Chapter 1

Determinacy and
Indeterminacy

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

☞☞ Introduction ☞☞ Instability of structures

☞☞ Statically determinate structure ☞☞ D
 egrees of freedom (or) kinematic
☞☞ Statically indeterminate structure indeterminacy
☞☞ Degree of indeterminacy or redundancy (Ds) ☞☞ F
 ormulation of degree of kinematic
indeterminacy (Dk  )

Introduction •• The simplest stable form of a truss is triangle.

•• For a statically determinate plane truss,
In this chapter, the concept of determinate and indetermi-
nate structures are explained and also the formulations for m+r = 2j
finding the degree of static and kinematic Indeterminacy
are explained for beams, plane frames, space frames, plane Where
truss and space truss with and without releases. m = Number of members
r = Number of reaction components
Statically Determinate j = Number of joints

Structure Rigid Jointed Plane Frame

Structures which can be fully analysed by the conditions of •• For a statically determinate frame,
equilibrium are known as determinate structures.
Number of unknowns = 3 × Number
Example: A simply supported beam, a cantilever beam, etc.

Equations of Equilibrium NOTES

•• In general, for a space frame, there are six equilibrium 1. For a rigid joint of a plane frame, there are 3 equilibrium
equations equations at each joint.
ΣFx = 0;   ΣFy = 0;   ΣFz  = 0 2. For a pin joint of a plane frame, there are 2 equilibrium
equations at each joint.
ΣMx = 0;   ΣMy = 0;   ΣMz = 0
•• For a plane frame and also the loads are in same plane Pin Jointed Space Frame (Space Truss)
(i.e., coplanar); the above equations are reduced to 3.
•• The basic element of a space truss is tetrahedron with
ΣFx = 0,   ΣFy = 0,   ΣMz = 0 four joints.
•• The necessary condition for the space truss to be stati-
Pin Jointed Plane Frame (Plane Truss) cally determinate is
•• If all the members lie in one plane, it is called a plane
m+r = 3j
frame.

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Where equations to determine the various external and internal

m = Number of members; reactions.
r = Number of reaction components •• Statically indeterminate structures may be classified into
j = Number of joints externally indeterminate structures and internally inde-
terminate structures.
Rigid Jointed Space Frame
•• The necessary condition for it to be statically determinate is Formulation of Ds
Number of unknowns = 6 × Number of joints
Ds = Dsi + Dse
NOTES Where
1. For a pin joint of a space frame, there are 3 equilibrium Dsi = Internal indeterminacy due to the internal reactions.
equations. Dse = External indeterminacy due to external reactions
2. For a rigid joint of a space frame, there are 6 equilibrium offered by the supports.
equations.
External Indeterminacy (Dse)
Dse = r - 3, for a plane frame
Statically Indeterminate   = r - 6, for a space frame
Structure Where
•• Structures which cannot be fully analysed by the con- r = Number of reaction components
ditions of equilibrium are known as indeterminate
structures. Internal Indeterminacy (Dsi)
Example: Continuous beam, two hinged arch, etc. Dsi = m - (2j - 3), for a pin jointed plane frame
•• Also termed as a redundant structure = m - (3j - 6), for pin jointed space frame
•• Incase of indeterminate structure, the number of unknowns = 3c, for rigid jointed plane frame
are more than the number of equilibrium equations. = 6c, for rigid jointed space frame
•• Additional equations called conditions of compatibility Where
or consistent displacements shall be used for complete c = Number of cuts required for obtaining an open tree
analysis. configuration
Example: A fixed beam subjected to vertical point load P at = Number of closed boxes
centre has 4 unknowns (two at each support—one moment m = Number of members
and one vertical reaction). The number of equilibrium equa- j = Number of joints
tions available for this case are only two (ΣFy = 0 and ΣM Another method:
= 0). Therefore, the number of unknowns are greater than Ds = Number of unknowns – Equilibrium equations
the number of equilibrium equations comes under indeter-
For a pin jointed plane frame:
minate structure.
•• Number of unknowns = (m + r)
P •• Number of equilibrium equations = 2 × j
A B
Ds = ( m + r ) − 2 j

MA MB For a pin jointed space frame:

VA VB
Ds = ( m + r ) − 3i
Number of unknowns = 4(VA, MA; VB, MB)
Number of equilibrium equations = 2 For a rigid jointed plane frame:
(ΣFy = 0 and ΣM = 0) In case of rigid jointed plane frame, there are three unknown
Number of unknowns > Number of equilibrium equations member forces at any cut in the member.
⇒ Statically indeterminate. M M
F F V

Degree of Indeterminacy or V

Redundancy (Ds) Therefore, total number of unknown forces = 3m + r

•• Degree of indeterminacy or redundancy is the number of Ds = (3m + r ) − 3 j
additional equations needed in addition to the equilibrium

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For a rigid jointed space frame:

In case of rigid jointed space frame, there are six unknowns
at any cut in the member.
Therefore, total number of unknown forces = 6m + r A
Ds = (6 m + r ) − 6 j
B C
NOTE
The above degree of indeterminacy is to be modified in (A) 3 (B) 6
case of moment releases or force releases to account for (C) 9 (D) 12
additional condition equations.

Ds′ = Ds − C Solution
First method:
Number of Additional Ds = Dse + Dsi
Releases Symbol Equations (C) Dse = r - 3 (for plane frame)
Moment release 1 [ΣM = 0] Where
or Internal pin or r = Number of reactions
Internal hinge
2 = 3(fixed) + 2(hinge) + 1(roller)
Axial force release 1 [ΣFx = 0]
r=6
[Horizontal sleeve] Dse = 6 - 3 = 3
Dsi = 3 × c, for rigid jointed plane frame
Vertical sleeve 1[ΣFy = 0] c = Number of closed boxes = 2
\ Dsi = 3 × 2 = 6
Internal link (short \ Ds = Dse + Dsi
ΣM = 0
bar with hinges at 2  =3+6
each end)  ΣF = 0 Ds = 9.
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
Various supports and their reactions Another method:
Number of Ds = (3m + r) - 3j
Type of Support Symbol Reactions
Where
Roller support 1
m = Number of members = 10
r = Number of reactions = 6
j = Number of joints = 9
Ds = (3 × 10 + 6) - (3 × 9)
Hinged support 2
= 36 - 27
Ds = 9.
•• The following are some important differences between
or statically determinate and statically indeterminate
structures

Fixed support 3 Statically Determinate Statically Indeterminate

Structures Structures
Equilibrium equations are Equilibrium equations
sufficient to analyse. are not sufficient to fully
Vertical shear release support 2 analyse.
(or) slider The bending moment at The bending moment at
any section or force in any a section or the force in
member (SF) is independent any member depends on
of the cross sectional area material and cross sectional
SOLVED EXAMPLES and material of the compo- areas of components.
nents of the structure.
Example 1 No stresses are caused due Stress are caused.
The static indeterminacy of the structure shown in the to temperature changes and
lack of fit.
following figure is _______.

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Instability of Structures Example 2

•• If there are fewer reactive forces than the equations of The plane frame shown the figure is ______. [GATE, 1988]
equilibrium, a structure will be geometrically unstable,
B C
i.e., it will move slightly or collapse.
•• Instability occurs if the lines of action of the reactive
forces intersect at a common point or are parallel to one
another even there are enough reactions available.
•• If the structure consists of several members or compo- A D
nents, local instability of one or more members can gen-
erally be determined by inspection.
•• In general, if Ds < 0, then it is unstable.
Examples: (A) statically indeterminate but unstable
1. Number of reactions < Equilibrium equations. (B) unstable
(C) determinate and stable
(D) None of these

Solution
In this case, number of reactions (r) = 2(hinges) + 1(roller)
= 3.
Number of equilibrium equations = 3 + 1(due to moment
release) = 4.
Geometric instability Therefore number of reactions are less than the equilibrium
2. Instability due to parallel reactions or concurrent equation leads to Geometric instability.
reactions. Hence, the correct answer is option (B).

Degrees of Freedom (or)

A
Kinematic Indeterminacy
2P
A B C 1. When a structure is loaded, specified points on it,
called nodes, will undergo unknown displacements
B
known as degrees of freedom.
2. The number of unknown displacement components
RA RC RB    in addition to the number of compatibility conditions
is known as degree of freedom or degree of kinematic
Parallel reactions    Concurrent reactions at B indeterminacy of structure.
3. Improper arrangement of members 3. Nodal displacements may be restricted by supports
or due to assumption based on behavior of the
structure, i.e., inextensibility of members known as
compatibility conditions.

Degree of freedom (DOF) for different types of joints

Type of Joint DOF Remarks
1. Pin joint No rotation
Local instability (Due to no diagonal member
-plane frame 2 2 translations
in 1st panel)
-space frame 3 3 translations
4. Due to the presence of hinges
2. Rigid joint
-plane frame 3 1 rotation
2 translations
-space frame 6 3 rotations
3 translations
Internal instability due to hinges

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Formulation of Degree of Example 3

The kinematic indeterminacy of plane frame shown in the
Kinematic Indeterminacy (Dk) figure is [GATE, 1994]
For pin jointed plane frame:
Dk = [2j - r], if members are extensible
Dk = [2j - (m + r)], if extension of members are neglected
or axially rigid
For pin jointed space frame:
Dk = [3j - r], if members are extensible
Dk = [3j - (m + r)], neglecting axial strains of members (A) 1 (B) 2
For rigid jointed plane frame: (C) 3 (D) 0
Dk = [3j - r], if members are extensible
Dk = [3j - (m + r)], if members are axially rigid Solution
For rigid jointed space frame: Dk = 3j - (m + r)
Dk = [6j - r], considering axial strains
= 3(4) - (3 + 6)
Dk = [6j - (m + r)], neglecting axial strains
Dk = 3.
Where Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
r = Number of reactions
Another method:
= 3 for fixed support
Given rigid jointed plane frame
= 2 for pinned or hinged support
DOF = [0 + 3 + 3 + 0] - m
= 1 for roller support
=6-3=3
j = Number of joints
Dk = 3.
m = Number of (members whole) extension is neglected.
3 3
DOF for different types of supports of plane frame
Type of Support D Remarks
1. Fixed 0 –
2. pinned 1 1 Rotation (θ) 0 0
3. Roller 2 1 Translation (δx)
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
1 Rotation (θ)
4. free end 3 δx, δy, θ
5. Vertical shear support 1 δy for VSS
(VSS) and Horizontal δx for HSS
shear support (HSS)

Exercises
1. Degree of static indeterminacy of the structure as 2. The structure shown below is _______.
shown in the figure is
Hinge

Link

Hinge

(A) 0
(A) externally indeterminate
(B) 1
(B) internally indeterminate
(C) 2 (C) determinate
(D) 3 (D) mechanism

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3. A beam fixed at the ends and subjected to lateral loads (A) 4

only is statically indeterminate and the degree of inde- (B) 6
terminacy is ______. (C) 8
(A) one (B) two (D) 10
(C) three (D) four 7. The static indeterminacy of the structure shown below
4. The static indeterminacy of the structure shown below is ______.
is ______. G F
Hinge

E
D

A B

B C
(A) unstable
(B) stable, determinate
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) stable, 5th degree indeterminate
(C) 9 (D) 12 (D) stable, 3rd degree indeterminate
5. Member ‘AB’ of the truss shown below has a lack of fit 8. The plane structure shown below is ______.
of 1 mm at B. If E = 2 × 105 MPa, area of cross-section
= 20 mm2, the force in ‘AB’ is ______. E F
G
B D

A B C
A C

(A) stable and determinate

(B) stable and indeterminate
6. The static indeterminacy of the structure shown below (C) unstable and determinate
is _______. (D) unstable and indeterminate
Hinge 9. A plane frame ABCDEFGH shown in given figure has
clamp supports at A and axial force release (horizon-
K tal sleeve) at ‘C’ and moment release (hinge) at E. The
static indeterminacy of the frame is ________.

I J B
D E F
C
H G F E

A H G

A B
C D (A) 4
(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 1

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10. The plane figure shown below is _______. 14. Considering beam as axially rigid, the degrees of free-
dom of a plane frame shown below is
F
B C

A D

(A) stable and statically determinate

(A) 9 (B) 8
(B) unstable and statically determinate
(C) 7 (D) 6
(C) stable and statically indeterminate
(D) unstable and statically indeterminate 15. Determine the degrees of freedom of the following
frame:
11. The degrees of freedom of the following frames is
______.

16. Determine the degrees of freedom of the following

frame:

12. The kinematic indeterminacy of single bay portal frame

fixed at base is
(A) one (B) two
(C) three (D) zero
13. The degree of static indeterminacy, Ns and the degree
of kinematic indeterminacy, Nk for the plane frame
shown below, assuming axial deformations to be negli-
gible, are given by:
17. The plane frame shown in the figure is _______.
B C

A D

(A) Ns = 6 and Nk = 11
(A) statically indeterminate but unstable
(B) Ns = 6 and Nk = 6 (B) unstable
(C) Ns = 4 and Nk = 6 (C) determinate and stable
(D) Ns = 4 and Nk = 4 (D) None of these

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18. Match List I (Type of structure) with List II (Static (A) zero (B) 1
indeterminacy) and select the correct answer using the (C) 2 (D) None of these
codes given below the lists: 24. Which of the following cross-sections has the highest
Number of members = m shape factor?
Number of joints = n (A) Rectangle (B) Diamond
Number of reaction elements = r (C) Triangle (D) Circle
List I List II 25. The stiffness coefficient Kji indicates
a. Plane frame 1. m + r – 3n (A) force at j due to a unit deformation at i.
b. Space truss 2. 6m + r – 6n (B) force at I due to a unit deformation at j.
(C) deformation at j due to a unit force at i.
c. Space frame 3. 6m + r – 3n
(D) deformation at I due to a unit force at j.
4. 3m + r – 3n
26. Which of the following statements is true with regard
Codes: to the flexibility method of analysis?
a b c a b c (A)  The method is used to analyse determinate
(A) 1 2 3 (B) 4 3 2 structures.
(C) 2 1 3 (D) 4 1 2 (B) The method is used only for manual analysis of
19. An statically indeterminate building frame may be con- indeterminate structures.
verted to a statically determinate one by assuming (C)  The method is used for analysis of flexible
(A) hinges at mid-height of columns. structures.
(B) hinges at the mid-span of the beams. (D)  The method is used for analysis of indeter-
(C) hinges at both mid-height of columns and mid- minate structures with lesser degree of static
span of beams. indeterminacy.
(D) one support as fixed at base and other support on 27. A suspension bridge with a two hinged stiffening girder
rollers. is statically
20. Which one of the following is true example of a stati- (A) determinate.
cally determinate beam? (B) indeterminate to 1 degree.
(C) indeterminate to 2 degrees.
(A) One end is fixed and the other end is simply
(D) indeterminate to 3 degrees.
supported.
(B) Both the ends are fixed. 28. Hinge
(C) The beam overhangs over two supports.
(D) The beam is supported on three supports.
21. The number of independent equations to be satisfied
for static equilibrium in a space structure is
(A) 3 (B) 6
(C) 4 (D) 2
22. The frame shown below is
Q R
The static indeterminacy of the frame given is _____.
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 9
29. A prismatic beam is shown in the figure given below.
P S
Hinge

(A) statically indeterminate but unstable.

(B) unstable.
(C) determinate and stable. Consider the following statements:
(D) None of these I. The structure is unstable.
23. The static indeterminacy of a continuous beam with an II. The bending moment is zero at supports and inter-
internal hinge shown the figure is nal hinge.
III. It is a mechanism.
IV. It is statically indeterminate.
Which of these statements are correct?

