lOMoARcPSD|37427643

Neuromorphic Computing

Artificial Intelligence (Sree Chaitanya Institute of Technological Sciences)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

A
Seminar Report
on

NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING & SPIKING NEURAL

NETWORKS

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

SUBMITTED BY:
D.ARJUNKUMAR (HTNO: 21TR1A7313)

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

MACHINE LEARNING

SREE CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LMD COLONY, KARIMNAGAR-505527
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 1 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

SREE CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LMD COLONY, KARIMNAGAR-505527
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)

Certificate

Certified that this Technical Seminar Report entitled “Neuromorphic

Computing & Spiking Neural Networks” is the bonafide work of DEEKONDA

ARJUNKUMAR (HTNO. 21TR1A7313) of IV-B.Tech I-Sem, in partial fulfillment of

the requirements to award the Degree of Bachelor of Technology for the Academic Year

2024-2025 in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning branch of Sree Chaitanya

Institute of Technological Sciences, Karimnagar.

Dr. B. RAMESH Dr. CHADA SAMPATH REDDY

Associate Professor Associate Professor
Supervisor Head of the Department

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 2 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Technical Seminar Supervisor,

Dr. B. RAMESH, Associate Professor whose knowledge and guidance has motivated
me to achieve goals we never thought possible. The time I have spent working under his
supervision has truly been a pleasure.

I also thank Dr. CHADA SAMPATH REDDY, HOD & Associate Professor of
AIML Department for providing seamless support and knowledge for the entire seminar
work and also for providing right suggestions at every phase of the development of the
project. He has consistently been a source of motivation, encouragement, and inspiration.

It is a great pleasure to convey my thanks to our principal Dr. A. PRASAD

RAJU, Principal, Sree Chaitanya Institute of Technological Sciences and the College
Management for permitting me to undertake this work and providing excellent facilities
to carry out my work.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 3 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this report entitled,
“Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks ”, submitted
towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Sree
Chaitanya Institute of Technological Sciences, Karimnagar is an authentic record of my
own work carried out under the supervision of Dr. B. RAMESH, Associate Professor,
Department of AIML, Sree Chaitanya Institute of Technological Sciences, Karimnagar.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, this report bears no resemblance with
any report submitted to Sree Chaitanya Institute of Technological Sciences or any other
University for the award of any degree or diploma.

D.ARJUNKUMAR
H.T.No: 21TR1A7313

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 4 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

ABSTRACT

Neuromorphic computing seeks to emulate the neural architecture and function of

the human brain to achieve superior energy efficiency and computational power. Central
to this field are Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which utilize the temporal dynamics of
biological neurons to process information more naturally and effectively. By adopting
principles such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity and event-driven computation, SNNs
are advancing artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Recent innovations in memristive and compute-in-memory technologies are pushing

neuromorphic hardware from experimental stages to commercial applications, promising
low-power, high-performance systems. SNNs excel in processing time-series data and
performing real-time tasks, making them ideal for robotics, autonomous systems, and
brain-computer interfaces.

Despite their potential, challenges persist in developing scalable training algorithms,

energy-efficient hardware, and robust theoretical models. Traditional learning algorithms
do not seamlessly apply to SNNs, necessitating bio-inspired approaches. Future research
will focus on enhancing hardware-software integration, improving real-time performance,
and ensuring reliability.

Neuromorphic computing and SNNs are poised to revolutionize computational

paradigms, driven by interdisciplinary collaboration across neuroscience, computer
science, and engineering.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 5 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Chapter Name Page Nos Start – End

1. INTRODUCTION 8-9
 Background
 Motivation for Neuromorphic Computing
 Overview of Spiking Neural Networks

2. NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING 10 - 12
 Definition and Principles
 Historical Development
 Advantages Over Traditional Computing
 Applications and Use Cases

3. SPIKING NEURAL NETWORKS (SNNS) 13 - 15

 Biological Inspiration
 Basic Concepts and Terminology
 Spiking Models (e.g., Hodgkin-Huxley, Izhikevich, LIF Neurons)
 Temporal Coding and Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity

4. NEUROMORPHIC HARDWARE 16 - 19
 Overview of Neuromorphic Hardware
 Memristive Technologies
 Compute-in-Memory Architectures
 Commercial and Experimental Neuromorphic Chips

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 6 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

5. APPLICATIONS OF NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING AND SNNS 20 - 22

 Robotics and Autonomous Systems
 Brain-Computer Interfaces
 Pattern Recognition and Anomaly Detection
 Real-Time Processing and Decision-Making

6. CURRENT CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS 23

 Scalability Issues
 Energy Efficiency
 Hardware Reliability

7. CONCLUSION 24
 Summary of Key Points

8. REFERENCES 25

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 7 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

1.INTRODUCTION

 BACKGROUND

Neuromorphic computing is a field inspired by the structure and function of the human
brain. Unlike traditional computing paradigms, which rely on the von Neumann
architecture where memory and processing are separated, neuromorphic computing aims
to integrate memory and processing in a way similar to how the brain functions. This
approach allows for more efficient and faster processing, particularly for tasks that
involve complex, real-time data.

