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Course Work Introduction to Computer Networks Tcp Ip

The document provides an overview of computer networks and network security, focusing on the TCP/IP model and its layers. It explains the functions of TCP and IP, detailing how data is segmented, transmitted, and reassembled across the internet. Additionally, it describes various protocols used at each layer, including HTTP, SMTP, and UDP, and their respective roles in data communication.

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Ssenono Francis
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6 views

Course Work Introduction to Computer Networks Tcp Ip

The document provides an overview of computer networks and network security, focusing on the TCP/IP model and its layers. It explains the functions of TCP and IP, detailing how data is segmented, transmitted, and reassembled across the internet. Additionally, it describes various protocols used at each layer, including HTTP, SMTP, and UDP, and their respective roles in data communication.

Uploaded by

Ssenono Francis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS AND NETWORK

SECURITY
COURSE WORK 1
SSENONO FRANCIS XAVIER 24/2/314/D/307
KALUNGI AKSAM 24/2/314/D/004

TCP/IP
TCP
TCP stands for transmission Control protocol.
This is a transport protocol. It manages how a message is broken down into
segments before being sent over the internet and how it gets reassembled at its
destination host.
TCP also sets up connection between the sender and the receiver and it establishes
a connection before sending data.
It also controls the size and rate of data packets.
NB: A segment is a chunk of data that is sent over a network, made up of a header
and a data section.
A packet is a unit of data that carries information between devices over a network.
IP
IP stands for Internet Protocol. It is a set of rules that govern data transmission
between devices on the internet.
It also defines data destination and routes.
Therefore, the TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols that specifies how
devices exchange data on the internet
Layers of TCP/IP model

4 APPLICATION

3 TRANSPORT

2 INTERNET

1 NETWORK LINK

Layer 4: Application Layer


This layer is responsible for end to end communication and error free delivery of
data. In this layer, the user is able to interact with the applicstion software for
example social networking applications to receive or send messages, web browsers
etc.
Protocols used in this layer;
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): it is used for accessing information
available on the internet. HTTP runs on port 80.
When you search for something on the internet, HTTP provides smooth connection
between the client and the server.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): it is used for sending and receiving email
messages over the internet. SMTP runs on port 25.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): transmission of files over the internet for example
downloading multimedia or sharing of files like notes between students. FTP runs
on port 21.
NTP (Network Time Protocol): a computer or device is synchronized to a standard
time based on the location of that device. NTP runs on port 123.
Layer 3: Transport layer
The transport layer has three functions;
Segmentation: the sent message is divided into smaller units called segments.
These segments are numbered in a sequence.
Flow control: in the transport layer, the amount of data sent is managed and the
speed of data transmission.
Error control: in this layer, the message is checked to ensure that information sent
by the sender is received by the receiver accurately without errors.
Protocols used in this layer;
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
Establishes a connection between the source and destination.
Collects all segments and reorders them based on the given sequence
numbers.
It runs on port 80.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Provides connectionless service and end to end delivery.
It is fast and performs verification at each step
NB: connectionless means it doesn’t give feedback.
UDP runs on port 53

Layer 2: Internet Layer.


This layer is responsible for transmission of data over the network.
Sends data packets from any network and decides the shortest path for routing.
NB: Routing is the process of selecting a path for data packets to travel from one
device to another.
How do packets work?
Large files are split into packets at the sender's end.
Each packet is labeled with its destination address and sequence number.
Routers read the packet headers to direct the packets to their destination.
The receiving device reassembles the packets in order to retrieve the data.
Data through the internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets. IP
information is attached to each packet, and this information helps routers to send
packets to the right place. Every device that connects to the Internet is assigned an
IP address and as packets are directed to the IP address attached to them, data
arrives where it is needed.

When the packets arrive at their destination, they are handled differently depending
on which transport protocol is used in combination with IP. The most common
transport protocol is TCP.

Protocols.

IP (Internet Protocol): delivers packets from the source to destination

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): provided information to hosts in case


of network problems.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): responsible for finding the physical address
using the IP address of the host.

Layer 1: Network link layer.

A packet is sent from the internet layer containing the IP address of the sender and
receiver and the message in binary format under stood by the computer.

The network layer converts the in form of signals

It is responsible for initiating connection requests.

On the senders’ side, it manages data transmission while on the receiver’s side it
manages the process incoming data.

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