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(A) I, II, III and IV (B) I, II and III 31. Due to settlement of support at P of propped cantilever
(C) I and II (D) III and IV shown in the figure given below, what is the vertical
30. The portal frame as shown in the given frame is stati- reaction at Q?
cally indeterminate to the
P Q
P El
δ
l

6 EI δ 12 EI δ
(A) (B)
l3 l3

(A) third degree (B) second degree 3EI δ 4 EI δ

(C) (D)
(C) first degree (D) None of these l3 l3

Previous Years’ Questions

1. The degree of static indeterminacy of the rigid frame
having two internal hinges as shown in the figure
below is _______. [GATE, 2008] S

y Cable
I
H J 45°
R

EI

F
G E 90°

Q EI P x

(A) zero (B) one

(C) two (D) unstable
(A) 8 3. The static indeterminacy of the two span continu-
(B) 7 ous beam with an internal hinge, shown below, is
________. [GATE, 2014]
(C) 6
(D) 5

2. The degree of static indeterminacy of a rigid jointed

frame PQR supported as shown in the figure is
________. [GATE, 2014]

4. The kinematic indeterminacy of the plane truss shown

in the figure is [GATE, 2016]

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Which one of the following sets gives the correct val-

ues of the force, stress and change in length of the
horizontal member QR?
(A) Compressive force = 25 kN; Stress = 250 kN/m2;
Shortening = 0.0118 m
(B) Compressive force = 14.14 kN; Stress = 141.4
kN/m2; Extension = 0.0118 m
(A) 11 (B) 8 (C) Compressive force = 100 kN; Stress = 1000 kN/
(C) 3 (D) 0 m2; Shortening = 0.0417 m
5. Consider the structural system shown in the fig- (D) Compressive force = 100 kN; Stress = 1000 kN/
ure under the action of weight W. All the joints are m2; Extension = 0.0417 m
hinged. The properties of the members in terms of
length (L), area (A) and the modulus of elasticity (E)
are also given in the figure. Let L, A and E be 1 m,
0.05 m2 and 30 × 106 N/m2, respectively, and W be
100 kN.  [GATE, 2016]

L
90°
P
A, E A, E

45° 2A, E 45°

Q R
45° 45°

A, E S A, E
90°

Answer Keys

Exercises
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. Zero 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. A
11. 5 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. 11 16. 14 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. C
21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. A
31. C

Previous Years’ Questions

1. D 2. A 3. Zero 4. A 5. C

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 Chapter 2
Methods of
Indeterminate Analysis

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

☞☞ Introduction ☞☞ Castigliano’s theorem

☞☞ Strain energy method ☞☞ Moment distribution method
☞☞ Work done by a force on a member ☞☞ Sinking of supports
☞☞ L
 aw of reciprocal deflection or Maxwell’s ☞☞ Portal frames
reciprocal deflection ☞☞ Slope–deflection equations
☞☞ Bettis law

Introduction •• In this method, displacements are chosen as unknowns

and equilibrium equations are used for solution.
In this chapter, the various methods used to analyses an
•• The various methods coming under this category are
indeterminate structure are discussed. Broadly all these
various methods are classified into force method and dis- 1. Slope deflection method
placement method. 2. Moment distribution method
3. Kani’s rotation contribution method.
Force Method
•• This method is suitable when DK < DS.
Also known as flexibility coefficient method or compatibil-
ity method. Equations Coefficients
Used for of the
•• In this method, redundant forces are chosen as unknowns Methods Unknowns Solution Unknowns
and compatibility equations are used for solution.
Force method Forces Compatibility Flexibility
•• The various methods of this category are coefficient
1. Method of consistent deformation Displacement Displacements Equilibrium Stiffness
2. Three moment theorem method coefficients

3. Column analogy method

4. Elastic centre method Strain Energy Method
5. Maxwell–Mohr equations Definition: Strain energy is defined as the internal energy
6. Catigliano’s theorem of minimum strain energy. stored by external work done due to loads.
•• This method is suitable when DS < DK. Strain energy in members:
1. Due to axial loading,
Displacement Method
P2L σ2
•• Also known as stiffness coefficient method or equilibrium U= or U = × Volume
2 AE 2E
method.

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2. Due to bending, W W

L A B A B
M x2 dx
U =∫ ∆A ∆B δA δB
0
2 EI x

3. Due to a uniform bending moment, W ⋅ ∆A = W ⋅ δ B

L
MM 2 dx ∆A = δB
U =∫
0
2 EI x
Applicable for both determinate and indeterminate
4. Due to shear, structures.
τ2
U =∫
V
2G
dv
Betti’s Law
5. Due to torsion, •• Generalized form of Maxwells’s law.

L Statement In any structure the material of which is elas-

T 2 dx
U =∫ tic and follows Hooke’s law and in which the supports are
0
2GJ unyielding and the temperature is constant, the virtual work
done by a system of forces P1, P2, P3 during the deflection
Work Done by a Force caused by a system of forces Q1, Q2, Q3, ... is equal to vir-
tual work done by the system of forces Q1, Q2, Q3, ... during
on a Member the deflection caused by the system of forces P1, P2, P3.
P1 P2 P3
Real Work The work done by the load is known as Real
work, if a work acts on a member and produces a deflection
‘d’ in its line of action by virtue of the same load.
b1 b2 b3
W

A c B
δ

Q1 Q2 Q3
1
Work done by the load (W) = W δ .
2
Virtual Work The work done by a load is known as vir- a1 a3
a2
tual work, if a member subjected to a load ‘W1’ is given a
deformation d1 in the line of action of W1 by virtue of other
\ From Betti’s theorem,
external load.
W1 P1a1 + P2 a2 + P3 a3 = Q1b1 + Q2 b2 + Q3b3
W2

δ1
Castigliano’s Theorem
Work done by W1 due to the displacement caused by W2 in First Theorem
its direction = W1d1. In any beam or truss, the deflection at any point is given
by the partial derivative of strain energy with respect to a
force acting at the point in the direction in which deflection
Law of Reciprocal Deflection is desired.
or Maxwell’s Reciprocal ∂U ∂U
δ= θ=
Deflection ∂W ∂M

Theorem Important points [While determining deflections and

slopes using Castigliano’s theorem]
Statement In any structure, the deflection of any point A
due to a load W at any other point B is numerically equal 1. The material is to be elastic and follows Hookes law
to the deflection of point B due to a load W applied at a and in which supports are unyielding and temperature
point A. to be constant.

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2. In case the deflection is to be determined at a point Vertical deflection of Q,

where no load acts introduce a fictitious force Q at ∂U ∂  W 2 R3  π
the point in the direction of the desired deflection. δq = =  ×
∂W ∂W  2 EI  4
The partial derivative of the strain energy stored with
respect to Q is determined, and Q is put equal to zero. π WR3 
δq =  
4  EI 
SOLVED EXAMPLES π
β= = 0.7853.
4
Example 1
A uniform beam (EI = constant) PQ in the form of a quar- Second Theorem
ter circle of radius R is fixed at end P and free at the end Used to analyse statically indeterminate structures based
Q, where a load W is applied as shown. The vertical down- on principle of least work.
ward displacement, dq, at the loaded point Q is given by
Statement In any and every case of statical indetermina-
 WR3  tion wherein, an indefinite number of different values of the
δq = β   . Find the value of b (correct to 4 decimal
 EI  redundant forces satisfy the conditions of statical equilib-
places). rium, their actual values are given by those that render the
W total strain energy stored to a minimum.
∂U
=0
Q ∂X

R Moment Distribution Method

P
•• Developed by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1930.
•• Used in the analysis of statically indeterminate beams and
frames.
Solution
W
Definitions
Member Stiffness When a structural member of uniform
Q section is subjected to a moment at one end only, then the
x Rsinθ x R(1 − cosθ )
ds
moment required so as to rotate that end to produce unit
dθ R slope, is called the stiffness of the member.
θ Rcosθ
Member stiffness,
P
4 EI
S= , when far end fixd
Vertical deflection at point Q: L
3EI
The bending moment at any section X, S= , when far end pinned or roller suppoorted
L
Mx = −W Rsin q
M′
M
Strain energy stored
A
θA B
M 2 ds
U =∫ x
2 EI
π M 4 EI
ds = Rdθ , dθ = 0 to S= =
2 θA L
( −WR sin θ ) 2 Rdθ
∴U = ∫ M
2 EI A B
θA
2 3 π /2
W R
U=
2 EI ∫ sin 2 θ dθ
0
M 3EI
W 2 R3 π S= =
U= × θA L
2 EI 4

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 3.200 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

The Distribution Theorem Solution

Moment applied at a joint is distributed to the members
Statement A moment which is applied to a structural joint based on their distribution factors.
to produce rotation without translation gets distributed
S  S   SOC 
among the connecting members at the joint in the same pro- M OA =  OA  M ; M OB =  OB  M ; M OC =  S M
portion as their stiffness.  S   S   
A B 3EI
SOA = [for end hinged ]
L
SOB = 0 [for end free]
O
4 EI
SOC = [for end fixed ]
E
M
C L
3EI 4 EI
S = SOA + SOB + SOC = +0+
L L
D
7 EI
M = MOA + MOB + MOC + MOD + MOE = Total applied moment S=
L
S = SOA + SOB + SOC + SOD + SOE = Total stiffness of joint ‘O’
 (3EI / L)  3M
M OA =   ×M =
S  S   (7 EI / L)  7
M OA =  OA  × M ; M OB =  OB  × M ;
 S   S 
 0 
S  S  M OB =  ×M = 0
M OC =  OC  × M ; M OD =  OD  × M ;  (7 EI / L) 
 S   S 
S   (3EI / L  4M
M OE =  OE  × M . M OC =  ×M = 7
 S   ( 7 EI / L ) 
SOA Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
The ratio is called distribution factor for the member
S
OA at joint O. Relative Stiffness
•• The relative stiffness of a member of a joint whose farther
Definition of Distribution Factor The distribution factor
for a member at a joint is the ratio of the stiffness of the I
end is fixed is
member to the total stiffness of all the members meeting at l
the joint. Where
I = Moment of inertia of section
Example 2 l = Length of the member
The frame below shows three beam elements OA, OB, OC •• The relative stiffness of a member at a joint whose farther
with identical length L and flexural rigidity EI, subject to an 3I
end is hinged or simply supported is .
external moment M applied at the rigid joint O. The correct 4l
set of bending moments {MOA, MOB, MOC} are
Carry Over Factor It is defined as an amount of moment
A B
‘M’ that is carried from the pin to the wall.
O
M M′
M
A
θA B
C

EI/L is constant for all three members.

M
Moment M at the pin induces a moment of M ′ = at
 3M M 4 M   3M 4 M 4 M  2
(A)  , ,  (B)  , ,  fixed end.
 8 8 8   11 11 11 
Moment induced at other end
M M M   3M 4M  ∴ Carry over factor =
(C)  , ,  (D)  , 0,  Moment applied at one end
3 3 3  7 7 

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 Chapter 2 ■ Methods of Indeterminate Analysis | 3.201

M Step 3: Moment distribution process:

Carry over factor = , for far end fixed
2 1. Determine the moment that is needed to put each
= 0, for far end pinned. joint in equilibrium.
2. Release the joints and distribute the counter balancing
Moment Distribution Procedure for Analysis
moments into the connecting span at each joint.
The following procedure is adopted:
3. Carry these moments in each span over to its other
Step 1: Calculation of distribution factors: end by multiplying with the carry over factor.
Relative Distribution 4. These iterations are continued till the unbalanced
Joint Member ΣK K moment at a joint is zero or negligible.
stiffness = K factor =
∑K
Example 3
NOTE A two span continuous beam having equal spans each of
Sum of distribution factors at a joint is equal to one. length ‘L’ is subjected to a uniformly distributed load ‘W’
per unit length. The beam has constant flexural rigidity. The
Step 2: Calculation of fixed end moments:
bending moment at middle support is
Sign convention: WL2 WL2
(A) (B)
1. Clockwise moments that act on the member are 4 8
considered positive.
WL2 WL2
2. Whereas, counter clockwise moments are negative. (C) (D)
12 16
Fixed end moments for some standard cases
Fixed End Moment Solution
S.No. Loading
MAB MBA W/unit length
l W l
2 2 −Wl +Wl A C
1. A B B
8 8
L L
W
a b
A B
2. −Wab
2
+Wa2b Step 1: Calculation of distribution factors:
l l2 l2 Distribution
Relative K
Factor
Joint Member Stiffness = K ΣK ∑K
W
3I 1
A B B BA
4L 3I 2
3. −Wl 2 +Wl 2
3I 2L 1
l 12 12 BC
4L 2

W Step 2: Calculation of fixed end moments:

For calculating fixed moments, assume each support as
A B
−Wl 2 +Wl 2
fixed.
4.
30 20 W/Unit length
l
A B
W
MAB MBA

A B −5 2 +5 2
5. Wl Wl −WL2 +WL2
96 96 M AB = M BA =
l l 12 12
A A
2 2
W/Unit length
M
A B +M +M B C
6. l l
2 2 4 4
MBC MCB
M +Mb(3 a − l) + Mb( 3 b − l )
a b
7. A B −WL2 +WL2
l2 l2 M BC = M CB =
12 12

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 3.202 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

Step 3: Moment distribution process: Portal Frames

Joint A B C Portal frames may be classified into:
Distribution factors 0.5 0.5 1. Non-sway type of frames
−WL2 +WL2 +WL2
2. Sway type of frames
Initial fixed end −WL2
moments 12 12 12 12
Non-sway Type of Frames
+WL2 −WL2 In this case, frame is subjected to symmetrical loading,
Release moments
12 12 identical end conditions and two columns of frame are iden-
tical so that the frame does not sway to any side.
WL2 −WL2
Carry over
24 24 Sway Type of Frames
Final fixed end WL2 −WL2 These may be classified into:
0 0
moment 8 8
1. Pure sway frame
2. General sway frame
WL2
\ Bending moment at middle support is
8 Pure Sway Frame
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). This case arises when the portal frame carried a horizontal
load at the level of the beam.

Sinking of Supports General Sway Frame

The frame will sway in the direction which has lighter
Both Ends Fixed Due to the sinking of supports, there will moment (lesser value of I/L) when subjected to a symmetri-
be an additional fixed end moments at each end whose mag- cal loading and do not have same properties, [i.e., Different
6 EI δ conditions, Different material properties, etc].
nitude is given by , where d is the difference of the
l2
level of end supports. Example 4
A single bay single storey portal frame has a hinged left
6EIδ support and a fixed right support. It is loaded with udl on the
I2 δ beam. Which one of the following statements is true with
regard to the deformation of the frame?
I 6EIδ (A) It would sway to the left side
I2 (B) It would sway to the right side
(C) It would not sway at all
6EIδ (D) None of these
δ I2
Solution
6EIδ
I2

•• The nature of the fixed end moment is anticlockwise at

each end if the left support is at a higher level.
•• The nature of the fixed end moment is clockwise at each
end if the right support is at a higher level. It would sway to the left side since less moment in left side
as compared to the right side.
3EI δ
One End Fixed–Other End Hinged Moments due to sway towards left side = 2
l
Due to the sinking of support, there will be an additional 6 EI δ
fixed end moment at fixed end only, whose magnitude is Moments due to sway towards right side =
l2
3 E Iδ
given by , where ‘d’ is the difference of the level of Therefore, sway towards left side.
l2
end supports. Hence, the correct answer is option (A).

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 Chapter 2 ■ Methods of Indeterminate Analysis | 3.203

Slope Deflection Method Solution

•• Presented by Prof. George A. Maney in 1915. B
A C
•• Used to analyse statically indeterminate beams and
frames with rigid joints.
θ A = 0.004 rad
Sign Conventions The following sign conventions are
used: By using slope deflection equation for span BA;
1. At the end of any span clockwise end moments and  2 EI 3δ 
M BA = M FBA +  2θ B + θ A − l 
clockwise slopes are positive.  L 
2. The downward deflection of the right end of span Since no loads are acting on the span and also MFBA = 0;
with respect to its left end is positive. d=0
3. Deflection of the upper end towards the right relative 2 EI
∴ M BA = ( 2θ B + θ A )
to the lower end is positive. L
By using slope–deflection equation for span BC,
Slope–Deflection Equations MBA = 0; d = 0 [no loads acting on beam and no settlement
of supports]
Consider an intermediate span AB subjected to an external
load system. Let qA and qB be the slopes at the ends A and 2 EI  3δ 
B. let ‘d’ be the transverse downward deflection of the right
M BC = M FBC +  2θ B + θC − L 
L  
end B with respect to the left end A. 2 EI
W2 M BC = ( 2θ + θC )
L
W1
A For equilibrium;
θA
δ
MBA + MBC = 0
θB
B 2 EI 2 EI
( 2θ B + θ A ) + ( 2θ B + θC ) = 0
L L
Final moments at the end A, qA = 0.004 radians (given) and qC = 0 (fixed)
2 EI  3δ  2 EI 2 EI
M AB = M FAB +  2θ A + θ B − l  ∴ ( 2θ B + 0.004) + ( 2θ B ) = 0
l   L L
Final moments at the end B, 4qB + 0.004 = 0
qB = −0.001 radians
2 EI  3δ  The negative sign above indicates anticlockwise rotation.
M BA = M FBA =  2θ B + θ A − l 
l   qB = 0.001 radians (anticlockwise).
The above two equations are Slope–deflection equations.
Support Moment’s Calculation
Example 5 2 EI
M AB = ( 2θ + θ B )
The two span continuous beam shown below is subject to L
a clockwise rotational slip qA = 0.004 radian at the fixed 2 × 25000
end A. Applying the slope–deflection method of analysis, = ( 2 × 0.004 − 0.001)
5
determine the slope qB at B. Given that flexural rigidity EI
= 25000 kNm2 and span L = 5 m. Determine the end MAB = 70 kN/m (clockwise)
moments (in kN/m units) in the two spans, and draw the 2 EI
bending moment diagram. M AB = ( 2θ B + θ A )
L
θA
2 × 25000
θB = ( 2 × ( −0.001) + 0.004)
B 5
A C
MAB = 20 kN/m (clockwise)

L L 2 EI
M BC = ( 2θ B + θC )
L

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 3.204 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

2 × 25000 Bending Moment Diagram

= ( 2 × ( −0.001) + 0)
5 20 kN/m
MBC = −20 kN/m (anticlockwise) (−)
A C
B (+)
2 EI (+) 10 kN/m
M CB = ( 2θC + θ B ) 70 kN/m
L
2 × 25000
= ( 2 × 0 + ( −0.001))
5
MCB = −20 kN/m (anticlockwise)