The concept of neuromorphic computing was first proposed by Carver Mead in the late
1980s. He envisioned a new kind of computing that would mimic the neuronal
architecture of the brain, leading to systems capable of parallel processing and adaptable
learning, much like biological systems.

 MOTIVATION FOR NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING

The primary motivation behind neuromorphic computing is the need for energy-efficient
and high-performance computing systems. Traditional computers struggle with power
consumption and speed, especially for tasks like pattern recognition, sensory data
processing, and real-time decision making. Neuromorphic systems, which leverage the
brain’s architecture, promise significant improvements in these areas.

Key motivations include:

 Energy Efficiency: Neuromorphic systems use less power by processing
information in a way similar to the brain, where neurons are activated only when
needed.
 Parallel Processing: Like the brain’s neural networks, neuromorphic systems can
process multiple streams of data simultaneously.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 8 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 Real-Time Processing: The ability to handle and process sensory information in

real-time is crucial for applications like robotics and autonomous vehicles.
 Adaptability and Learning: Neuromorphic systems can adapt and learn from
new data through mechanisms similar to synaptic plasticity in the brain.

 OVERVIEW OF SPIKING NEURAL NETWORKS

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a central component of neuromorphic computing.

Unlike traditional artificial neural networks that use continuous values to represent
neuron activations, SNNs use discrete events called "spikes" to encode and transmit
information. This method closely resembles the way biological neurons communicate.

Key concepts in SNNs include:

 Spiking Behavior: Neurons in SNNs generate spikes, or action potentials, when
their membrane potential reaches a certain threshold. These spikes propagate to
connected neurons, influencing their activity.
 Temporal Coding: Information is encoded not just in the rate of spikes (rate
coding), but also in the precise timing of spikes (temporal coding). This allows for
more complex and efficient information processing.
 Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP): A biological learning rule where
the strength of connections between neurons (synapses) changes based on the
timing of spikes from pre- and postsynaptic neurons. This form of learning is
crucial for adapting to new information and tasks.

Neuromorphic computing and SNNs represent a significant shift from traditional

computing paradigms, offering new possibilities for creating intelligent, adaptable, and
efficient systems. The field is still in its infancy, but the potential applications and
benefits are vast, spanning areas such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and brain-
machine interfaces.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 9 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

2.NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING

 DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES

Neuromorphic computing is a paradigm that draws inspiration from the architecture and
functioning of the human brain. Unlike traditional computing models, which are based on
the von Neumann architecture with separate memory and processing units, neuromorphic
computing aims to integrate these components, mirroring the brain's neural networks. The
core principles include:

 Analog Computation: Unlike digital systems that rely on binary logic,

neuromorphic systems often use analog signals to process information, similar to
how neurons use continuous electrical signals.
 Event-Driven Processing: In neuromorphic systems, computation occurs only
when there are events (e.g., spikes in neural activity), leading to significant energy
savings.
 Parallelism: The brain’s neural networks process information in parallel,
allowing for efficient handling of multiple tasks simultaneously. Neuromorphic
systems replicate this parallel processing capability.

 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

The idea of neuromorphic computing was first proposed by Carver Mead in the late
1980s. He envisioned a new approach to computing that would mimic the brain’s neural
architecture, enabling parallel processing and adaptive learning. Since then, the field has
evolved significantly, driven by advancements in neuroscience, materials science, and
semiconductor technology.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 10 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 Early Developments: Initial research focused on understanding and replicating

the basic building blocks of neural networks, such as neurons and synapses.
 Technological Milestones: The development of memristors, CMOS technology,
and other innovations have facilitated the creation of neuromorphic hardware and
prototypes.
 Recent Advances: Integration of neuromorphic principles into commercial
products and large-scale neuromorphic systems (e.g., IBM’s TrueNorth, Intel’s
Loihi) marks significant progress.

