NAME OF THE STUDENT:

CLASS: SECTION:
Class X – Artificial Intelligence
Subject Specific Skills: Chapter 2 – AI Project Cycle
One (01) Mark Questions

1. Name all the stages of an AI Project cycle.

Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modeling, Evaluation

2. What are sustainable development goals?

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all
United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet
and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

OR

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked goals
designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all" so that the future
generations may live in peace and prosperity.

3. Name the 4Ws of problem canvases under the problem scoping stage of the AI Project Cycle.

a. Who, b. what c. where d. why

4. What is Testing Dataset? ANS: The dataset provided to the model ML. algorithm after training
the algorithm

5. Mention the types of learning approaches for AI modeling. Supervised, unsupervised and re-
enforcement

6. What is the objective of evaluation stage? ANS: It is to evaluate whether the ML algorithm is
able to predict with high accuracy or not before deployment.

7. The analogy of an Artificial Neural Network can be made with (Parallel Processing) .

8. Which of the following is not an authentic source for data acquisition?

a. Sensors b. Surveys c. Web Scraping d. System Hacking System Hacking

9. Which type of graphical representation suits best for continuous type of data like monthly
exam scores of a student? ANS: Linear graph .

10. Fill in the blank: Neural Network is a mesh of multiple _____________________. Hidden Layers
/ Layers

Two (02) Mark Questions:

1. What are the two different approaches for AI modelling? Define them.

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There are two approaches for AI Modelling; Rule Based and Learning Based.

The Rule based approach generates pre-defined outputs based on certain rules programmed by
humans.

Whereas, machine learning approach has its own rules based on the output and data used to train
the models.

2. What is a problem statement template and what is its significance?

The problem statement template gives a clear idea about the basic framework required to achieve
the goal. It is the 4Ws canvas which segregates; what is the problem, where does it arise, who is
affected, why is it a problem? It takes us straight to the goal.

3. Explain any two SDGs in detail.

1. No Poverty: This is Goal 1 and strives to End poverty in all its forms everywhere globally by 2030.
The goal has a total of seven targets to be achieved.

2. Quality Education: This is Goal 4 which aspires to ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. It has 10 targets to achieve.

4. Mention the precautions to be taken while acquiring data for developing an AI Project.

It should be from an authentic source, and accurate. Look for redundant and irrelevant data
parameters that does not take part in prediction.

5. What do you mean by Data Features?

The type of data to collect, It should be relevant data.

6. Write the names for missing stages in the given AI project cycle:

Problem scoping, Evaluation

7. Draw the icons of the following SDGs: Gender Equality and Clean Water and sanitation

8. Draw the graphical representation of Classification AI model. Explain in brief.

Classification: The classification Model model would look for the labelled features for
works on the labelled data. For example, we predicting the output. This model works on
have 3 coins of different denomination which discrete dataset which means the data need
are labelled according to their weight then the not be continuous.

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9. Draw the graphical representation of Regression AI model. Explain in brief.

Regression: These models work on

continuous data to predict the output based
on patterns. For example, if you wish to
predict your next salary, then you would put
in the data of your previous salary, any
increments, etc., and would train the model.
Here, the data which has been fed to the
machine is continuous.

10. Draw the graphical representation of Clustering AI model. Explain in brief.

Clustering: It refers to the unsupervised

learning algorithm which can cluster the
unknown data according to the patterns or
trends identified out of it. The patterns
observed might be the ones which are known
to the developer or it might even come up
with some unique patterns out of it.

11. Explain Data Exploration stage.

In this stage of project cycle, we try to interpret some useful information out of the data we have
acquired. For this purpose, we need to explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better
understanding. This stage deals with validating or verification of the collected data and to analyze
that:

• The data is according to the specifications • The data is free from errors.
decided.
• The data is meeting our needs.

12. What are the features of an Artificial Neural Network?

Any Artificial Neural Network, irrespective of the style and logic of implementation, has a few basic
features as given below.

• The Artificial Neural Network systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous system.

• They are able to automatically extract features without feeding the input by programmer.

• Every node of layer in a Neural Network is compulsorily a machine learning algorithm.

• It is very useful to implement when solving problems for very huge datasets.

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13. What is the purpose of getting AI Ready?

The world is changing with each day and we have huge data coming our way. The purpose of
getting AI ready means taking steps to collect data around relevant systems, equipment, and
procedures; and storing and curating that data in a way that makes it easily accessible to others for
use in future AI applications.

14. What are the different types of sources of data from where we can collect reliable and
authentic datasets? Explain in brief.

Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need to train it first using data
There could be many ways and sources from where we can collect reliable and authentic datasets
namely Surveys, Web scrapping, Sensors, Cameras, Observations, Research, Investigation, API etc.

Sometimes Internet is also used to acquire data but the most important point to keep in mind is that
the data should be taken from reliable and authentic websites only. Some reliable data sources are
UN, Google scholar, Finance, CIA, Data.gov etc.

Four (04) Mark Questions:

1. Explain the AI Project Cycle in detail.

The steps involved in AI project cycle are as given:

• The first step is Scope the Problem by which, you set the goal for your AI project by stating the
problem which you wish to solve with it. Under problem scoping, we look at various parameters
which affect the problem we wish to solve so that the picture becomes clearer.

• Next step is to acquire data which will become the base of your project as it will help you in
understanding what the parameters that are related to problem scoping.

• Next, you go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources.
Since the data you collect would be in large quantities, you can try to give it a visual image of
different types of representations like graphs, databases, flow charts, maps, etc. This makes it easier
for you to interpret the patterns in which your acquired data follows.

• After exploring the patterns, you can decide upon the type of model you would build to achieve
the goal. For this, you can research online and select various models which give a suitable output.

• You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most efficient one.

• The most efficient model is now the base of your AI project and you can develop your algorithm
around it.

• Once the modelling is complete, you now need to test your model on some newly fetched data.
The results will help you in evaluating your model and hence improving it.

Finally, after evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what you get is your AI project.

2. Explain the relation between data size and model performance of an Artificial Neural Network.

The basis for any kind of AI development is BIG DATASET.

The performance of any AI based application depends on the data supplied ANN models are also
known as Learning models and are used for prediction purposes. These are mostly developed

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without paying much cognizance to the size of datasets that can produce models of high accuracy
and better generalization.

Although, the general belief is that, large dataset is needed to construct a predictive learning model.
To describe a data set as large in size, perhaps, is circumstance dependent, thus, what constitutes a
dataset to be considered as being big or small is somehow vague.

In fact, the quantity of data partitioned for the purpose of training must be of good representation
of the entire sets and sufficient enough to span through the input space. It must be authentic and
relevant to give better model performance.

3. Draw the 4Ws problem canvas and explain each one of them briefly.

The 4Ws problem canvas is the basic template while scoping a problem and using this canvas, the
picture becomes clearer while we are working to solve it.

a) Who: The “Who” block helps you in analyzing the people getting affected directly or indirectly
due to it? Under this, you find out who the ‘stakeholders’ to this problem are and what you know
about them. Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be benefitted with the
solution.

b) What: Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this stage, you
need to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how do you know that it is a
problem?

c) Where: In this block, you need to focus on the context/situation/location of the problem. It will
help you look into the situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and the locations
where it is prominent.

d) Why: in the “Why” canvas, think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from the
solution and how would it benefit them as well as the society.

4. Differentiate between rule-based and learning-based AI modelling approaches.

Rule Based Approach: It refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are
defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned by the developer,
and performs its task accordingly.

For example, suppose you have a dataset comprising of 100 images of apples and 100 images of
bananas. To train your machine, you feed this data into the machine and label each image as either
apple or banana. Now if you test the machine with the image of an apple, it will compare the image
with the trained data and according to the labels of trained images, it will identify the test image as
an apple. This is known as Rule based approach. The rules given to the machine in this example are
the labels given to the machine for each image in the training dataset.

Learning Based Approach: In this approach, the machine learns by itself. It refers to the AI
modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are not defined by the developer. In this
approach, random data is fed to the machine and it is left on the machine to figure out patterns and
trends out of it. Generally, this approach is followed when the data is un labelled and too random
for a human to make sense out of it.

For example, suppose you have a dataset of 1000 images of random stray dogs of your area. You
would put this into a learning approach-based AI machine and the machine would come up with

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various patterns it has observed in the features of these 1000 images which you might not have even
thought of!

5. What is an Artificial Neural Network? Explain the layers in an artificial neural network.

Artificial Neural Network: Modeled in accordance with the human brain, a Neural Network was
built to mimic the functionality of a human brain. The human brain is a neural network made up of
multiple neurons, similarly, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is made up of multiple
perceptrons.

A neural network consists of three important layers:

Input Layer: As the name suggests, this layer accepts all the inputs provided by the programmer.

Hidden Layer: Between the input and the output layer is a set of layers known as Hidden layers. In
this layer, computations are performed which result in the output. There can be any number of
hidden layers

Output Layer: The inputs go through a series of transformations via the hidden layer which finally
results in the output that is delivered via this layer.