Exercises
1. For which of the following conditions, the virtual work 5. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
should be zero according to the principle of virtual using the codes given below the lists:
work?
List I List II
I. A body moving with constant acceleration.
II. A body rotating with constant speed. a. Slope deflection method 1. Force method
III. A body in equilibrium.
b. Moment distribution method 2. Displacement
IV. A body moving with constant momentum.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: c. Method of three moments
(A) I only (B) I and II
d. Castigliano’s second theorem
(C) III only (D) IV only
2. In flexibility method the unknown quantities are Codes:
______, whereas in stiffness method the unknown a b c d a b c d
quantities are ______. (A) 1 2 1 2 (B) 1 1 2 2
3. Which of the following statements is true with regard (C) 2 2 1 1 (D) 2 1 2 1
to the flexibility method of analysis?
6. The unit load method used in structural analysis is
(A) The method is used to analyze determinate struc-
tures. (A) 
applicable only to statically indeterminate
(B) The method is used only for manual analysis of structures.
indeterminate structures. (B) another name for stiffness method.
(C) The method is used for analysis of flexible struc-
(C) an extension of Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem.
tures.
(D) The method is used for analysis of indeterminate (D) derived from Castigliano’s theorem.
structures with lesser degree of static indetermi- 7. The strain energy stored in member ‘AB’ of the pin
nacy. jointed truss shown aside when ‘E’ and ‘A’ are same for
4. Methods of indeterminate structural analysis may all members is
be grouped under either force method or displace- A C
ment method. Which of the groupings given below is
correct?
Force Method Displacement Method L

(A) Moment distribution Method of three

method, consistent moments, slope deflec- 45°
D
deformation method tion method B
(B) Method of three Moment distribution 2P
moments, consistent method, slope deflection
deformation method method
(C) Slope deflection method, Moment distribution
2P2 L P2 L
consistent deformation method, method of three (A) (B)
method moments AE AE
(D) Moment distribution. Slope deflection method,
Method of three moments consistent deformation P2 L
method (C) (D) zero
2 AE

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 Chapter 2 ■ Methods of Indeterminate Analysis | 3.205

8. For the structure shown, the vertical deflection at point 13. Rotational stiffness-coefficient, K11 for the frame hav-
A is given by EI
ing two members of equal is given by
3 L, EI A l
B
a EI, I
Hinge

P 3 L, EI

C
L
3 L, EI
b Fixed EI, I
PL3 2 PL3
(A) (B)
81EI 81EI
5EI 6EI
(A) (B)
PL3 l l
(C) zero (D)
72 EI 7EI 8EI
(C) (D)
9. A single bay portal frame of height ‘h’ fixed at the l l
base is subjected to a horizontal displacement ‘d’ at
the top. The base moments developed is proportional 14. The frame shows three beam elements OA, OB and OC,
to ______, where ‘I’ is the moment of inertia of the with identical length L and flexural rigidity EI, subject
cross-section. to an external moment M applied at the rigid joint O.
(A) I/h (B) I/h2 The correct set of bending moments {MOA, MOB, MOC}
(C) I/h 3 (D) None of these is
10. The ratio of the stiffness of a beam at the near end when A B
the far end is hinged to the stiffness of the beam at the O
near end when the far end is fixed is
1 3
(A) (B)
2 4 C
4
(C) 1 (D)
3 (A) {3M/8, M/8, 4M/8}
11. A single bay single storey portal frame has a hinged left (B) {3M/11, 4M/11, 4M/11}
support and a fixed right support. It is loaded with UDL (C) {M/3, M/3, M/3}
on the beam. Which one of the following statements is (D) {3M/7, 0, 4M/7}
true with regard to the deformation of the frame? 15. The stiffness K of a beam deflecting in a symmetric
(A) It would sway to the left side. mode, as shown in the figure, is
(B) It would sway to the right side.
(C) It would not sway at all.
(D) None of these
12. The magnitude of the bending moment at the fixed sup- K K
port of the beam is equal to
θ=1 θ=1
P
L
b a EI uniform

EI 2EI
(A) (B)
P⋅a L L
(A) P ⋅ a (B)
2 4EI 6EI
(C) (D)
(C) P ⋅ b (D) P(a + b) L L

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 3.206 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

16. All members of the frame shown in the figure have the 21. The given figure shows a portal frame with loads.
same flexural rigidity EI and length L. If a moment M
is applied at joint B, the rotation of the joint is 2L

A B M C L

2L EI = Constant

ML ML
(A) (B)
12 EI 11EI
ML ML
(C)
8 EI
(D)
7 EI
The bending moment diagram for this frame will be
17. Cary-over factor CAB for the beam shown in the figure (A)
is
C
A

Internal hinge B

L L

(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2

(B)
(C) 3/4 (D) 1
18. The number of simultaneous equations to be solved in
the slope deflection method is equal to
(A) static indeterminacy.
(B) kinematic indeterminacy.
(C) number of joint displacements in the structure.
(D) None of these
19. Flexibility of structure may be defined as the displace-
ment caused by ______ force and stiffness of a struc- (C)
ture may be defined as the force required for ______
displacement.
20. In the cantilever beam shown in the given figure, d2
is the deflection under X due to load W1 at Y and d1 is
the deflection under Y due to load W2 at X. The ratio of
δ1
is
δ2
W1 W2 (D)
X X Y
Y
δ

δ1

W1 W2
(A) (B)
W2 W1 + W2
W2 W1
(C) (D)
W1 W1 + W2

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 Chapter 2 ■ Methods of Indeterminate Analysis | 3.207

22. The given figure shows a frame loaded with a single W 2l 2 W l3

concentrated load P. The fixed-end moment developed (A) (B)
4 EI 6 EI
at support A will be
B W 3l 3 Wl
(C) (D)
6 EI EI
L EI
Rigid joint 27. The bending moment induced at fixed end of cantilever
beam of span ‘l’ if the free end undergoes a unit dis-
placement without rotation is
L D L
A
EI EI
3EI 5 EI
(A) (B)
l2 l2
L EI P
6 EI 4 EI
(C) (D)
C l2 l2
28. The slope deflection equation at the end Q of member
PL PL QR for the frame shown in the given figure is
(A) (B)
8 6 50 kN Q R
PL PL EI
(C) (D)
4 3 4m EI EI
23. The strain energy due to bending in the cantilever beam 6m
shown in the figure is P
P
S

5m

L 2 EI
EI = Constant (A) MQR = (2θQ + θR)
5
PL P 2 L3 2 EI
(A) (B) (B) MQR = (2θQ − θR)
3EI 6 EI 5

P 2 L3 P 2 L3 2 EI
(C) (D) (C) MQR = (2θR − θR)
EI 2 EI 5
24. Clapeyron’s theorem is applied to EI
(D) MQR = (2θQ + θR)
(A) simply supported beam. 5
(B) propped cantilever beam. 29. The strain energy stored in the member AB of the pin
(C) fixed and continuous beam. jointed truss shown in the figure is (A and E is same for
(D) continuous beam only. all members)
25. The degrees of freedom of the rigid frame with clamped A C
ends at P and Q as shown in the figure is
S R
L

D
B
P Q 2P
L
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) zero 4P2 L
(A) (B) zero
26. The cantilever beam AB of length ‘l’ fixed at A and free 2 AE
at other end is subjected to a concentrated load W at its
free end. The strain energy (U) stored in a beam is (EI P2 L 2P2 L
(C) (D)
constant) AE 3 AE

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 3.208 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

30. The unit load method used in structural analysis is 35. A propped cantilever beam of span ‘L’ is loaded with
(A) applicable only to indeterminate structures. UDL of intensity w/unit length, all through the span.
(B) derived from castigliano’s, theorem. Bending moment at fixed end is ______.
(C) another name for stiffness method.
WL2 WL2
(D) None of these (A) (B)
8 2
31. For linear elastic systems, the type of displacement
function for strain energy is WL2 WL2
(C) (D)
(A) quadratic (B) linear 12 24
(C) cubic (D) quartic
36. A homogeneous, simply supported prismatic beam of
32. The strain energy started in the member AB of the pin width B, depth D and span ‘L’ is subjected to a concen-
jointed truss shown in the figure when E and A are same trated load of magnitude P. The load can be placed any-
for all members is where along the span of beam. The maximum flexural
A C stress developed in the beam is
3 PL 4 PL
(A) (B)
4 BD 2 3 BD 2
L
3 PL 2 PL
(C) (D)
D 2 BD 2 3 BD 2
B
37. Sum of the distribution factors of the members meeting
1.5P at a joint is _____.
(A) 0 (B) < 1
1.5 P 2 L P2 L
(A) (B) (C) = 1 (D) > 1
AE AE
38. Which of the following is not a force method?
2P2 L (A) The theorem of three moments
(C) zero (D) (B) Castigliano’s theorem
AE
(C) Moment distribution method
33. In the portal frame shown below, what are the distribu- (D) Method of consistent deformation
tion factors for member BA, BC, BD respectively?
M
3P 4P 39. A beam is hinged at A and fixed at B. A moment is
2
applied at end ‘A’. What is the moment developed at B?
Q C M
(A) − (B) M
2I 2L 2
w/m
A
M M
I
B (C) (D) +
4 2
2I 2L
40. The most appropriate method for analysis of a skeletal
D frame shown in the figure is _____.
O
2L

(A) 1/5, 2/5, 2/5 (B) 2/5, 1/5, 1/5

(C) 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 (D) None of these
34. A propped cantilever beam PQ with fixed edge ‘P’ is
propped at ‘Q’ and carries a UDL of w/m over the entire 60° 90° 60°
span. If the prop displaces upward by 2 mm, which one
of the following is true? (If prop reaction = RQ, moment
(A) Slope–deflection method
at P = MP)
(B) Moment distribution method
(A) Both RQ and MP increase (C) Kani’s rotation method
(B) RQ increases, and MP decreases (D) Strain energy method
(C) RQ decreases and MP increases 41. The bending moment diagram for the given frame
(D) both RQ and MP decreases is _____.

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 Chapter 2 ■ Methods of Indeterminate Analysis | 3.209

w/l Find the vertical deflection at ‘A’ due to concentrated

load W.
WL3 12WL3
(A) (B)
2L EI Constant L 48 EI 296 EI
15WL3 7WL3
(C) (D)
6 EI 12 EI
44. Members of the frame shown below which carries zero
(A) force are _____.
D
50 kN

30°

E C

(B)
60°
A B

(A) EC only
(B) EC and AB
(C) (C) EC and AC
(D) EC, AC and AB
45. For a rigid frame shown in the figure, what is the
moment reaction at A?

60 kN–m Hinge
B
C

4m
6m
(D) None of these
42. The rigid plane frame ABCD has to be analyzed by slope
deflection method. What is the number of unknown dis- A
placements/rotations for the frame shown in the figure?
W2 (A) 28 kN-m (B) 14 kN-m
C (C) 38 kN-m (D) 19 kN-m
D
46. What is the shear equation in slope–deflection method
B
W1 for the portal frame shown in the figure?
B C
P

A
L
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 5 (D) 2 A D

L
43. W
L L M AB + M BA M BC + M CB
(A) + +P=0
2EI L L

EI A M BC + M CB M CD + M DC
(B) + +P =0
C B L L

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 3.210 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

M AB + M BA M CD + M DC 50. What is the value of qB for the beam shown in the

(C) + +P =0 figure?
L L
10 kN
M BC + M CB
(D) +P=0
L B
D C
47. Match the List I with List II 3m 4m
List I List II
6m
Load Condition Strain Energy
w/m
1. a. w 2 L5
240EI A
L

w/m 18
(A) 0 (B) ACW
2. b.
w2 L5 EI
640EI
L 30 30
(C) ACW (D) CW
w/m EI EI
w2 L5
3. c.
40 EI 51. In the portal frame shown in the figure, the ratio of
L sway moments in column AB and CD will be equal to
w 2 L5 ______.
d.
1440 EI
5 kN/m
(A) 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – d B C
(B) 1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – c I

(C) 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – d, 4 – c 2m I 2I
(D) 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – d
A
48. A uniformly distributed load of length 8 m crosses a
simply supported girder of span 20 m. The maximum 4m
bending moment at the left quarter span point occurs 3m
when the distance between the point of CG of the total
load and mid span is
(A) 0 (B) 2 m D
(C) 3 m (D) 4 m
49. In the following figure, x, y, z are the deflections under (A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2
A, B, C due to loads P and Q. x′, y′, z′ are the deflec- (C) 2 : 1 (D) 4 : 1
tions under A, B, C due to unit load at C. The deflection 52. Consider the following statements:
z would be equal to _____. Williot–Mohr diagram is used to determine the deflec-
P Q tion in
I. a truss.
II. on arch.
A B C III. a rigid frame.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
1 (A) Only I
(B) Only II
(C) Only III
A B C
(D) I, II and III
53. The moment distribution method in structural analysis
(A) Px + Qy falls in the category of
(B) Px′ + Qy′ (A) displacement method.
(B) flexibility method.
(C) Py + Qx
(C) force method.
(D) Py′ + Qx′ (D) first order approximate method.

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 Chapter 2 ■ Methods of Indeterminate Analysis | 3.211

54. The statical indeterminacy for the given 2-D frame is 58. A fixed beam AB is subjected to a triangular load vary-
ing from zero at B to W per unit length at end A. The
ratio of fixed end moment at B to A will be
2 3
(A) (B)
3 2

1 1
(C) (D)
2 3
59. The given figure shows a portal frame with one end
(A) 3 (B) 6 fixed and other end hinged. The ratio of the fixed end
(C) 5 (D) 4 M BA
moment due to side away will be
55. In the plane truss shown below, how many members M CD
have zero force?
P B C
I
I L
D
2L 2I

(A) 4 (B) 0.75

(C) 1 (D) 2
60. A portal frame is shown in the figure. If qB = qC
(A) 7 (B) 5
250
(C) 3 (D) 9 = radian, the value of moment at B will be
EI
56. A simply supported truss shown in the given figure car-
ries a load of 30 kN at T, the forces in members UT and B
P C
QU are respectively
I

T 30 kN 2m
R S

A D
1m 6m

P Q
U (A) 120 kN-m
(B) 250 kN-m
1m 1m
(C) 300 kN-m
(D) 400 kN-m
(A) zero and 15 kN (Tensile) 61. A rigid-jointed plane frame shown in the figure.
(B) 30 kN and 15 kN (Tensile)
(C) zero and 15 kN (Compressive) P
(D) 30 kN and 15 kN (Compressive)
57. What are the distribution factors at joint B for the mem-
bers BA and BC respectively, as shown in the figure? L 2L
I: Constant
El B El
A C

3m 4m
L/2 L/2

(A) 0.36, 0.64 (A) will sway to right

(B) 0.50, 0.50 (B) will sway to left
(C) 0.64, 0.36 (C) will not sway
(D) 0.75, 0.25 (D) None of these

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 3.212 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

Previous Years’ Questions

1. A uniform beam (EI = constant) PQ in the form of a 3. For the beam shown below, the value of the support
quarter-circle of radius R is fixed at end P and free at moment M is _______ kN-m. [GATE, 2015]
the end Q, where a load W is applied as shown. The 20 kN
vertical downward displacement, dq, at the loaded
M
 WR 3  3m 1m 1m 3m
point Q is given by dq = b   . Find the value of b
 EI 
(correct to 4 decimal places). [GATE, 2013] EI EI EI

W
Internal hinge
Q
4. In a system two connected rigid bars AC and BC are of
identical length, L with pin supports at A and B. The
bars are interconnected at C by a frictionless hinge. The
rotation of the hinge is restrained by a rotational spring
P of stiffness, k. The system initially assumes a straight
line configuration, ACB. Assuming both the bars as
2. All members in the rigid-jointed frame shown are weightless, the rotation at supports, A and B, due to a
prismatic and have the same flexural stiffness EI. Find transverse load, P applied at C is [GATE, 2015]
the magnitude of the bending moment at Q (In kN-m)
PL PL
due to the given loading. [GATE, 2013] (A) (B)
4k 2k
P
3m 4m
(C) (D) Pk
4k 4L
S

2m

P T R

2m 100 kN-m
Q

Answer Keys

Exercises
1. C 2. forces, displacements 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. C
9. B 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. C
19. unit, unit 20. C 21. D 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. C
28. A 29. B 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. C
38. C 39. C 40. D 41. C 42. C 43. C 44. C 45. B 46. C 47. D
48. C 49. B 50. B 51. C 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. A 57. C
58. A 59. C 60. B 61. A

Previous Years’ Questions

1. C 2. 25 3. 5 4. A

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 Chapter 3

Analysis of Trusses

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

☞☞ Introduction ☞☞ Method of joints

☞☞ Assumptions ☞☞ Method of sections
☞☞ Zero–force members ☞☞ Deflection of truss joints
☞☞ Methods of analysis ☞☞ Redundant trusses

Introduction
In this chapter the procedures for analyzing statically deter-
minate trusses using the method of joints and the method of
(c) Pratt (d) Fink
sections are discussed. The deflection of truss joints due to
external load as well as lack of fit and temperature effects
are also discussed. This chapter also outlines the concept of
redundant trusses.

Assumptions
The following assumptions are made: (e) Scissors
1. Members are joined together by smooth frictionless
pins. Bridge Trusses
2. The loads lie in plane of truss and are applied only at
the joints. Therefore members are subjected to axial
force only. BM, SF are neglected.
3. The centroidal axes of various members framing into (a) Pratt
a joint will intersect at a common point.
4. Self weight of members is neglected.