 ADVANTAGES OVER TRADITIONAL COMPUTING

Neuromorphic computing offers several advantages over traditional von Neumann

architectures:

 Energy Efficiency: By mimicking the brain's event-driven processing and low-

power operation, neuromorphic systems can achieve substantial energy savings.
 Real-Time Processing: Neuromorphic systems excel in processing sensory data
and making decisions in real time, which is critical for applications like robotics
and autonomous systems.
 Scalability: The brain's architecture allows for efficient scaling, enabling
neuromorphic systems to handle large and complex datasets with ease.
 Adaptive Learning: Neuromorphic systems can adapt and learn from new data in
a manner similar to synaptic plasticity in the brain, allowing for continuous
improvement and learning.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 11 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 APPLICATIONS AND USE CASES

Neuromorphic computing has a wide range of applications across various fields:

 Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Neuromorphic systems enable robots and

autonomous vehicles to process sensory information, navigate environments, and
make decisions in real time.
 Brain-Computer Interfaces: Neuromorphic technologies are used to develop
interfaces that can communicate directly with the brain, offering potential
therapeutic benefits for neurological disorders.
 Pattern Recognition and Anomaly Detection: Neuromorphic systems excel at
identifying patterns and detecting anomalies in complex datasets, making them
valuable in fields like cybersecurity and finance.
 Internet of Things (IoT): Neuromorphic computing can enhance the
performance and energy efficiency of IoT devices, enabling smarter and more
responsive systems.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 12 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

3.SPIKING NEURAL NETWORKS(SNNS)

 BIOLOGICAL INSPIRATION

Spiking Neural Networks are inspired by the biological processes of the human brain.
Traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) use continuous activation functions,
whereas SNNs use discrete events known as spikes to transmit information. This
approach more closely mimics how real neurons communicate, with each neuron
generating electrical pulses or action potentials in response to stimuli.

Key aspects of biological inspiration:

 Neuron Structure: In biology, neurons consist of dendrites (input channels), a

soma (cell body), and an axon (output channel). SNNs model these structures by
creating artificial neurons that fire spikes when a certain threshold is reached.
 Synaptic Connections: Synapses are the connections between neurons that allow
for communication. In SNNs, these connections are modeled to change their
strength based on the timing of spikes, similar to synaptic plasticity in the brain.
 Neurotransmitters: Biological neurons use chemicals called neurotransmitters to
send signals across synapses. While SNNs do not use chemicals, they mimic the
timing and behavior of these signals through mathematical models.

 BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY

Understanding SNNs requires familiarity with several key concepts and terms:
 Spikes: Discrete events that represent the firing of a neuron. In an SNN,
information is carried by these spikes.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 13 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 Membrane Potential: The potential difference across a neuron's membrane,

which influences its likelihood to spike. When the membrane potential reaches a
certain threshold, the neuron fires.
 Synaptic Weight: The strength of the connection between two neurons, which
determines how much influence one neuron has over another.
 Refractory Period: The period after a neuron fires during which it cannot fire
again. This helps regulate the firing frequency and prevents excessive spiking.

 SPIKING MODELS

There are several mathematical models used to describe the spiking behavior of neurons:

 Hodgkin-Huxley Model: A detailed biophysical model that describes how action

potentials are initiated and propagated based on ion channel kinetics. It is highly
accurate but computationally intensive.
 Izhikevich Model: A simplified model that balances biological accuracy with
computational efficiency. It captures key spiking behaviors such as regular
spiking, bursting, and chattering.
 Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) Model: One of the simplest models, it
describes how a neuron accumulates input until a threshold is reached, at which
point it fires a spike and resets. It is widely used due to its simplicity and ease of
implementation.

 TEMPORAL CODING AND SPIKE-TIMING-DEPENDENT PLASTICITY

Temporal coding and Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) are crucial for the
functioning of SNNs:

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 14 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 Temporal Coding: In SNNs, information is encoded in the timing of spikes

rather than in their rate. This allows for more efficient and precise information
processing, as the exact timing of each spike carries significant meaning.
 Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP): A learning mechanism where the
strength of a synapse is adjusted based on the relative timing of spikes from the
pre- and postsynaptic neurons. If a presynaptic neuron fires just before a
postsynaptic neuron, the synapse is strengthened (Long-Term Potentiation, LTP).
If the presynaptic neuron fires just after the postsynaptic neuron, the synapse is
weakened (Long-Term Depression, LTD).