6. What is the need of an AI Project Cycle? Explain.

Project cycle is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and finally developing a project
effectively throughout its phases, from planning through execution then completion and review to
achieve pre-defined objectives.

Our mind makes up plans for every task which we have to accomplish which is why things become
clearer in our mind. Similarly, if we have to develop an AI project, the AI Project Cycle provides us
with an appropriate framework which can lead us towards the goal.

The major role of AI Project Cycle is to distribute the development of AI project in various stages so
that the development becomes easier, clearly understandable and the steps / stages should become
more specific to efficiently get the best possible output.

It mainly has 5 ordered stages which distribute the entire development in specific and clear steps:
These are Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modelling and Evaluation.

7. Explain the following:

a. Supervised Learning b. Unsupervised Learning

• Supervised learning is a learning in which we teach or train the machine using data which is well
labelled that means some data is already tagged with the correct answer. After that, the machine is
provided with a new set of examples (data) so that supervised learning algorithm analyses the
training data (set of training examples) and produces a correct outcome from labelled data.

• Unsupervised Learning: An unsupervised learning model works on unlabeled dataset. This

means that the data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a possibility that the person
who is training the model does not have any information regarding it. The unsupervised learning
models are used to identify relationships, patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It
helps the user in understanding what the data is about and what are the major features identified
by the machine in it.

8. Differentiate between classification and clustering algorithms with the help of suitable
examples.

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Classification is a process of finding a function which helps in dividing the dataset into classes based
on different parameters. In Classification, a computer program is trained on the training dataset and
based on that training; it categorizes the data into different classes. The task of the classification
algorithm is to find the mapping function to map the input(x) to the discrete output(y).

Example: The best example to understand the Classification problem is Email Spam Detection. The
model is trained on the basis of millions of emails on different parameters, and whenever it receives
a new email, it identifies whether the email is spam or not. If the email is spam, then it is moved to
the Spam folder.

Regression is a process of finding the correlations between dependent and independent variables.
It helps in predicting the continuous variables such as prediction of Market Trends, prediction of
House prices, etc. The task of the Regression algorithm is to find the mapping function to map the
input variable(x) to the continuous output variable(y).

Example: Suppose we want to do weather forecasting, so for this, we will use the Regression
algorithm. In weather prediction, the model is trained on the past data, and once the training is
completed, it can easily predict the weather for future days.

9. what are the Key Differences between Classification and Regression

• The Classification process models a function through which the data is predicted in discrete class
labels. On the other hand, regression is the process of creating a model which predicts continuous
quantity.

• The classification algorithms involve decision tree, logistic regression, etc. In contrast, regression
tree (e.g. Random forest) and linear regression are the examples of regression algorithms.

• Classification predicts unordered data while regression predicts ordered data.

• Regression can be evaluated using root mean square error. On the contrary, classification is
evaluated by measuring accuracy.

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10. Five sustainable Development Goals are mentioned below. Write 2 problems under each goal
that you think should be addressed for achieving the goal.

a. Quality Education b. Reduced Inequalities c. Life on Land d. No Poverty e. Clean Water and
Sanitation

a. Quality Education:

i. Providing education remotely, leveraging hi-tech, low-tech and no-tech approaches;

ii. Ensure coordinated responses and avoid overlapping efforts;

iii. Ensuring return of students to school when they reopen to avoid an upsurge in dropout rates.

b. Reduced inequalities:

i. Reduction of relative economic inequalities inequality in some countries having poorest and most
vulnerable communities.

ii. Improving the situations in countries with weaker health systems.

c. Life on Land:

i. Prevention of Deforestation caused by humans and restoration of land

ii. Preventions and cure of diseases that are transmissible between animals and humans

d. No Poverty

i. Creation of Strong social protection systems to prevent people from falling into poverty

ii. Reduction of social exclusion, and high vulnerability of certain populations to disasters and
diseases.

iii. Responsible distribution of resources.

e. Clean Water and Sanitation

i. To increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation mostly in rural areas

ii. Managing our water sustainably to manage our production of food and energy.

10. Do ethics in AI hamper data acquisition stage? Justify your answer.

Data acquisition is the most important factor or stage as the entire project development is based on
the acquired data. There are several ethical issues which must always be considered when planning
any type of data collection.

We need to understand that the data which is collected is ethical only if the provider agrees to
provide.

For example, in case of smartphone users, data is collected by clicking on allow when it asks for
permission and by agreeing to all the terms and conditions. But at the same time if one does not
want to share his/her data with anyone then this ethical issue hampers the acquisition process and
lowers the accuracy or amount of data required for development.

Hence Regardless of the type of data collection, it is necessary to gain the approval of the community
from which the data will collected otherwise.