Common Type of Trusses

Roof Trusses (b) Howe

(a) Howe (b) Warren (c) Warren (with verticals)

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 3.214 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

Sign Convention Methods of Analysis

1. If a force tends to elongate the member or acting •• Method of joints, method of sections and graphical
away from joints then it is known as tensile force. method (Williot–Mohr diagram) is used to analyse the
Generally taken as positive. statically determinate trusses [i.e., Ds = 0].
2. If a force tends to shorten the member or acting •• Unit load method, Maxwells method and graphical
towards the joint then it is known as compressive method are used to analyse the redundant trusses, [i.e.,
force. Generally taken as negative. Ds > 0].
T T
Method of Joints
This method is effective when forces in all members are to
C C
be required.

Zero–Force Members Procedure:

1. Start the analysis at a joint having atleast one known
1. If three members form a truss joint for which two of force and at most two unknown forces.
the members are collinear, the third member is a zero
2. Apply the two force equilibrium equations [ΣFx = 0
force member, provided no external force or support
and ΣFy = 0] for a joint and solve for the two unknown
reaction is applied to the joint.
member forces with the correct directional sense.
2. If two members act at a joint and if two of them are
3. The above procedure is repeated for other joints also
not along the straight line, then from the equilibrium
where again it is necessary to choose a joint having
of joint the force in each member to be zero.
two unknown member forces only.
C B

Method of Sections
E
D
F A C This method is effective when forces in limited members are
to be determined.
Case 1 Case 2
Procedure:
SOLVED EXAMPLES 1. Determine support reactions.
2. Force in required member is to be determined by
Example 1 drawing an imaginary section through the member
The force in member DE of the truss shown in the figure is such that the number of unknown forces through the
______. [GATE, 1997] section should not exceed three.
100 kN 3. Consider the equilibrium of any one cut part. Equations
of equilibrium is to be selected in such a way that
C D moment of two unknown forces acting about a point
should be zero so that the unknown force in third
member can be easily determined (or) if two of the
unknown forces are parallel, forces may be summed
A B perpendicular to the direction of these unknowns to
E
determine directly the third unknown force.
(A) 100.0 kN (B) zero
(C) 35.5 kN (D) 25.0 kN Example 2
The force in member ‘CD’ of the truss in the figure
Solution is ______. [GATE, 1988]
a
Considering free body diagram of joint E, A
P
D
a

A B 2P D
E C
a
From the principle of zero–force members, if three mem-
bers meeting at a joint for which two of them are along the
E F
same straight line, the force in third member need to be zero.
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).

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 Chapter 3 ■ Analysis of Trusses | 3.215

(A) zero (B) 2P (compression) 2. Remove the external load system and apply an unit
(C) P (compression) (D) P (tensile) load in a direction in which deflection is desired and
then find out the forces in various members due to the
Solution unit load only. Let it be K1, K2, K3, ….
X 3. The deflection at the joint is given by ∑ P1 K1 . The
a
⋅

A B AE
P typical tabular form shall be as follows:
Z Y
a Member P K L A PKL/AE

2P D PKL
C ∑ ⋅

AE
a

Y E F Z
Due to Lack of Fit or Temperature Effect
X PKL  PL 
δ =∑ ,δ = ∑K 
Out of the three sections X-X, Y-Y, Z-Z, section Z–Z is effec- AE  AE 
tive since the number of unknown forces are only three.
δ = ∑ Kδ ′
Considering the equilibrium of above cut part.
P
Where
d ′ = Deflection due to lack of fit (or) Deflection due to
temperature effect
FCD
C
D d′ = a (DT)L
In case of deflection due to temperature effect.

Example 3
The right triangular truss is made of members having equal
Applying force equilibrium to above section ΣFX = 0; cross sectional area of 1550 mm2 and young’s modules of
2 × 105 MPa. The horizontal deflection of the joint Q is
FCD = P ( tension )
Q 135 kN
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
6m
Deflection of Truss Joints
P R
Due to External Load System
•• Maxwell’s method or unit load method is used to deter- 3m
mine the deflection.
•• Unit load method is derived from Castigliano’s theorem. (A) 2.47 mm (B) 10.25 mm
(C) 14.31 mm (D) 15.68 mm
Deflection at any point is given by
PKL Solution
δ =∑ Step 1: Calculation of forces in all member due to external
AE
load system.
Where
Q 135 kN
P = Forces in various members of structure for the given
load system.
K = Forces in various members of structure caused by the 6m
unit load applied at the joint where deflection is desired.
[The external load system need to be removed] R
P HR
L = Length of member. 4.5 m
A = Cross-sectional area of member.
RP RR
Procedure:
1. Find out the forces in various members due to the ΣFX = 0
given external loads system and let it be P1, P2, P3, …. 135 - HR = 0

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 3.216 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

H R = 135 kN 1
= 180 ×
ΣFy = 0 sin 53.13
RP + RR = 0 FPQ = 225 kN(T )
+ve
ΣMR = 0 Step 2: Calculation of forces in members due to unit load
remove the external load system and apply a unit load at
RP × 4.5 + 135 × 6 = 0
joint q in horizontal direction.
−135 × 6
RP = = −180 kN. Q
4.5 1 kN
The negative indicates that RP is acting downwards.
RP = 180 kN↓ 6m

RR = 180 kN↑ θ
P R HR
Q 4.5 m
135 kN
RP RR
6
HR = 1 kN
θ 1 × 6 = RP × 4.5
P 135 kN
4.5 R 6
RP = 1× = 1.33 kN
4.5
RP = 180 kN RR = 180 kN
RQ = 1.33 kN
At joint R: At joint R:
Q
Q
FQR
FQR
P
FPR P HR : 1 kN
RP FPR R
+ve RR : 1.33 kN
↑ΣFy = 0
FPR = 1 kN(C ) FQR = 1.33 kN(C)
FPR – 135 = 0
FPR = 135kN(C ) At joint P:
Q
+ve FPQ

↑ΣFY = 0 θ
P R
RP – FQR = 0
FQR = RP = 180 kN RP
FQR = 180 kN(C )
FPQ sin q = 1.33
At joint P: FPQ × sin(53.13°) = 1.33
FPQ 1.33
FPQ =
θ sin(53.13°)
FPR
FPQ = 1.66 kN(T )
RP = 180 kN

FPQ sin q = RP Step 3: Tabular form

6 Member P K L PKL
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 53.13°
4.5 PQ 225 1.66 7.5 2801.25

R QR -180 -1.32 6 1425.6

FPQ = PR -135 -1 4.5 607.5
sin(53.13°)

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 Chapter 3 ■ Analysis of Trusses | 3.217

ΣPKL = 4834.35
PKL K 2L
Member P K L A
∴δ =
∑ PKL AE AE
AE
PKL K 2L
4834.35
Total ∑ AE
⋅
∑ AE
⋅

= = 0.01568 m
1550 × 220
PKL K 2L
d = 15.68 mm Calculate ∑ and ∑ . ⋅

AE AE
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Step 4:

Redundant Trusses x=−

∑L
K 2L
Maxwell’s method based on minimum potential energy is ∑ AE
used.
The following procedure is adopted.
Correcting factor, PKL
Step 1: Remove the redundant member and find the In this expression, the summation ∑ does not con- ⋅

forces in the members of the structure for a given load AE

K 2L
system. sider the redundant member but the summation ∑ ⋅

AE
Step 2: Remove the given load system and apply unit pulls
in place of redundant member and find the forces in mem- involves the redundant member.
bers of the structure. Step 5: Force in any member is given by
Step 3: Tabulate the above results as follows: S = P + KX

Exercises
1. Assertion (A): In the analysis of statically determinate (A) zero
planar trusses by the method of joints, not more than (B) 2P (Compression)
two unknown bar forces can be determined.
(C) P (Compression)
Reason (R): There are only two equations of force equi-
librium available for a co-planar concurrent system. (D) P (Tensile)
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct expla- 3. The forces in members ‘abc’ in the truss shown in the
nation of A. following figure, are
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct expla-
nation of A. D
P
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
E
2. The force in the member ‘CD’ of the truss in the figure b
is ______. a
a
A A C
P B B c

a
(A) P, P/2, 0
2P D
C (B) P/2, P, 0
a (C) P, P, P
(D) P/2, P/2 0
E F
4. The force in the member DE of the truss shown in the
figure is ______.

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 3.218 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

100 kN 7. Deflection of the point C is ______.

 2 2 + 1  PL PL
(A)   (B) 2
 EA
C D  2  EA
PL PL
(C) (2 2 + 1) (D) ( 2 + 1)
EA EA
8. Identify the FALSE statement from the following, per-
taining to the effects due to a temperature rise DT of the
A B
E BD alone in the plane truss shown in the figure:
D C
(A) 100.0 kN (B) zero
Temperature rise in this
(C) 35.3 kN (D) 25.0 kN bar only
5. A truss, as shown in the figure, is carrying 180 kN load
at node L2. The force in the diagonal member M2U4
will be A B
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5
M1 M2 1.5 m
1.5 m L
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6
(A) No reactions develop at supports A and D.
180 kN (B) The bar BD will be subject to a tensile force.
(C) The bar AC will be subject to a compressive force.
6 panels @ 4 m = 24 m
(D) The BC will be subject to a tensile force.
(A) 100 kN tension. 9. For the plane truss shown in the figure, the number of
(B) 100 kN compression. zero force members for the given loading is ______.
(C) 80 kN tension. P
(D) 80 kN compression.

Direction for questions 6 and 7:

A truss is shown in the figure. Members are of equal cross-
section A and same modulus of elasticity E. A vertical force
P is applied at point C.
P (A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 11 (D) 13
C 10. Consider the following assumptions:
I. All members have same cross-sectional area.
II. The bending resistance of all the members is small
L in comparison with their axial force resistance.
III. All the external loads are applied directly or indi-
A B
rectly at the joints.
IV. All joints are idealized to be frictionless hinges.
Which of these are the assumptions made in the force
2L analysis of simple trusses?
(A) I, II and IV (B) II, III and IV
6. Force in the member AB of the truss is ______. (C) I, II and III (D) III and IV
P P 11. What does the Williot–Mohr diagram yield?
(A) (B) (A) Forces in members of a truss
2 3
(B) Moments in a fixed beam
P (C) Reactions at the supports
(C) (D) P
2 (D) Joint displacement of a pin jointed plane frame

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 Chapter 3 ■ Analysis of Trusses | 3.219

12. What is the force in the member BC of the plane frame 15. Match List I and List II and select the correct answer
shown below? using the code given below.
B List I List II
10 kN
a. Column analogy method 1. Stiffness
b. Kanis rotation contribution method 2. Force method
c. Castiglianos theorem of minimum
strain energy
d. Moment distribution method
60° 60°
A C
Codes:
a b c d a b c d
(A) 2 1 2 1 (B) 1 2 1 2
6m
(C) 1 1 2 2 (D) 1 2 2 1
(A) 10 kN tensile (B) 10 kN compressive 16. The force in the member QS of the truss shown in the
(C) 5.76 kN compressive (D) Zero figure is:
13. A simple plane truss acted upon by a load 2P at the 150 kN
apex A is shown below. The axial force in the member
AB is T S
2P

P R
Q
45° 45°
B C

150
(A) 150 kN (B) kN
2L 2

(A) P (B) 2P (C) Zero (D) 35.5 kN

3 17. The pin jointed 2-D truss is loaded with a horizontal

(C) P (D) 3P force of 20 kN at joint ‘S’ and another 20 kN vertical
2
force at joint ‘U’ as shown. Find the force in the mem-
14. A truss, as shown in the figure is carrying 180 kN at B. ber RS (in kN). (Taking tension as positive and com-
The force in member BD is pression as negative)
180 kN 4m 4m 4m

B R S
20 kN

Q V U T

4m 20 kN
A C
D
W

(A) 180 kN (Tensile) (A) zero

(B) 180 kN (Compressive) (B) 20
(C) 180 2 kN (Tensile) (C) 40
(D) zero (D) −20

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 3.220 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

18. For the plane truss shown in the figure, the number of placed at Q, the elongation of the members MQ and
zero force members for the given loading is OQ are found to be 40 mm and 25 mm. then the hori-
W2 zontal displacement ‘U’ and vertical displacement ‘V’
of the node Q1 in mm will be respectively
N
M O

W1 MN: 400 mm
NO: 500 mm
(A) 8 (B) 4 NQ: 500 mm
(C) 11 (D) 13 Q X, U

19. The force in members p, q, r in the truss shown in the Y, V

figure are
2W D
(A) 8.84 mm, 44.20 mm
(B) 5 mm, 20 mm
p q (C) 0 mm, 44.20 mm
(D) 7 mm, 35 mm
A C
B r 23. Identify the correct deflection diagram corresponding
to the loading in the plane frame.
(A) 2W, W, 0 (B) 2W, W, W P
W W W B C
(C) , W, 0 (D) , ,0
2 2 2
20. For the truss shown in the figure, the force in member
AB is
L A
A B

(A) (B)
L

C
D
W
(C) (D) None of these
W
(A) W (B)
2
(C) zero (D) None of these
21. The right triangular truss is made of members having
equal cross-sectional area of 1500 mm2 and Young’s of 24. Rotational stiffness coefficient, K11 at joint ‘C’ for the
105 × W5 MPa. The horizontal deflection at join Q is EI
frame having two members of equal is given by
Q l
100 kN
a Fixed El, l

4m c

P R El, l
b Hinge
3m
7EI 5EI
(A) 7.79 mm (B) 4.60 mm (A) (B)
l l
(C) 8.20 mm (D) None of these
22. In a redundant joint model, three bar members are pin 4EI 6EI
(C) (D)
connected at Q as shown in the figure. Under some load l l

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 Chapter 3 ■ Analysis of Trusses | 3.221

Previous Years’ Questions

1. The right triangular truss is made of members having R
equal cross sectional area of 1550 mm2 and Young’s of
2 × 105 MPa. The horizontal deflection of the joint Q
3m
is ______. [GATE, 2007]
Q 135 kN P Q

4m 4m
6m

5. For the 2D truss with the applied loads shown below, the
P R
strain energy in the member XY is _______ kN-m. For
4.5 m member XY, assume AE = 30 kN, where A is cross-section
area and E is the modulus of elasticity. [GATE, 2015]
5 kN
(A) 2.47 mm (B) 10.25 mm
(C) 14.31 mm (D) 15.68 mm 10 kN
3m
2. The members EJ and IJ of a steel truss shown in the
figure are subjected to a temperature rise of 30°C. The
3m
coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is 0.000012 X
per °C per unit length. The displacement (mm) of Y 3m
joint E relative to joint H along the direction HE of
the truss, is _______. [GATE, 2008]
3m
100 kN

E J 6. A fixed end beam is subjected to a load, W at 1/3 span

from the left support as shown in the figure. The col-
3000 mm lapse load of the beam is [GATE, 2015]
G I W
H
L
3
3000 mm 3000 mm
X Z
Y
(A) 0.255 (B) 0.589
(C) 0.764 (D) 1.026 2MP MP

3. For the truss shown in the figure, the force in the

L L
member QR is _____. [GATE, 2010] 2 2
L
R (A) 16.5 MP/L (B) 15.5 MP/L
Q (C) 15.0 MP/L (D) 16.0 MP/L
L 7. A plane truss with applied loads is shown in the
­figure. [GATE, 2016]
20 kN W
T S
10 kN J 10 kN
P H 1m
K
G L 1m
P 1m
(A) zero (B) F M
2 E N
1m
T S R Q P
(C) P (D) 2P
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
4. For the truss shown below, the member PQ is short by
3 mm. the magnitude of vertical displacement of joint The members which do not carry any force are
R (in mm) is ______. [GATE, 2014]

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 3.222 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

(A) FT, TG, HU, MP, PL The bending moment in the beam at the joint ‘Q’ is
(B) ET, GS, UR, VR, QL 2

(C) FT, GS, HU, MP, QL (A) zero (B) wL (hogging)

24
(D) MP, PL, HU, FT, UR
2
(C) wL (hogging)
2
8. The portal frame shown in the figure is subjected to a (D) wL (sagging)
uniformly distributed vertical load w (per unit length). 12 8
 [GATE, 2016]
W

Q R

L
2

P S

Answer Keys

Exercises
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B
11. D 12. B 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. A 23. A 24. A

Previous Years’ Questions

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. 2 5. 5 6. C 7. A 8. A

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 Chapter 4

ILD and Rolling Loads

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

☞☞ Introduction ☞☞ M
 aximum bending moment under a chosen
☞☞ Influence line wheel load
☞☞ ILD for simply supported beams ☞☞ Absolute maximum bending moment
☞☞ Simply supported beams with overhang ☞☞ Muller–Breslau principle
☞☞ Maximum shear at a given section ☞☞ Influence line diagram for bridge truss
☞☞ Maximum bending moment at a given section members

Introduction X 1

In this chapter, the structures subjected to live loads or mov- A B

O
ing loads or rolling loads are discussed. The common types
of rolling loads are the axle loads of moving trucks or vehi- RA I RB
cles, wheel loads of a railway train or wheel loads of a gantry
assembly on a gantry girder etc. The variation of the shear
force and bending moment due to these moving loads are best
1
described by using the influence line. Therefore influence
lines have important application for the design of structures
that resist large live loads. The determination of the absolute
maximum shear and moment in a member is also discussed.
A B

Influence Line ILD for Reaction RB

An Influence line represents the variation of either the reac-
tion, shear, moment or deflection at a specific point in a
member as a moving load moves from one end to another 1
of member.

ILD for Simply Supported Beams

ILD for Reactions at the Supports
Let a unit load move from left end ‘A’ to the right end ‘B’ ILD for Reaction RA
of the beam.