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 15 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

4.NEUROMORPHIC HARDWARE

 OVERVIEW OF NEUROMORPHIC HARDWARE

Neuromorphic hardware refers to physical devices and systems designed to mimic the
neural architecture and functions of the human brain. These systems integrate memory
and computation in a way that allows for parallel processing and real-time data handling,
emulating the efficiency and adaptability of biological neural networks. The development
of neuromorphic hardware is driven by the need for more efficient computing systems
capable of handling complex, data-intensive tasks with lower power consumption and
higher performance.

Key Characteristics:
 Event-Driven Architecture: Unlike traditional processors that operate
continuously, neuromorphic hardware processes information only when events
(spikes) occur, significantly reducing power consumption.
 Parallel Processing: Neuromorphic systems can process multiple data streams
simultaneously, akin to the brain’s neural networks, enabling efficient handling of
complex tasks.
 Integration of Memory and Computation: By combining memory and
processing elements, neuromorphic hardware reduces the latency and energy costs
associated with data transfer in traditional systems.

 MEMRISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Memristive devices, or memristors, play a crucial role in neuromorphic hardware. A

memristor is a non-volatile memory component whose resistance changes based on the
history of voltage and current, allowing it to "remember" past states. This characteristic
makes memristors ideal for emulating synapses in neuromorphic systems.

Advantages of Memristive Technologies:

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 16 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 Non-Volatility: Memristors retain information even when power is turned off,

mimicking the persistent nature of synaptic weights in biological brains.
 Low Power Consumption: Memristors can switch states with very little energy,
contributing to the overall energy efficiency of neuromorphic systems.
 Scalability: Memristors can be densely packed, allowing for the creation of large-
scale, highly interconnected neural networks.

Applications:
 Artificial Synapses: Memristors are used to create artificial synapses in
neuromorphic systems, enabling synaptic plasticity and learning.
 Memory and Storage: Memristive technologies are employed in non-volatile
memory applications, offering faster access times and lower power consumption
compared to traditional memory technologies.

 COMPUTE-IN-MEMORY ARCHITECTURES

Compute-in-memory (CIM) architectures integrate processing and memory functions

within the same hardware unit, eliminating the need for data transfer between separate
memory and processing units. This approach significantly enhances the speed and energy
efficiency of neuromorphic systems.

Key Benefits:
 Reduced Latency: By processing data where it is stored, CIM architectures
minimize the latency associated with data movement.
 Energy Efficiency: CIM architectures reduce the energy overhead of data
transfer, contributing to the overall efficiency of neuromorphic hardware.
 Parallelism: These architectures facilitate parallel data processing, which is
essential for handling complex, real-time tasks.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 17 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

Examples:
 Analog CIM: Utilizes analog signals for data processing, which can offer greater
efficiency for certain types of computations.
 Digital CIM: Employs digital logic for processing within memory arrays,
offering compatibility with existing digital systems while enhancing performance.

 COMMERCIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROMORPHIC CHIPS

Several commercial and experimental neuromorphic chips have been developed to

demonstrate and advance the principles of neuromorphic computing.
Notable Examples:
 IBM’s TrueNorth: A
neuromorphic chip that integrates
over one million neurons and 256
million synapses. It uses a
network of cores, each
representing a small neural
network, to perform parallel
computations with high energy
efficiency.

 Intel’s Loihi: A neuromorphic research chip designed to mimic the brain’s

learning processes. It features programmable neurons and synapses, supporting
on-chip learning and high-performance pattern recognition.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 18 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 BrainScaleS: A neuromorphic system developed by Heidelberg University,

which uses analog circuits to emulate the dynamics of neurons and synapses for
real-time simulation of neural processes.

 SpiNNaker: Developed by the University of Manchester, SpiNNaker is a

massively parallel computer architecture designed to simulate large-scale neural
networks in real time. It consists of thousands of ARM cores, each representing a
small network of neurons.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 19 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

5.APPLICATIONS OF NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING AND SNNS

 ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

Neuromorphic computing and SNNs are revolutionizing robotics and autonomous

systems by enabling real-time sensory processing, decision-making, and learning.
Neuromorphic hardware's parallel processing capabilities and energy efficiency make it
ideal for embedded systems in robots and autonomous vehicles.

Key Applications:
 Real-Time Navigation: Neuromorphic systems can process sensory data from
cameras, LiDAR, and other sensors in real time, allowing robots to navigate
complex environments with high precision and speed.
 Object Recognition: SNNs excel at recognizing objects and patterns, enabling
robots to identify and interact with objects in their surroundings. This is crucial
for tasks such as picking and placing objects in industrial settings.
 Adaptive Control: Neuromorphic systems enable robots to adapt to new
environments and tasks by learning from experience, much like how humans learn
new skills. This adaptability is essential for applications in dynamic and
unpredictable environments.
 Energy Efficiency: Neuromorphic hardware’s low power consumption makes it
suitable for battery-operated robots and drones, extending their operational time
and reducing the need for frequent recharging.

