a profession of faith to be sent to the Council; whilst, on the
other, he told the Spaniard that if when the Pope wrote to the Queen
he did not give her her full titles of Queen of England and Defender
of the Faith, she would not receive his letters. Well might Quadra
say: “I do not know what to think of it all: these people are in such a
confusion that they confound me as well. Cecil is a very great
heretic, but he is neither foolish nor false, and he professes to treat
me very frankly. He has conceded to me these three points, which I
consider of the utmost importance, however much he may twist
them to the other side.” Whoever else may have been confused, we
may be certain that Cecil knew what he was about, for he
completely hoodwinked and conciliated the Spanish Bishop and the
Catholics until his new combination was consolidated.[141] The
English Catholics were more leniently treated; and the Queen and
court were almost inconveniently friendly with Quadra, who was
obliged to whisper to his friends that it was all make-believe. He said
more truly than he thought at the time. At the end of April, Cecil’s
arrangements were complete, and the mask could be dropped
safely.
At the instance of Randolph the Scottish Lords of the Congregation
had commissioned James Stuart, Mary’s natural brother, afterwards
Earl of Murray, who was already in English pay, to visit his sister in
France, and influence her to return to Scotland pledged to the treaty
of Edinburgh, and to place herself in the hands of the Protestant
party. For the moment the Guises in France were in disgrace, and
plotting for their own advancement, so that it suited them to appear
to acquiesce in an arrangement which promised that their niece
should take possession of her kingdom without disturbance. James
Stuart, carefully coached by Throgmorton, went back to London with
the assurance that all was well.[142] Mundt, in Germany, had drawn
the league closer between England and the Princes; Bedford in
France had completed a cordial arrangement with Vendôme, Coligny,
and the Protestants; Philip’s Netherlands were in seething
discontent, his coffers were empty and he was in a death grapple
with the Turk for the mastery of the Mediterranean. There was
nothing for England to fear, therefore. Circumstances and Cecil’s
diplomacy had placed once more all the cards into his hands, and
again he could go forward on a straight course.
The pretext for a change was given by the secret presence of a
papal nuncio in Ireland. English Catholics were suddenly proceeded
against all over the country for attending mass. Sir Edward
Waldegrave and other ex-members of Mary’s Council were thrown
into the Tower; the Pope’s legate, who was hurrying with all sorts of
concessions, and an invitation to Elizabeth to send envoys to the
Council of Trent, was refused admittance into England; and the old
Bishop of Aquila found once more that Cecil had outwitted him.
There were no more conciliatory religious discussions or amiable
attentions; on the contrary, the Ambassador, to his intense
indignation, was accused of taking part in plots against the Queen,
and found himself slighted on all sides. A great outcry took place
that a conspiracy of Catholics had been discovered to poison the
Queen, the rumour in all probability being part of the general plan to
weaken and discredit the Catholic party; and Cecil himself drew up a
paper, still extant,[143] urging her Majesty not to place any apparel
next her skin until it had been carefully examined, that no perfume
should be inhaled by her which came from a stranger, that no food
should be consumed by her unless it was dressed by her own cooks,
that twice a week she should take some contra pestum, that the
back doors of her apartments should be strictly guarded, and so
forth. Whether Cecil was really apprehensive of danger to the Queen
at the time is uncertain; but this general change of attitude towards
the Catholics in less than four months suspiciously coincided with the
successful consolidation of the Protestants throughout Europe, and
the paralysation for harm both of Spain and France in the matter of
Mary Stuart.
How far Dudley was sincere in his approaches to the Catholics on
this occasion may be doubted. He would have been willing, of
course, to have paid any price—or rather have made his country pay
any price—for his marriage with the Queen; but there are
circumstances which tend to the belief that he and Cecil, for once,
had joined their forces, Cecil probably promising his support to
Dudley’s suit in exchange for this clever “entertaining” of Spain and
the Catholics until the Protestant coalition was formed. In any case,
Dudley was in nowise cast down at the rupture of the negotiations,
but remained on excellent terms with Cecil, and flirted with the
Queen more furiously than ever. In the meanwhile the King of
Sweden had made all preparations for visiting England. The extreme
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