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 3.224 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

ILD for Shear Force at a Given Section I+e

I
X 1
1
A O B (+)
C E
a b D A B (−)
f
I
I
b/I
ILD for RA

b/I
(+)
e/I
A B
(−) C
(+) (+) E
D A (−) C B (−)

a/I f/I
a/I
ILD for SF at ‘C’
ILD for SF at ‘C’

ILD for Bending Moment ab/I

at a Given Section
(+)
D E
X 1 (−) A (−)
C B
A C B
O eb fa
a b I I
I
ILD for BM at C
ab/I
NOTE
(+)
The ILD for overhang beam is similar to that of a sim-
ply supported beam between supports and just extend the
A B influence line to the side where overhang is present.
ILD for BM at C
Maximum Shear at
Simply Supported Beams a given Section
with Overhang Wheel Loads
A simply supported beam with overhangs on both left and
1. For a single concentrated load, maximum shear at a
right end of support is shown in the following figures:
section occurs when the load is placed at the section
itself.
A C B
D E 2. For a series of wheel loads, maximum shear at a section
a b occurs if it satisfies the following condition. That is,
RA RB
The load rolled past the section Sum of all the loads
e I f If <
Succeeding wheel space Span

I+f
I Uniformly Distributed Load
Maximum positive shear at C: For this condition, the tail
1
D A
(+) of the UDL should be at the section itself.
(−) B E W /unit m
C
e
I A B

ILD for RB

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 Chapter 4 ■ ILD and Rolling Loads | 3.225

Load position for max +ve SF at C: ab/I

(+)
C
A B Y3 Y4
(−) Y2 (+) Y5
Y1 Y6
A C B

Maximum negative shear at C: For this condition the The following table form is used in order to easily find the
head of the load moving from the end A must arrive at C as average loads.
shown below:
Load crossing Average load Average load
W /unit m C the section C on AC on CB Remarks
A B

Uniformly Distributed Load

Load position for max –ve SF at C:
Two Cases
Case 1: When the length of the load is greater than the span.
C Since length of UDL is greater than the length of span, to
A B
(−) get maximum bending moment, UDL should be entirely
loaded on span as shown below.
C
A B
Maximum Bending Moment a b

at a Given Section I
ab/I
Wheel Loads
1. For a single concentrated load, maximum bending
moment at a section occurs when the load is at the
section itself. (+)

2. For two concentrated loads, maximum bending

A C B
moment at any section may be the maximum of the
following two cases. Maximum BM at C = Intensity of UDL × Area of ILD
(a) When the leading is at the section covered
(b) When the trailing load is at the section. Case 2: When the length of the load is shorter than span
3. For several loads, the maximum bending moment at a I1
given section of a beam occurs when the load system
is so placed that the average load on the left segment W /unit m
is equal to the average load on the right segment. A B
Z C Z1
For example: A simply supported beam subjected to a
series of loads W1, W2, …, W6 on the span. The maximum
a b
bending moment a section ‘C’ occurs only when the loads
are placed on span such that average load to LHS of section I
is equal to average loads to the RHS of section.
ab/I
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6

A B

C
a b A C B

l To get maximum bending moment, UDL should be placed

from section in such a way that section ‘C’ divides the UDL

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 3.226 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

in same ratio as it divides the span. ‘C’ divides the span in Muller–Breslau Principle
the ratio a : b.
•• Muller–Breslau principle states that the influence line
UDL should also be divided by the section in the same
for a function (reaction, shear, or moment) is to the same
ratio as of span
scale as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is
z : z1 = a : b acted upon by the function.
Load on LHS of section, i.e., •• It is the quick method for establishing the shape of the
influence line.
 a 
AC = z =  ×l1 •• Applicable for both determinate and indeterminate
a + b structures.
Load on RHS of section, i.e., •• The shape of influence line is linear for determinate struc-
 b  tures and non-linear in case of indeterminate structures.
CB = z1 =   × l1 •• The principle of virtual work can be used for establishing
a + b the proof of Muller–Breslau principle.
•• Muller–Breslau principle can be explained with the help
Maximum Bending Moment under of an example as below:
a Chosen Wheel Load Consider a simply supported beam of span ‘L’ with hinge
The bending moment under a chosen load of a wheel load at A and roller at B.
system will be a maximum, when the load system is so placed
A B
on the girder that the chosen load and the resultant of all the C
wheel loads are equidistant from the middle point of girder. L

Absolute Maximum Bending Influence line for RA: First remove the reaction at ‘A’ so
Moment that the beam can deflect easily when the function (reaction)
is applied.
Wheel Loads
1. For a single concentrated load, absolute maximum A B
bending moment occurs when the load is at centre of
the span.
2. In case of series of wheel loads, the wheel load In the above figure, the hinge support at A is replaced a
should be selected by inspection such that Bending roller guide which can resist horizontal force but not verti-
moment at mid span may be maximum and now the cal force.
load system is so placed on the span that the resultant The deflected shape obtained by applying the reaction at
of all the loads and chosen wheel loads should be A gives directly the influence line for reaction at A.
equidistant from mid-span.

Uniformly Distributed Load

B
1. The absolute maximum bending moment occurs at A
mid-span when the length of the uniformly distributed
load is greater than span and when the whole span is RA
loaded.
Deflected shape
2. When the length of the uniformly distributed load is
shorter than the span, the absolute maximum bending RA
moment occurs at the centre of span when the loading
is symmetrically placed on span.
I1
Influence line for RA
I1/2 I1/2
Influence line for shear at C: Follow the same producer
A B as above i.e., at ‘C’, a roller guide is to be placed which can
C resist moment and axial force but not shear.
I/ 2 I/ 2 Now apply a shear force at C. The deflected shape gives
directly the influence line diagram for shear at C.

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 Chapter 4 ■ ILD and Rolling Loads | 3.227

A C B U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

Vc Deflected shape

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
C
A B R1 L = 6I R2

The Pratt truss

Vc U1U2, U2U3, U3U4, U4U5, U5U6, U6U7—Top chord members

Deflected shape L1L2, L2L3, L3L4, L4L5, L5L6, L6L7—Bottom chord members
U1L1, U2L2, U3L3, U4L4, U5L5, U6L6 U7L7—Vertical
members
+ U1L2, U2L3, U3L4, U5L4, U6L5, U7L6—Diagonal members
−
ILD for the top chord members: Consider a section (1)-(1)
passing through top chord member U2U3 as shown below.
Influence line for Vc (1)

Influence line for BM at C: A hinge is to be placed at a sec- U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

tion where influence line for BM is required. This can resist
shear and axial force but not moment.
h
Then apply a positive moment at section and the deflected
shape gives directly the influence line for bending moment
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
at that section.
C R1 a (1) b R2
A B
ab
Ih

(+)

A C B
ILD for U2U3
Deflected shape ILD for bottom chord member: Top chord members will
be under compression (+) while bottom chord members will
be under tension (–).
+
The ILD for bottom chord member L3L4 is shown below.
Influence line for Mc (1)

U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

Influence Line Diagram h

for Bridge Truss Members
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
•• Trussed bridges are classified into deck and through type
bridges. a (1) b
•• If the load is received at the top chord joints, the truss I
is called a deck type truss and if the load is received at ab
the bottom chord joints, the truss is called a through type Ih
truss. (−)

Pratt truss: Considering the case of through type bridges,

i.e., the unit load travels from one end to other through
bottom chord. ILD for L3L4

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 3.228 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

Procedure: From equilibrium; ∑Fy = 0

1. The member under consideration (L3L4) is cut by a PU 2 L2 = R2 (tensile)
section (1)–(1) as shown in the figure. 3. The ILD for R2 is drawn below the reference line.
2. Take the meeting of the other members as a moment 4. When the unit load is on the right side of L3. Consider
centre, i.e. at a joint U3 in this case. the LHS of cut part.
ab
3. Draw a triangle with maximum ordinate as at From equilibrium; ∑Fy = 0
lh
moment centre U3. PU 2 L2 = R1 (Compressive)
4. These members will be in tension. 5. The ILD for reaction R1 is drawn above the reference
line.
NOTE 6. As the unit load moves from L2 to L3 force in U2L2
The ILD for top chord members may also be drawn in will change from tension to compression.
similar lines as that of bottom chord members. 7. The hatched part shown in the figure is ILD for the
vertical member U2L2.
ILD for vertical members: The ILD for the vertical mem-
ber U2L2 is shown below.
ILD for diagonal member:
(1)
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
(1) L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
L = 61 L1
R1 R2
R2
1
(ILD for R1 ) 1
R1 ILD for R 2 / sin θ sin θ
(+)

(−)
(+)
(−)
l /6 ILD for R 2 1
ILD for R 1 / sin θ
ILD for U2U2
Rolling loads and influence lines
Procedure:
1. Cut the vertical member U2L2 under consideration as
shown above.
2. Consider the RHS of cut part when the unit load to
left of L2.

Exercises
1. For which one of the following cases is the Muller–
Breslau principle applicable to get influence line?
(A) Reaction at the ends of a simple beam. L a
(B) Bending moment at a section.
(C) Shear force at a section.
(D) Forces and moments at any section.
2. The influence line diagram for the force in member ‘a’
4 spans of ‘L’ each
of the truss shown in the figure is given by

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 Chapter 4 ■ ILD and Rolling Loads | 3.229

(A) 0.5 1.0

(C) (D)
0.354 t

C 0.707
0.5
L 3L
(B) L 3L 4 4
4 4 S
C 0.707 R
6. A simply supported beam with an overhang is traversed
by a unit concentrated moment from the left to the right
(C) as shown below:
t 0.354
Direction of motion
C M = 1 kN/m A B
0.707

(D) L L
2
0.707
The influence line for reaction at B is given by
t (A) 1
L
c
0.354
1 B
−
3. Identify the FALSE statement from the following, per- 2L
taining to the methods of structural analysis. L L
(A) Influence lines for stress resultants in beams can 2
be drawn using Muller–Breslau’s principle.
L 1
(B) The moment distribution method is a force (B)
2 L
method of analysis, not a displacement method. 1
L
(C) The principle of virtual displacements can be used to L
establish a condition of equilibrium.
(D) The substitute frame method is not applicable to (C) 1
L
frames subjects to significant side sway.
1.5 L
4. Muller–Breslau principle in structural analysis is used
(A) drawing influence line diagram for any force func- (D) zero every where.
tion.
(B) writing virtual work equation. 7. Identify, from the following, the correct value of the
(C) superposition of load effects. bending moment MA (in kN/m units) at the fixed end A
(D) None of these in the statically determinate beam shown in the figure
5. In a beam of length L, four possible influence line (with internal hinges at B and D), when a uniformly
diagrams for shear force at a section located at a dis- distributed load of 10 kN/m is placed on the spans.
(Hint: Sketching the influence line for MA or applying
L
tance of from the left end support (marked as P, Q, the principle of virtual displacements makes the solu-
4 tion easy).
R and S) are shown in the following figures. The correct
influence line diagram is A B C D E
0.75 0.6
(A) (B)

0.25 2m 2m 2m 2m
0.6
L 3L L 3L
4 4 4 4 (A) -80 (B) -40
P Q (C) 0 (D) +40

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Direction for questions 8 to 10: c. 1

A beam PQRS is 18 m long and is simply supported at P Q
points Q and R 10 m apart overhangs PQ and RS are 3 m
and 5 m respectively. A train of two point loads of 150 kN
L/2 L/2
and 100 kN, 5 m apart, crosses this beam from left to right
with 100 kN load leading. d. P 1
8. The maximum sagging moment under the 150 kN any- Q
where is
(A) 500 kN-m (B) 450 kN-m
L/2 L/2
(C) 400 kN-m (D) 375 kN-m
9. During the passage of the loads, the maximum and List II
the minimum reactions at supports ‘R’ in kN, are 1.
respectively 3
L
(A) 300 and -30 (B) 300 and -25 16
(C) 225 and -30 (D) 225 and -25
10. The maximum hogging in the beam anywhere is 2.
(A) 300 kN-m (B) 450 kN-m L
(C) 500 kN-m (D) 750 kN-m
11. Influence line for redundant structures can be obtained 3. L
by 4
(A) Castigliano’s theorem.
(B) Muller–Breslou principle.
4. 3
(C) Unit load theorem. L
16
(D) Maxwell–Betti reciprocal theorem.
12. Assertion (A): Whether it is maximum BM at a section
5. L/2
or absolute maximum BM, the moving UDL should
cover the entire span of a simple beam if span is less Codes:
than load length. a b c d a b c d
Reason (R): Whether it is maximum BM at a section (A) 2 1 3 5 (B) 3 1 4 5
or absolute maximum BM, the moving UDL should be (C) 2 5 3 4 (D) 1 3 5 4
divided by the section in the same ratio in which the 14. Which one of the following statements is correct?
section divides the span, if the span is greater than load The influence line diagram (ILD) for bending moment
length. at a section in a cantilever is a triangle extending
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explana- between the section and the
tion of A. (A)  fixed end with maximum ordinate under the
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct expla- section.
nation of A. (B) fixed end with maximum ordinate under the fixed
(C) A is true but R is false. end.
(D) A is false but R is true. (C) unsupported end with maximum ordinate at the
13. Match List I (Beam) with List II (Influence line for BM) section.
and select the correct answer using the given codes: (D) unsupported end with maximum ordinate at the
unsupported end.
List I
15. What is the variation of influence line for stress function
a. P in a statically determinate structure?
1
Q (A) Parabolic
(B) Bilinear
L (C) Linear
(D) Uniformly rectangular
b. 1
16. What is/are the use(s) of influence lines?
P Q (A)  To study the effect of moving loads on the
L/4 structure.
(B) To calculate the value of stress function with the
L
critical load condition.

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 Chapter 4 ■ ILD and Rolling Loads | 3.231

(C) To find the position of live load for a maximum (C) 15 kN and 45 kN-m
value of particular stress function. (D) 30 kN and 15 kN-m
(D) Towards all the above purposes.
21. For a given beam, match the following.
17. Consider the beam PQRS and the influence line as w/m
shown in the figure. The influence line pertains to
P Q R S
A B

L L 2L L

1 List I List II

P Q R S a. Moment at B 1. 3
wL
8
(A) reaction of P, RP . 4EI
(B) shear force Q, VQ . b. Slope at A 2.
L
(C) shear force on left of Q, VQ− . c. Reaction of A 3. 1.5 M, where
(D) shear force on right of Q, VQ+ . wl 2
M=
18. The ordinate of the influence line diagram for bending 12
moment have dimension of _____. d. Stiffness of AB 4. ML
, where
(A) length (B) force 4EI
wl 2
(C) length/force (D) None of these M=
12
19. Muller–Breslau principle used for _____.
(A) to super impose the load effects. Codes:
(B) to draw influence line diagrams for any force func- a b c d a b c d
tion. (A) 3 4 1 2 (B) 3 2 4 1
(C) to write virtual work equation. (C) 2 1 3 4 (D) 1 2 4 3
(D) All of these 22. A pin jointed truss is loaded as shown in the figure.
20. The given figure shows a beam with its influence line Match List I (member) with List II (Force induced).
for shear force and bending moment at section ‘1’. E
10 kN
1

1 45°
30 kN D 2m
9m C
3m

A 45° B

+ 2m
0.75
− 0.25 IL for SF
List I List II
a. Member AB 1. 30 kN
2.25
b. Member AC 2. 50 kN

+ c. Member BD 3. Zero
d. Member CD 4. 10 kN
IL for BM
Codes:
The value of shear force and bending movement at sec- a b c d
tion ‘1’ due to concentrated road of 30 kN placed at (A) 3 2 1 4
mid-span will be _____. (B) 4 3 2 1
(A) 30 kN and 30 kN-m (C) 3 4 2 1
(B) 15 kN and 30 kN-m (D) 4 3 1 2

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Previous Years’ Questions

1. The influence line diagram (ILD) shown, is for the member [GATE, 2007]
P Q

R S

Tension

Compression

(A) PS       (B) RS       (C) PQ       (D) QS

Answer Keys

Exercises
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. D
11. B 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. C

Previous Years’ Questions

1. A

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 Chapter 5
Arches, Cables,
Matrix Methods

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

☞☞ Introduction ☞☞ Cables
☞☞ Arches ☞☞ Matrix method of structural analysis

Introduction The figure shows a three-hinged arch with two hinges A and
B at supports and the third hinge usually at the highest point
In this chapter the concept on arches, cables and matrix
of arch known as crown.
method of structural analysis are discussed.
•• The hinges, A and B may or may not be at the same level.
•• The height of the crown (highest point of arch) above the
Arches level of two hinges A and B, when they are at same level
is called the rise of arch.
Three-hinged Arch •• The horizontal distance between lower hinges (hinges at
A and B) is called the span of the arch.
w1 w2
w3
C
Calculation of Reactions
•• When the lower hinges are at same level, the vertical reac-
A B
tions RA and RB are calculated similar to that of a simply
supported beam of the same span carrying the same load.
•• The horizontal component of the reaction at either lower
w1 w2
end is called the horizontal thrust at the support.
w3
a b c d •• When the loading on arch is entirely vertical, the horizon-
tal thrust at each of support must be same.
•• The horizontal thrust ‘H’ can be computed by equating
the bending moment at the crown hinge ‘C’ to zero.
A B •• The bending moment at the section X of the arch is given
H H
by (for the given figure)
RA RB
M x = Ra x − w1 ( x − a) − Hy
Three-hinged arch

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For a simply supported beam of same loading, the bending •• Horizontal thrust at each support,
moment at the same section X would be, wR
x H=
w1 w2 w3 2
a b c d •• The bending moment at any section x,
A B wx 2
M x = w Rx − − Hy
x 2
x •• The maximum bending moment occurs at θ = 30°
Ra Rb
wR 2
and its value is .
M = Ra x − w1 ( x − a) 8
•• Distance of point of maximum bending moment
Therefore,
R 3
Arch moment = Beam moment − Hy from the crown = R cos 30° = .
2

NOTE
(−) (−)
The sectional requirement for an arch is less than that of a
beam due to the less bending moment. wR 2 wR 2
8 8

Special Cases
30° 30°
1. A three-hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ and rise ‘h’
carries a uniformly distributed load of ‘w’ per unit Bending moment diagram
run over the span.
w per unit run 3. A three-hinged arch consisting of two quandrantal
parts AC and CB of radii R1 and R2 carrying a
concentrated load ‘w’ on the crown as shown in the
c figure below.
x w
h
y C
A xl B
H H

ωl l ωl
2 2 A R1
H O1
•• Equation to the arch with the end A as origin is, R2 B
H
Ra O2
4h
y = 2 (l − x ) Rb
l
•• Horizontal thrust at each support, In this case,
wl 2 w
H= (l − x ) •• Horizontal thrust at each support, H =
8h 2

•• In this case, arch is not subject to any bending w

•• Reactions, R=
a R=
b
moment at any section. 2
2. A three hinged semi-circular arch of the radius ‘R’ 4. The horizontal thrust ‘H’ at each support for the three
carries a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run hinged arch as shown in the figure below is:
over the whole span. w
w per unit run a

h1
h2
x c
A l1
R H
l2 B
A x y θ B H
H H Ra
O
wR wR Rb

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 Chapter 5 ■ Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods | 3.235

Horizontal thrust at each support,

wl2 (l1 − a)
H= wl
h1l2 + h2 l1 H= .
( h1 + h2 ) 2
5. A symmetrical three-hinged parabolic arch of span
‘l’ and rise ‘h’ carries a point load ‘w’ which may be Temperature Effect on
placed anywhere on the span. Three-hinged Arches
w •• Increase in temperature causes an increase in the length
C of the arch since the hinge at crown is not connected to
X any permanent object.
y h D
A x B
H H E
l C
Ra Rb

wx h
•• Horizontal thrust, H =
2h
•• Absolute maximum bending moment occurs at a A B
l l
l 2 2
distance on either side of the crown.
2 3 Increase in the rise of the arch, (CD)
6. A three-hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ has its
l 2 + 4 h2
abutments at depth h1 and h2 below the crown and δ= αT
carries a uniformly distributed load of ‘w’ per unit 4h
over the whole span as shown in the figure below.
Effect of Temperature Rise
w per unit run
on the Horizontal Thrust
•• Stresses are not produced in the arch due to the tempera-
C ture change alone.
h1 •• As there is a rise in arch due to the temperature change,
h2
l1
the horizontal thrust for the arch already carrying a load
A
H will also alter.
l2 B •• The decrease in the horizontal thrust due to the rise in
H
RA temperature is given by:
l
RB
dh
dH = − (H )
h
wl 2
Horizontal thrust, H = Where
2( h1 + h2 ) 2
dh = Increase in rise of arch due to rise in temperature.
7. A three-hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ has its l 2 + 4 h2
abutments A and B at depths h1 and h2 below the = αT
4h
crown ‘C’ and also carries a concentrated load ‘w’ at
the crown as shown in the figure below. h = Rise of arch before the temperature increase.
H = Horizontal thrust due to loading before rise in
w
temperature.

C
Two-hinged Arches
h1
h2 Two-hinged arch is statically indeterminate to first degree.
A l1 Support reactions:
H
l2 B •• The vertical reactions can be determined by taking
H
RA moments about either hinge.
RB
•• The horizontal thrust at each support may be determined
l from the condition that the horizontal displacement of
either hinge with respect to the other is zero and is given by:

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 3.236 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

w1 w2 w3 w4
M ⋅ y ⋅ ds
∫ EI C
H= α3
y2
∫ EI ds R

α2 α4
A α1 B
Special Cases H
O
H

1. A two-hinged semi-circular arch with the load ‘w’ at Ra Rb

the crown as shown below.
w Horizontal thrust at each support,
C w
X H =Σ sin 2 α
H
R
4. A two-hinged semi-circular arch of radius ‘R’ carries
A θ B a uniformly distributed load of ‘w’ per unit run over
H H
the whole span as shown below.
Ra Rb w per unit run

w
Horizontal thrust, H = x
π C
R
Horizontal thrust is independent of the magnitude of y θ
A x B
the radius of arch. H H
O
Vertical deflection of the crown,
wR wR
3
wR
δ= (3π 2 − 8π − 4) Horizontal thrust at each support is given by
8π EI
4 wR
2. A two-hinged semi-circular arch of radius ‘R’ carries H= ⋅
3 π
a load ‘w’ at a section, the radius vector corresponding
to which makes an angle ‘a’ with the horizontal as 5. A two-hinged semi-circular arch carries a uniformly
shown below. distributed load of ‘w’ per unit run over the left half
or over the right half of its span as shown below.
w
w per unit run
C
C x
D
R R
A B
A α B H H
H H O
O Ra Rb
Ra Rb
w per unit run
C
Horizontal thrust at each support,
R
w 2
H= sin α A B
π H H
O
Ra Rb
π w
When α = ;H =
2 π
Horizontal thrust at each support when one half of
3. When a semi-circular two-hinged arch is subjected the span is loaded,
to loads w1, w2, w3, w4, … at section corresponding
which the radius vector making an angle a1, a2, a3, a4 2 wR
H=
with the horizontal as shown in the following figure. 3 π

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 Chapter 5 ■ Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods | 3.237

6. A two-hinged semi-circular arch of radius ‘R’ carries w per unit run

C
a uniformly varying load from zero at the one end to
‘w’ per unit run at other end as shown below.
h
w
A B
H H
l
C Ra Rb
R
A B Horizontal thrust at each span when one half of the
H H
O span is loaded
Ra Rb
wl 2
H=
w 16 h
9. A two-hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ and rise ‘h’
C
carries a concentrated load ‘w’ at the crown as shown
R below.
A B
H H w
O C
Ra Rb X
y h
Horizontal thrust at each support due to anyone of A B
x
the triangular load systems H H

2 wR Ra = w
H= Rb = w
3 π 2 2

7. A two-hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ and rise ‘h’ The horizontal thrust at each support,
carries a uniformly distributed load of ‘w’ per unit
25 wl
run over the whole span as shown below. H=
128 h
w per unit run

Temperature Effect
C
x on Two-hinged Arches
y h
•• Due to the increase in temperature (T), an horizontal
A x B
H H thrust ‘H’ will be developed at each support as the hori-
l
zontal displacement are not allowed due to presence of
Ra = wl Rb = wl hinges at each end.
2 2
•• Horizontal thrust (H) for the two hinged arch subjected to
Horizontal thrust at each support, the rise in temperature is,

wl 2 α Tl
H= H=
8h y 2 ds
∫ EI
8. A two-hinged parabolic arch carries a uniformly
distributed load of ‘w’ per unit run over the left half or •• If the arch section is of uniform rigidity,
over the right half of its span shown in the following
figure. EI α Tl
H=
w per unit run
C
∫ y 2 ds
x
Special Cases
h
y
A x B
1. For a semi-circular two hinged arch:
H H
l 4 EI α T
H=
Ra Rb π R2

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 3.238 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

2. For the parabolic two-hinged arch, Linear Arch or Theoretical Arch

15 EI α T w2
H=
8 h2
w1 w3

D
Normal Thrust and Radial Shear E
C
Consider the equilibrium of the part ‘AD’ of the arch as Linear arch
shown below.
Given arch
A B
w2 H H
C
w1
D Ra Rb

A B •• The structure ACDEB is called the linear arch or the theo-

H H
retical arch.
Ra Rb •• The shape of the linear arch follows the shape of the free
Rd bending moment diagram for a beam of the same span
and subject to same loading.
C
•• The joints of the linear arch are in equilibrium and the
θ
Hd different members of the linear arch are subjected to axial
b
compressive forces.
A a B
H H •• The bending moment at any section of an arch is propor-
tional to the ordinate or the intercept between the given
Ra Rb arch and the linear arch. This principle is called Eddy’s
theorem.

This part is in equilibrium under the action of the following:

1. Reactions Ra and H at A.
2. External loads between A and D.
Cables
•• Cables form the main load carrying element in many
3. Reacting forces Rd and Hd providing by the part DB
structures like suspension bridges, suspension roofs and
on the part DA at D. trolley wheels.
4. Reacting moment (bending moment at D). •• In case of suspension bridges, the deck loads are trans-
•• Let the tangent to the center line of the arch at ‘D’ mitted to the cables through closely spaced hangers.
be inclined at θ to the horizontal. •• If the number of hangers is large, the load transmitted to
•• The component of reacting forces at ‘D’ along the the cables can be approximately to a uniformly distrib-
tangent ‘D’ is called the normal thrust at D. uted load taking the shape of parabola.
•• A cable under the given loading takes the shape of a
Normal thurst D = Pn = H d cos θ + Rd cos θ funicular polygon which to some extent represents the
bending moment diagram of a simple beam.
•• The component of reacting forces at ‘D’ perpen-
Following figure shows the schematic diagram of a suspen-
dicular to the tangent at ‘D’ is called the radial
sion bridge.
shear or simply shear at ‘D’.

Radial shear at D = S = H d sin θ − Rd cos θ Main cable

Figure shows the arch sections subjected to normal thrust Dip Back stay
Pn, radial shear S and bending moment ‘M’.

S M
Pn

Hanger

Anchorage
Supporting tower

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 Chapter 5 ■ Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods | 3.239

Cable Subjected to Uniformly Tension in Cable Supported

Distributed Load at Different Levels
•• A cable of span ‘l’ suspended from supports A and B at •• Consider a cable ACB stretched between two supports
some level as shown below: A and B at different levels and subjected to a uniformly
distributed load as shown in the figure below.
w/unit length
RB
A B l
HA HB H
y B
yc
RA h2
Ra C Rb A
H w/unit run
l h1

Cable subjected to UDL

l1 C l2
•• Let ‘C’ be the lowest point of the cable and the sag of
cable at ‘C’ be yc. Since ACB as a parabolic,
Reaction components: The vertical reaction components x2
= constant with ‘C’ as a origin.
at supports A and B are, y

ωl l12 l22 l l l1 + l2
RA = RB = = ⇒ 1 = 2 =
2 h1 h2 h1 h2 h1 + h2
Horizontal reaction components HA = HB = H can be
obtained by taking moments about C and setting MC = 0. l h1 l h2
l1 = and l2 =
h1 + h2 h1 + h2
Wl 2
H=
8 yc Reaction components: Let RA and RB be the vertical
reaction components and H be the horizontal reaction at
Equation of the cable: each support.
Taking moments about ‘C’,
4 yc
y= (l − x )
l2 h1 ω l1
On LHS, RA = H +
l1 2
This is a second order parabola.
h2 ω l2
NOTE On RHS, RA = H +
l2 2
The deflected shape of the cable under its own weight is
not exactly a parabola but a catenary or a cosh function. Horizontal reaction can be obtained by adding RA and RB,

ωl 2
H=
Tension in the Cable 2( h1 + h2 ) 2
The maximum cable tension occurs at supports since H is Tension in the cable at A,
constant all along and vertical reaction RA or RB is maxi-
mum at supports. TA = RA2 + H 2

TA = RA2 + H 2 or TB = RB2 + H 2 Tension in the cable at B,

2
 wl   wl 2 
2
TB = RB2 + H 2
Tmax =   + 
 2   8 yc 
Length of the Cable
(occurring near each support)
1. Cable supports at the same level: Total length
Minimum tension = Tmin = TC = H (occurring at middle of the cable when supports are at the same level is
point of cable) given by:

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 3.240 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

8 yc2 Matrix Method of Structural

L = 1+
3 l Analysis
2. Cable supports at different levels: Flexibility and Stiffness
w kN /m •• Flexibility of a structure is defined as the displacement
caused by a unit force.
•• Stiffness is defined as the force required for a unit
B
H displacement.

d RB Flexibility Matrix
A
H h yc Consider a structural element with a single degree of free-
dom as shown below.
RA C 1
l1 l2 A B
l
The flexibility of the spring is defined as the displacement
l
δ11 at coordinate 1 due to a unit force at coordinate 1.
RB If a force P, produces a displacement D1 at coordinate 1,
H
∆1
RA h2 Flexibility = = f11
p1
H w/unit run
h1
Stiffness Matrix
C For the above case, the stiffness of the spring is defined as
l1 l2
the force P1 required for a unit displacement at coordinate 1.
Cable supported at ends at different levels P1
Stiffness = = k11
Both the figures represent the same with supports at ∆1
different level.
On observation, NOTES
1. The inverse of stiffness matrix is flexibility matrix.
h = yc + d = h2 , yc = h1
2. The product of stiffness and flexibility is equal to one.
4  h2 y 2 
Length of cable, L = l +  + c  Properties of Flexibility and Stiffness Matrix
3  l1 l2 
1. The stiffness and flexibility matrix are square matrixes
Temperature stresses in the cable: Let the span and dip of of order n.
a cable be ‘l’ and ‘h’ respectively. 2. The flexibility and stiffness matrices are symmetrical
Due to the rise in temperature t°C, matrices. This is in accordance with the Maxwells
reciprocal theorem.
Increase in length of cable, dL = α tl
3. The elements lying on the leading diagonal are always
3 l2
Increase in dip of cable, dh = αt positive.
16 h
4. The order of flexibility and stiffness matrix will
Let df be the change in stress in the cable, depend on the number of coordinate assigned, which
will depend upon degree of indeterminacy.
df dH dh 3 l2
= =− =− ∝t 2
f H h 16 h Procedure to Develop Flexibility Matrix
Consider a beam with the coordinates marked as shown in
Where
the figure.
Tmax
f = Stress in the cable = 1
A
dH = Change in the horizontal reaction due to rise of
A B
temperature. EI: Constant
dh = Change in dip of cable. L 2

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 Chapter 5 ■ Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods | 3.241

Step 1: The order of the flexibility matrix will depend on Step 4: Flexibility matrix
the number of coordinates assigned. In this case number of
 L3 L2 
coordinates is equal to two. Therefore, flexibility matrix is
f f12   3EI 
2 EI 
of second order as shown below. f =  11 =
 f 21 f 22   L2 
f f12   L EI 
F =  11  2 EI 
 f 21 f 22  2×2
Where
Procedure to Develop Stiffness Matrix
f11 = Displacement at (1) due to unit load at (1) Consider a beam with the coordinates marked as shown
below.
f21 = Displacement at (2) due to unit load at (1)
1
Step 2: In order to develop the first column of flexibility 2
matrix apply unit load in direction of (1) and measure the A
B
displacements in direction (1) and (2). L

1 Step 1: The order of stiffness matrix depends on the number

of coordinates. In this case, number of coordinates is equal
Unit load to two therefore, stiffness matrix is of order ‘2’.
2
k k12 
K =  11
 k21 k22  2×2
f11 = Displacement in direction (1) due to unit load in
direction (1) Step 2: In order to develop the first column of stiffness
matrix, given unit displacement in direction (1) Only with-
L3 out any displacement in direction of other coordinates and
f11 =
3EI measure the force developed in (1) and (2).
k11 = Force or reaction developed in direction (1) due to
f21 = Displacement in direction (2) due to unit load in
unit displacement in direction (1) only.
direction (1) k21 = Force or reaction developed in direction (2) due to
unit displacement in direction (1) only.
L2
F21 = For k11 and k21, restrain the structure at B and given a unit
2 EI upward displacement as shown below.
Step 3: To generate second column of flexibility matrix 6 EI
apply unit load in direction (2) only and measure displace- 6EI L2
ment in direction (1) and (2). L2
∆=1
1
R B
Unit load (1 kN/m)
2
A
B 12EI
12EI L
RA = RB =
L3 L3
For a cantilever beam with unit moment at free end,
ML ML2 12 EI −6 EI
θ= and δ = k11 = RB = ; k21 = 2
EI 2 EI L3 L

f12 = Displacement in direction of (1) due to unit load in Step 3: To develop second column of stiffness matrix given
direction (2) unit displacement in direction (2) only without any dis-
placement in other coordinate directions and measure the
ML2 L2 forces or reactions in coordinates (1) and (2).
=
f12 = [∵ M = 1]
2 EI 2 EI k12 = Force in direction (1) due to unit displacement in
f­22 = Displacement in direction of (2) due to unit load in direction (2).
direction of (2). k22 = Force in direction (2) due to unit displacement in
direction (2).
ML L For k12 and k22, provide hinge at B as shown in the fol-
=
f 22 = [∵ M = 1]
EI EI lowing figure.

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 3.242 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

2EI Flexibility and stiffness values of a prismatic member with

L respect to the four types of displacements
B
M = 4EI Type of Displacement, D Flexibility Stiffness
A
L AE
θ =1 Axial
AE L
6EI L 6 EI Transverse
RA = RB =
L2 L2 L3 12 EI
(a) Far end fixed
12 EI L3
4 EI L3 3 EI
k22 = (b) Far end hinged
3 EI L3
L
−6 EI Bending or flexural
k12 = RB =
L2 L 4EI
(a) Far end fixed
4 EI L
Step 4: Stiffness matrix
L 3EI
(b) Far end hinged
3 EI L
 2 EI −6 EI 
k k12   L3 L2  Torsional
L GK
[ K ] =  11 = 
k22   −6 EI
GK L
 k21 4 EI 
 L2 L 

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 Chapter 5 ■ Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods | 3.243

Exercises

1. Consider the following statements relating to structural L 2 1 L  1 −2 

analysis: (A) (B)
2 EI  1 2  6 EI  −2 1 
I. Flexibility matrix and its transpose are equal.
II. Elements of main diagonal of stiffness matrix are
always positive. L  2 −1 L  2 −1
(C)  −1 2  (D)  −1 2 
III. For unstable structures, coefficients in leading 3EI   6 EI  
diagonal matrix can be negative.
7. A three-hinged parabolic arch of span ‘l’ and rise ‘h’ is
Which of these statements is/are correct?
subjected to a UDL of intensity ‘W’, then the horizontal
(A) I, II and III thrust at the supports is
(B) I and II only
Wl 2 Wl
(C) II and III only (A) (B)
8h h
(D) III only
2. A three-hinged arch shown in the figure is quarter of a Wl Whl
circle. If the vertical and horizontal components of (C) 2
(D)
8h 8
reaction at A are equal, the value of θ is
A  2 EI   2 1 
8. The stiffness matrix of a beam element is   
 L  1 2
P
Which one of the following is its flexibility matrix?

B  L  2 1  L   2 −1
(A)    (B)   
R  2 EI   1 2   6 EI   −1 2 

θ  L   1 −2   L   1 −2 
C
(C)    (D)   
 5 EI   −2 1   6 EI   −2 1 
(A) 60°
(B) 45° 9. Reaction at support ‘B’ of the structure shown is
(C) 30° P C
(D) None in (0°, 90°)
3. In a linear elastic structural element
(A) stiffness is directly proportional to flexibility.
(B) stiffness is inversely proportional to flexibility. L
(C) stiffness is equal to flexibility.
(D) stiffness and flexibility are not related.
A B
4. For linear elastic frame, if stiffness matrix is doubled
with respect to the existing stiffness matrix, the deflec-
L
tion of the resulting frame will be
(A) twice the existing value.
(B) half the existing value. (A) P (B) P 2
(C) the same as existing value. P P
(D) indeterminate value. (C) (D)
2 2
5. The order for the flexibility matrix for a structure is,
(A) equal to the number of redundant forces. 10. A two-hinged semicircular arch of radius R carries a
(B) more than the number of redundant forces. concentrated load W at the crown. The horizontal thrust
(C) less than the number of redundant forces. is
(D) equal to the number of redundant forces plus three. W W
(A) (B)
2π π
⋅ ⋅

6. The stiffness matrix of a beam element is given as

2 EI  2 +1 2W 4W
. Then flexibility matrix is
L  +1 2  (C)
3π
⋅ (D)
3π
⋅

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 3.244 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

11. Assertion (A): Any arch cannot practically be built to 15. A three-hinged parabolic arch is carrying UDL of 10
the shape of the theoretical arch. kN/m over its entire span. At any section the arch is
Reason (R): The shape of the theoretical arch is subjected to ______.
affected by loads moving on it. I. normal thrust
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explana- II. SF and normal thrust
tion of A.
III. BM
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct expla-
nation of A. IV. SF and BM
(C) A is true but R is false. Which of these statements is/are correct?
(D) A is false but R is true. (A) Only I
12. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer (B) II and III
using the codes given below the lists: (C) Only II
(D) Only IV
List I List II
16. The horizontal thrust at support A in a three-hinged
a. The shape of a cable 1. a catenary
suspended between two arch shown in the figure is ______.
supports is defined by
2 kN/m
b. The cable uniformly 2. a little load
loaded along the hori- C
zontal span takes the
shape of
6m
c. The cable uniformly 3. a parabola A
loaded along its length 1m
assumes the shape of 8m
10 m B
d. The grider in a suspen- 4. applied loads
sion bridge
transmits to its supports
(A) 4.5 kN (B) 5.5 kN
(C) 6 kN (D) 6.5 kN
Codes:
a b c d a b c d 17. If the flexibility matrix for a beam is written as
(A) 1 2 4 3 (B) 1 3 4 2 L3  2 5 
(C) 4 3 1 2 (D) 4 2 1 3 [ A] =
6 EI  5 16 
13. A two-hinged semicircular arch of radius R varies a
concentrated load W at crown. The horizontal thrust is What is the corresponding stiffness matrix?
______.
6 EI 16 −5  6 EI  16 5 
(A)   (B)  
W W L3  5 2  7 L3  −5 2 
(A) (B)
2π π
⋅ ⋅

6 EI  16 −5  6 EI  16 −5 
2W 4W (C)   (D)  
(C) (D) L3  −5 2  7 L3  −5 2 
3π 3π
⋅ ⋅

18. A cable carrying a load of 10 kN/m run of horizontal

14. A rigid-jointed plane frame shown in the figure ______. span, is stretched at supports 150 m apart. The supports
are at same level and the central dip of is 10 m. Find the
B C
greatest tension developed in cable.
(A) 750 kN
L
(B) 2810 kN
2L I (C) 2910 kN
D (D) 3510 kN
19. The flexibility matrix of the beam shown in the figure is
______.
A E: Constant
1
(A) will not sway 2
(B) will sway to left
(C) will sway to right
4 m, EI
(D) None of these

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 Chapter 5 ■ Arches, Cables, Matrix Methods | 3.245

 64 −8   64 8  21. A symmetrical three-hinged parabolic arch of span L

 3EI and rise h is hinged at springing and crown. It is sub-
EI   3EI EI 
(A)  (B)  jected to a UDL W throughout the span. What is the
 −8 64   8 16  bending moment at a section L/4 from the left support?
 EI EI   EI EI  (A) WL2/16 (B) WL3/8h
(C) zero (D) WL2/8
 64 −8   64 8 
 3EI 22. The flexibility matrix of a beam element is given as
EI   3EI EI 
(C)   (D)   L   2 −1
 −8 4   8 4 
 6 EI   −1 2  . Then the stiffness matrix is ______.
 EI EI   EI EI    

20. In a two-hinged arch an increase in temperature induces  2 EI   2 1   L   2 −1

(A) maximum bending at the crown. (A)    (B)   
 L  1 2  2 EI   −1 2 
(B) uniform bending moment in the arch rib.
(C) no bending moment in the arch rib. 2 EI  2 −1 4 EI 2 1
(D) maximum bending moment at hinges. (C)  −1 2  (D)  
L   3L 1 2

Previous Years’ Questions

1. The stiffness coefficient kij indicates [GATE, 2007] 3m 3m
(A) force at i due to a unit deformation at j.
(B) deformation at j due to a unit force at i. P Q
S
(C) deformation at i due to a unit force at j.
(D) force at j due to a unit deformation at i. y
2. A three-hinged parabolic arch having a span of 20 m 4m
Cable Cable
and a rise of 5 m carries a point load of 10 kN at quar-
ter span from the left end as shown in the figure. The
resultant reaction at the left support and its inclination R
with the horizontal are respectively [GATE, 2010]
120 kN
10 kN
(A) 120 (B) 75
(C) 60 (D) 45
4. For the beam shown below, the stiffness coefficient
K22 can be written as [GATE, 2015]
5m
2 Note: 1, 2 and 3
L are the d.o.f
5m 5m 10 m
3
A, E, I 1

(A) 9.01 kN and 56.31°

(B) 9.01 kN and 33.69°
(C) 7.50 kN and 56.31° 12EI
(D) 2.50 kN and 33.69° (A) 6EI (B)
L2 L3
3. The tension (in kN) in a 10 m long cable shown in the
figure, neglecting its self-weight, is [GATE, 2014] 3EI EI
(C) (D)
L 6 L2

5. A guided support as shown in the figure below is

represented by three springs (horizontal, vertical and
rotations) with stiffness, kx, ky and kθ respectively. The
limiting values of kx, ky and kθ are [GATE, 2015]

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 3.246 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

(A) ∞, 0, ∞ (B) ∞, ∞, ∞
(C) 0, ∞, ∞ (D) ∞, ∞, 0

Answer Keys

Exercises
1. B 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. A
21. C 22. A

Previous Years’ Questions

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A

Part III_Unit 3_Chapter 05.indd 246 5/20/2017 3:54:32 PM

 Test | 3.247

Test
Structural Analysis Time: 60 Minutes
1. Which of the following statements regarding statically (A) 12.5 (B) 7.5
determinate structures are correct? (C) 15 (D) None of these
I. Can be analyzed by equilibrium equations. 7. The Influence line diagram (ILD) shown is for the
II. Stresses are caused due to temperature changes. member ______.
III. BM at a section does not depend on material or sec-
a b
tional properties of structure.
(A) I, II, III are correct (B) I, II are correct
(C) I, III are correct (D) II, III are correct c d
2. The pin jointed frame shown in the figure is

Straight line
60°

100 kN 100 kN 100 kN

c
L/2 L/2 L/2 d

(A) perfect frame. (B) redundant frame.

(C) deficit frame. (D) None of these
Straight line
3. Which of the following method comes under the cat-
egory of displacement method to analyze statically (A) ab (B) ac
indeterminate structure? (C) cd (D) ad
(A) Elastic center method 8. The ILD for shear force at a section ‘c’ of simply sup-
(B) Minimum strain energy theorem ported beam of length ‘L’, when unit load moves from
(C) Moment distribution method one end to other is
(D) Column analogy method a b
A B
4. The cantilever beam AB of length ‘L’ fixed at A and c
free at B is subjected to a concentrated load ‘W’ at its L
free end. The strain energy (U) stored in a beam is (EI:
Constant)
(A) a/L
W 2 L2 WL3
(A) (B)
4 EI 6 EI (+)
A B
2 3 (−) C
W L WL
(C) (D)
6 EI EI
b/L
5. The bending moment induced at fixed end of cantilever
(B) ab/L
beam of span ‘L’, if the free end undergoes a unit dis-
placement without rotation, is (+)
A B
3EI 5 EI
(A) 2
(B) (C) b/L
L L2
6 EI 4 EI (+)
(C) 2
(D) 2 (−)
L L
6. The value of support moment M for the beam shown in
the figure is (in kN-m) a/L

30 kN (D) ab/L
3m 1m 1m 3m
M
(+)
(−)

b/l

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 3.248 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

9. Which of the following statements are correct? (A) Straight line

I. The stiffness coefficient kji indicates force at j due to
a unit deformation at i.
II. Stiffness matrix is a square symmetric matrix.
III. Stiffness matrix is possible for both stable and A B C D
unstable structures also.
(B)
(A) I, II, III are correct (B) I, II are correct
(C) I, III are correct (D) II, III are correct
+
10. Which of the following statements are correct?
I. The internal forces at any cross-section of an arch B C D
(−)
are SF, BM only.
II. The effect of arching a beam is to reduce BM in the
span. (C)
III. A two hinged arch is indeterminate by one degree.
IV. The internal forces at any cross-section of an arch
are SF, BM and normal thrust also.
A B C D
(A) I, II, III, IV are correct
(B) I, II, III are correct
(C) II, III, IV are correct (D)
A B C D
(D) I, III, IV are correct
14. A beam ABCD is 15 m long and is simply supported at
11. Determine the stiffness matrix for a beam for the given B and C, 8 m apart. Overhangs BA and CD are 3 m and
coordinates shown in the figure. 4 m respectively. A train of two point loads of 150 kN
Ι 1 2I 2 Ι
and 100 kN, 3 m apart, crosses the beam from left to
right with 100 kN load leading. The maximum sagging
BM under 150 kN load anywhere is
3m 3m 5m (A) 150 kN-m (B) 250 kN-m
(C) 360 kN-m (D) 400 kN-m
 4 EI   4 EI  15. In the truss shown below, indicate how many number of
 4 EI 3   4 EI 3  members with zero forces.
(A)   (B)  
 4 EI   4 EI 52 EI  P Q
 5 52 EI   3
 15 

 52 EI −4 EI   +4 EI  R
 4 EI
X
 15 3  3 
(C)   (D)  
 −4 EI   4 EI  S
 3 4 EI   3 4 EI  V U T
  W
12. A cable carrying a load of 40 kN/m run of horizontal
(A) 4 (B) 5
span, is stretched between supports 150 m apart. The
supports are at same level and the central dip is 15 m. (C) 6 (D) None of these
The greatest tension and least tension in cable are 16. A simply supported beam of length L = 10 m and depth
(A) 8100 kN, 7500 kN = 0.5 m is subjected to a temperature differential of
(B) 10,000 kN, 7500 kN 80°C at top and 160°C at bottom. Determine the verti-
(C) 9500 kN, 6000 kN cal deflection of beam at its mid point (c) due to tem-
(D) None of these perature gradient take a = 10 × 10-6/°C.
13. For the continuous beam shown in the figure, the ILD 80°C
for reaction at A is 0.5 m
A
C B
Hinge 160°C
B C 10 m
A D

(A) 25 mm (B) 30 mm
L L/2 L/2
(C) 40 mm (D) None of these

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 Test | 3.249

17. What is the rotation of the member at ‘C’ for a frame as 3wl 3wl 5wl 5wl
shown in the figure? (A)   (B)   (C)   (D)
4 8 4 8
C
B
30 kN-m 22. Using the data in Q No 21; find the bending moment at
the middle support.
4m wl 2 wl 2 wl 2 3wl 2
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)
16 4 8 16

A 23. In the frame shown below; what are the distribution

3m factors for members BA, BC and BD respectively?
A
30 60
(A) (B)
3EI 7EI L

90 75
(C) (D) E C
EI EI B
18. In the portal frame shown in the given figure, the ratio
of sway moments in column AB and CD will be equal to L

2 kN/m D

B C L L

3m 2I 2I 5m
(A) 0, 0.4, 0.6 (B) 0, 0.3, 0.7
(C) 0, 0.4, 0.3 (D) None of these
D
A
24. Examine the given truss below.
(A) 25/9 (B) 3/5
(C) 2/3 (D) 15/8
19. U1 and U2 are the strain energies stored in a prismatic
bar due to axial tensile force w1 and w2 respectively.
The strain energy ‘U’ stored in the same bar due to
combined action of w1 and w2 is
(A) U = U1 U2 (B) U > U1 + U2 (A) Statically determinate
(C) U < U1 + U2 (D) U = U1 + U2 (B) Statically indeterminate but kinematically deter-
minate
20. The right triangular truss is made of members having (C) Statically indeterminate and kinematically inde-
equal cross-sectional area of 1000 mm2 and Youngs terminate
modulus of 2 × 105 MPa. The horizontal deflection at B is (D) Statically determinate and kinematically indeter-
B minate
100 kN
25. The horizontal deflection at C for the following frame
shown below is
4m 2P

B C
A C L/2
3m

L
(A) 15 mm (B) 20 mm
(C) 12 mm (D) None of these
21. A two spans continuous beam having equal spans each A
of length L/2 is subjected to a uniformly distributed
load 2w per unit length. The beam has constant flexural PL2 PL3 PL3 2 PL2
(A)   (B)    (C)   (D)
rigidity. The reaction at middle support is 2 EI 3EI 2 EI EI

Part III_Unit 3_Chapter 05.indd 249 5/20/2017 3:54:43 PM

 3.250 | Part III ■ Unit 3 ■ Structural Analysis

Answer Keys
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. C 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. C

Part III_Unit 3_Chapter 05.indd 250 5/20/2017 3:54:43 PM

 Structural Analysis Test 1
Number of Questions: 25 Time: 60 min.

Directions for questions 1 to 25: Select the correct alterna- (A) 12.5 kN-m (B) 7.5 kN-m
tive from the given choices. (C) 15 kN-m (D) None
1. Which of the following statements regarding statically 7. The Influence line diagram (I.L.D) shown is for the
determinate structures are correct? member –––––
(a) Can be analyzed by equilibrium equations
a b
(b) Stresses are caused due to temperature changes
(c) BM at a section does not depend on material or
sectional properties of structure. c d
(A) a, b, c are correct (B) a, b are correct
(C) a, c are correct (D) b, c are correct
2. The pin jointed frame shown in the figure is Straight line

60° c
100kN 100kN 100kN d
L/2 L/2 L/2

(A) Perfect frame (B) Redundant frame Straight line

(C) deficit frame (D) None
3. Which of the following method comes under the cate- (A) ab (B) ac
gory of displacement method to analyze statically inde- (C) cd (D) ad
terminate structure?
8. The ILD for shear force at a section ‘c’ of simply sup-
(A) Elastic center method
ported beam of length ‘L’, when unit load moves from
(B) Minimum strain energy theorem
one end to other is
(C) Moment distribution method
a b
(D) Column analogy method A B
c
4. The cantilever beam AB of length ‘L’ fixed at A and
free at B is subjected to a concentrated load ‘W’ at its L
free end. The strain energy (U) stored in a beam is a/L
[EI: Constant)
(+)
W 2 L2 WL3 (A) A B
(A) (B) (–) C
4EI 6EI
W 2 L3 WL b/L
(C) (D) ab/L
6EI EI
(B) (+)
5. The Bending moment induced at fixed end of cantilever
A B
beam of span ‘L’ if the free end undergoes a unit dis-
placement without rotation is b/L

3EI 5EI (+)

(A) (B) (C)
L2 L2 (–)

6EI 4 EI a/L
(C) (D)
L2 L2 ab/L
6. The value of support moment M for the beam shown (+)
below (in kN-m) (D)
(–)
30 kN
M 3m 1m 1m 3m b/l

9. Which of the following statements below are correct?

(a) The stiffness coefficient kji indicates force at j due
to a unit deformation at i.
3.36 | Structural Analysis Test 1

(b) Stiffness matrix is a square symmetric matrix.

(c) Stiffness matrix is possible for both stable and
unstable structures also. +
(B)
(A) a, b, c are correct (B) a, b are correct B C D
(C) a, c are correct (D) b, c are correct (–)

10. Which of the following statements are correct?

(a) The internal forces at any c/s of an arch are SF,
BM only (C)
(b) The effect of arching a beam is to reduce BM in
the span A B C D
(c) A two hinged arch is indeterminate by one degree (D) A B C D
(d) The internal forces at any c/s of an arch are SF,
14. A beam ABCD is 15m long and is simply supported at
BM and normal thrust also.
B and C 8 m apart. Overhangs BA and CD are 3m and
(A) a, b, c, d are correct
4m respectively. A train of two point loads of 150 kN
(B) a, b, c are correct
and 100 kN, 3 m apart, crosses the beam from left to
(C) b, c, d are correct
right with 100 kN load leading. The maximum sagging
(D) a, c, d are correct
B.M. under 150 kN load anywhere is
11. Determine the stiffness matrix for a beam for the given (A) 150 kN-m (B) 250 kN-m
coordinates shown in the figure (C) 360 kN-m (D) 400 kN-m
1 2 15. In the truss shown below, indicate how many number of
Ι 2Ι Ι
members with zero forces
5m P Q
3m 3m

 4 EI   4 EI  X
R
 4 EI 3   4 EI 3 
(A)   (B)  
 4 EI 52 EI   4 EI 52 EI  S
 3 T
 5  15  V U
W
 52 EI −4 EI   +4 EI 
(A) 4 (B) 5
 15 3   4 EI 3 
(C)   (D)   (C) 6 (D) None
 −4 EI 4 EI   4 EI 4 EI  16. A simply supported beam of length L = 10 m and
 3   3  depth = 0.5 m is subjected to a temperature differen-
tial of 80oC at top and 160°C at bottom. Determine the
12. A cable carrying a load of 40 kN/m run of horizontal vertical deflection of beam at its mid point (c) due to
span, is stretched between supports 150m apart. The temperature gradient take a = 10 × 10–6 /°C.
supports are at same level and the central dip is 15 m. 80°c
The greatest tension and least tension in cable are 0.5m
(A) 8100 kN, 7500 kN A
C
(B) 10,000 kN, 7500 kN 160°c B
(C) 9500 kN, 6000 kN 10m
(D) None (A) 25 mm (B) 30 mm
13. For the continuous beam shown below, the I.L.D for (C) 40 mm (D) None
Reaction at A is 17. What is the rotation of the member at ‘C” for a frame as
Hinge shown in figure below?
B C
A C
D B

L L/2 L/2 30 kN–m

4m
Straight line
(A)
A
A B C D 3m
 Structural Analysis Test 1 | 3.37

30 60 23. In the frame shown below; what are the distribution

(A) (B) factors for members BA, BC and BD respectively
3EI 7EI
90 75 A
(C) (D)
EI EI
L
18. In the portal frame shown in the given figure, the
E
ratio of sway moments in column AB and CD will be C
B
equal to
2 kN/m L

C
B D

3m 2I L L
2I 5m

D
A (A) 0, 0.4, 0.6 (B) 0, 0.3, 0.7
(C) 0, 0.4, 0.3 (D) None
(A) 25/9 (B) 3/5
(C) 2/3 (D) 15/8 24. Examine the given truss below
19. U1 and U2 are the strain energies stored in a prismatic
bar due to axial tensile force w1 and w2 respectively.
The strain energy ‘U’ stored in the same bar due to
combined action of w1 and w2 be
(A) U = U1 U2 (B) U > U1 + U2
(C) U < U1 + U2 (D) U = U1 + U2
20. The right triangular truss is made of members having
equal c/s area of 1000 mm2 and youngs modulus of (A) statically determinate
2 × 105 MPa. The horizontal deflection at B is
(B) statically indeterminate but kinematically deter-
B 100 kN minate
(C) statically indeterminate and kinematically indeter-
4m minate
(D) statically determinate and kinematically indeter-
A C minate
3m
25. The horizontal deflection at C for the following frame
(A) 15 mm (B) 20 mm shown below
(C) 12 mm (D) None
2P
21. A two spans continuous beam having equal spans each
of length L/2 is subjected to a uniformly distributed B
C
L/2
load 2w per unit m length. The beam has constant flex-
ural rigidity. The reaction at middle support is
3wl 3wl L
(A) (B)
4 8
5wl 5wl
(C) (D) A
4 8
22. Using the data in Q No 21; find the Bending moment at PL2 PL3
the middle support (A) (B)
2 EI 3 EI
wl 2 wl 2
(A) (B)
16 4 PL3 2 PL2
(C) (D)
wl 2 3wl 2 2 EI EI
(C) (D)
8 16
3.38 | Structural Analysis Test 1

Answer Keys
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. C 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. C

Hints and Explanations

1. Statements (a) and (c) are correct Choice (C) [Due to sinking of support ‘B’; Rotations develop at A
2. m = 2j – 3 and B; But fixed end does not allow rotations and hence
m = number of members = 11 6 EI δ
fixed end moments of magnitude develop]
j = number of joints = 7 L2
m = 2(7) – 3 = 14 – 3 = 11  Choice (C)
Hence, a perfect frame Choice (A) 6. Because of symmetry,
3. Moment distribution method comes under the category 15kN
of displacement method. Choice (C) 3m
4. 1m
W 15kN–m

A B From concept of carry over moment half the moment is

x
L transferred to fixed end in some direction.
15
i.e., = 7.5 kN-m Clockwise
2
Strain energy (U) is given by
 Choice (B)
M x2 dx
L

Ux = ∫ 11.
0
2 EI I 1 2 I
2I
A D
MX = –wx
B C 5m
L
(WX )2 3m 3m
Ux = ∫ dx
0
2 EI
2
1
L
w X 
2 3
W L 2 3
A D
=   =  Choice (C)
2 EI  3  o 6 EI B C

5. Given, free end undergoes unit displacement and  K1 K12 

without rotation, so the beam can be shown as K= 
 K 21 K 22 
l
K11: moment at (1) due to unit rotation at (1)
K21: moment at (2) due to unit rotation at (1)
6EIδ/L2
So at first coordinate given unit rotation in C.W
A
B direction
δ=1
1 2
A =1
12EIδ 6EIδ
L3 =1
L2 D
12EIδ B C
4EI 4EI 2EI
L3 L L L

6 EI δ  4 EI   4 EI 
Moment at A = K11 =  +
L2  L  BA  L  BC

d=1
6 EI  4 EI   4 E (2 I )  12 EI
  =  +  = 3 = 4EI
MA =
L2  3   3 
 Structural Analysis Test 1 | 3.39

 2 EI  2 E (2 I ) 4 EI CD deforms due to downward movement of C. At ‘B’,

K21 =   = = there won’t be any displacement because of support of
 L  BC 3 3
B. Since the beam is statically determinate the ILD is a
K22: moment developed at (2) due to unit rotation at (2) straight line, not a curve. Choice (B)
K12: moment developed at (1) due to unit rotation at (2) 14. To get maximum Bending moment under a load, the
So apply unit rotation at (2) Resultant and load should be kept equidistant from
center of span.
1 2
150kN 100kN
=1
A θ=1
x 3m
B C D
2EI 4EI 4EI R
3 3 5
100 × 3 300
x= = = 1.2 m
 4 EI   4 EI  =  4 E (2 I )  +  4 EI  150 + 100 250
K22 = K 22 =  +    
 L CB  L CD  3   5 

1.8

8 EI 4 EI 40 EI + 12 EI 52 EI 150kN 100kN
= + = =
3 5 15 15 3.4 0.6 0.6m

 2 EI   2 E (2 I )  4 EI A D
K12 =   = = 3 P E
 L CB  3  B 4m
R
4m C

 4 EI  3m 8m 4m
 K11 K12   4 EI 3 
[K] =  =  Choice (B)
 K 21 K 22   4 EI 52 EI  Vb + VC = 150 + 100 = 250 kN
 3 15  (VC)(8) – 100(6.4) – 150(3.4) = 0
12. VC = 143.75 kN
VA VB VB = 106.25 kN
R 150m R Maximum B.M at P = (VB) (3.4)
HA HB = 361.25 kN-m Choice (C)
15m 15.
4OkN/m
P Q
R

wl 40 × 150 3 S
VA = VB = = = 3000 kN T
2 2 1
4 V U 2
W
Wl 2 40 × 150 2
HA = HB = =
8h 8 × 15 Go by Joint no’s.
At joint (1); Since no load is acting at ‘s’ force in these
5 × 150 × 150 members to be zero
= = 7500 kN
15 At Joint (2) i.e., at T
Maximum tension = R = V + H
2 2
R
FTR
= (3000)2 + (7500)2 = 8077 kN
U
FTU T
Minimum tension occurs at deepest point and is equal
to Horizontal thrust
w
Tmin = 7500 kN Choice (A)
13. By Muller Breslau’s principle, apply a unit vertical dis- Three forces are acting at a joint; [i.e., W; FTR; F ]
placement at A. The resulting deflection profile is the and two of the forces are in same line i.e., W and FTR
I.L.D at A. Since A, B and C are one part and CD are the force in FTU to be zero since for equilibrium of a
the other part; ABC deforms as a single member and joint
3.40 | Structural Analysis Test 1

At Joint (3) i.e., at X; M 12 EI + 9 EI

=
FXP θ 12
FXQ
M 21EI
X FXU
=
θB 12
12 M 12 × 30
The same statement as above; Hence the force in θB = ⇒ θB =
21EI 21EI
FXQ = 0
120
At Joint (4) i.e., at V θB =
7 EI
From slope deflection method
Fvp
2 EI  3δ 
M CB =  2θC + θ B −  + M FCB
Rv L  L
V Fvu
d = 0, MFCB = 0
FVP = 0 MCB = 0 [Since hinge support]
∴ no of members with zero forces = 5. Choice (B) 2 EI
16. Since the vertical deflection at center of beam is to be
0=
3
[2θC + θ B ]
determined 2 EI 120 

Apply a unit load at center of beam
3 2θC + 7 EI  = 0
1 kN
120
A C B 2θc + =0
7 EI
5m 5m −120
RA = 0.5 kN RB = 0.5 kN θC =
14 EI
From symmetry; +60
θC = [Neglect sign] Choice (B)
RA = RB = 0.5 kN 7 EI
L
m α ∆ Tm dX
dC = ∫ 6 EI δ 6 E (2 I ) δ 12 EI δ
C 18. MAB a = =
0
L2 (3)2 9
m: Internal virtual moment in beam
a = 10 × 10–6/°c 6 EI δ 6 E (2 I ) δ 12 EI δ
MCD a = =
∆TM : temperature difference between mean temp and L2 52 25
the temp at the top or bottom of beam
M AB 12 EI δ (25)
 80 + 160  = = 25/9 Choice (A)
=  − 80 = 120 – 80 = 40°C M CD 9 (12 E I δ )
 2 
0.5 19. U1 = strain energy stored in bar due to W1
C: mid depth of beam = = 0.25m
2 P 2 L W12 L
U1 = =
10 m
(0.5 x ) (10 × 106 °C) ( 40°C) 2 AE 2 AE
δv = ∫
0
0.25m
dx U2 = strain energy stored in bar due to W2
W22 L
 0.5 × 10 × 10 × 40 x 
−6 2
10
U2 =
=
   2 AE

 0.25 2 0 U = strain energy stored in bar due to combined
0.5 × 10 × 10 −6 × 40 × 10 2 (W1 + W2)
=
  
(W + W )
2
2 × 0.25 1 2 L
U=
dV = 0.04m 2 AE
dV = 40 mm Choice (C) ∴ U > U1 + U2 Choice (B)
17. Rational stiffness at a joint B; PkL
20. d = Σ
M 3 EI 3 EI 3 EI 3 EI AE
S= = + = +
θ L L 3 4 P: Force in member due to applied loads
 Structural Analysis Test 1 | 3.41

K: Force in member for a unit load in the direction in Joint C:

which deflection is desired
L: Length of members FBC
B 1 kN
100 kN
FAC
R = 1.33 kN
4m
FAC = 1 kN (Comp)
 HC = 100kN FBC = 1.33 kN (Comp)
A C
3m At Joint A:
B
RA RC FAB

(R)(3) = 100 × 4 A C
100 × 4 1.33 kN
RA = RC = R = = 133.33 kN
3
At Joint A: FAB sinθ = 1.33 kN
FAB 1.33 1.33
FAb = =
sinθ 415

FAB = 1.66 kN (tension)
FAC
R Take tension: + ve
4 compression: – ve
sinθ = 5
Member Length (L) P K PkL
cosθ = 3/5
AB 5 166.67 1.66 1383.36
FAB sinθ = R
BC 4 –133.33 –1.33 709.31
R 133.33
FAB = = = 166.67 kN(Tension) AC 3 –100 –1 300
sinθ 4 /5
FAB cosθ = FAC ΣPKL = 2392.67
⇒ FAC = 166.67 × 3/5 = 100 kN(compression) ΣPkL
δ=
At joint C: AE
B
1
  = (2392.67)
FBC
100 kN (1000 mm ) (2 ×105 N mm2 )
2

FAC
C
133.33 kN d = 11.96 mm Choice (C)
ΣFy = 0 21.
FBC = 133.33 kN 2w/m
FBC = 133.33 kN (Compressive)
FAC = 100 kN (Compressive) C
A
Due to unit load B
B 1 kN L/2 L/2
EI EI

5
Wl 2 − (2w ) ( L 2) − (2w ) ( L 4 ) −WL2
4 22

MFAB = – = = =
A  12 12 12 24
1 kN
+ wl 2 (2w ) ( L 2) +WL2
2
3 C
MFBA = = =
RC = RA = R = 1.33 RC 12 12 24

1×4=R×3 −WL2 +Wl 2

MFBC = , M FCB =
R = 4/3 = 1.33 kN 24 24
3.42 | Structural Analysis Test 1

Relative Distribution 23.

Joint Member Σk
stiffness k – I/L factor = k/ Σk A
3 I 6I 12I 6I 4L
BA = = 1 L
4 L 2 4L 4L 4L(12I) 2
B E
3 I 6I C
BC = 1/2 B
4 L 2 4L
L

A B C D
1 1
2 2
L L
–WL2 WL2 –WL2 +WL2
F EM
24 24 24 24
Joint Members K = I/L ΣK DF = K/ ΣK
Release +WL 2 –WL2 BA 0 0
moment 24 24
WL2 –WL2 BC I/L I2L
= 0 .4
C.O.M 48 48 L.5I
5
I/L
B 3 2 3I 2L 6
Final O O BD I/L = = 0 .3
WL2 –WL2 4 4L 5I 20
16 16
3
BE I/L 0.3
4

2w/m 2w/m  Choice (C)

B
C
24. Internal static indeterminacy, Dsi = m – (2j – 3)
A
L/2 L/2 m = 16, j = 8
RB RB
Dsi = 16 – (2 × 8 – 3)
wl2 Dsi = 3
16
External indeterminacy Dse = r – 3 = 3 – 3= 0
Ds = 3 + 0 = 3
For SPAN AB: Kinematic indeterminacy, Dk = Nj –C
2 Dk = 2 × 8 –3
L  L   L  wL
( RB ) = 2w     =
 2   4  16
=0 Dk =13
2 statically and kinematically indeterminate Choice (C)
L 2 × 2 × wL WL2
2
25. Since no horizontal load acting at c, apply a fiction load
RB = + ‘Q’ at ‘c’.
2 2×8 16
2P
L 5wL2
RB = w B
2 16 Q
L/2 C
5WL
RB = RB = L
8

For Span BC:

L WL2 L  L
( RB ) = = (2w )   = 0 A
2 16 2  4
Span BC:
5WL 2P
RB =
8
Q Q
5WL 5WL 5WL x
∴ Prop Reaction at B = + = PL 2P
8 8 4
L/2
 Choice (C)
 Structural Analysis Test 1 | 3.43

MX = – 2PX My = PL + Qy
∂ Mx
∂ My
=0 = y y = 0 to L
∂Q ∂Q
L
 ∂ M y  dy
L2
∂M dX
(Mx ) x
( )
(dH)AB = ∫ M y  
(dH)BC = ∫
0
∂ Q EI
=0 0  ∂ Q  EI
L
dy
Span AB:    = ∫ ( PL + Qy ) ( y )
0
EI
2P
L
B PL  PLy 2  PL3
Q    =   =
y
 2 EI  0 2 EI
(dH)c = (δH)Bc + (δH)AB
PL3
A
(dH)c =  Choice (C)
2 EI