 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES

Neuromorphic computing and SNNs are at the forefront of developing advanced brain-
computer interfaces (BCIs), which allow direct communication between the brain and
external devices. These interfaces have transformative potential in medicine and human
augmentation.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 20 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

Key Applications:
 Neuroprosthetics: BCIs can control prosthetic limbs, enabling individuals with
limb loss to regain mobility and dexterity. Neuromorphic systems process neural
signals in real time, allowing for natural and intuitive control.
 Assistive Technologies: BCIs can assist individuals with severe physical
disabilities by enabling them to control computers, communication devices, and
home automation systems using their neural signals.
 Neurological Rehabilitation: BCIs can facilitate rehabilitation for patients
recovering from strokes or traumatic brain injuries by enhancing neural plasticity
and motor function through targeted neural stimulation and feedback.
 Cognitive Augmentation: Future applications may include enhancing cognitive
abilities and sensory perception through BCIs, opening new possibilities for
human enhancement and performance.

 PATTERN RECOGNITION AND ANOMALY DETECTION

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 21 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

Neuromorphic systems and SNNs are well-suited for pattern recognition and anomaly
detection tasks due to their ability to process and analyze complex data streams
efficiently.
Key Applications:
 Image and Speech Recognition: SNNs are used in image and speech recognition
systems, achieving high accuracy and real-time processing. This is valuable for
applications in security, surveillance, and human-computer interaction.
 Cybersecurity: Neuromorphic systems can detect anomalies in network traffic
and system behavior, identifying potential security threats and cyber-attacks with
high precision.
 Financial Fraud Detection: SNNs can analyze transaction data to identify
fraudulent activities, helping financial institutions prevent losses and enhance
security.
 Healthcare Diagnostics: Neuromorphic systems can assist in medical diagnostics
by identifying patterns in medical images, genomic data, and patient records,
leading to early detection and personalized treatment of diseases.

 REAL-TIME PROCESSING AND DECISION-MAKING

Neuromorphic computing’s ability to process information in real time makes it ideal for
applications that require immediate responses and decisions.

Key Applications:
 Autonomous Vehicles: Neuromorphic systems enable real-time processing of
sensory data from cameras, radar, and LiDAR, allowing autonomous vehicles to
navigate safely and make split-second decisions in complex environments.
 Industrial Automation: Neuromorphic systems can control industrial processes
and machinery in real time, optimizing efficiency, safety, and productivity. This is
particularly valuable in manufacturing, logistics, and supply chain management.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 22 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

 Gaming and Virtual Reality: Neuromorphic hardware can enhance the

performance of gaming and VR systems by providing real-time processing of
sensory data and user inputs, creating more immersive and responsive
experiences.
6.CURRENT CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS

 SCALABILITY ISSUES

Scaling up Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and neuromorphic hardware to handle

larger datasets and more complex tasks remains a significant challenge. As the size and
complexity of the network increase, so do the demands on the hardware and software
infrastructure. Ensuring that the system can maintain efficiency, reliability, and speed at
larger scales requires advanced algorithms, optimized architectures, and efficient
resource management.

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Neuromorphic systems are designed to be energy-efficient, but there is always room for
improvement. Ongoing efforts focus on reducing the power consumption of
neuromorphic hardware even further, especially for large-scale implementations. This
involves optimizing the event-driven processing mechanisms, minimizing leakage
currents in memristive devices, and developing more energy-efficient learning algorithms
that can operate under constrained power budgets.

 HARDWARE RELIABILITY

Ensuring the reliable operation of neuromorphic hardware is critical, particularly as these

systems become more complex and are deployed in real-world applications. Reliability
challenges include dealing with device variability, ensuring consistent performance
across different environmental conditions, and managing the wear and tear of memristive

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 23 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

devices. Robust testing, error correction mechanisms, and adaptive algorithms are
essential to address these reliability issues.

7.CONCLUSION

 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS

Neuromorphic computing and Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) present a

groundbreaking approach to computational design by mimicking the human brain's
neural structures and functions. This paradigm shift offers substantial benefits, including
enhanced energy efficiency, real-time processing capabilities, and greater adaptability.
By leveraging event-driven and parallel processing mechanisms, neuromorphic systems
excel in applications requiring complex data processing, such as robotics, autonomous
systems, brain-computer interfaces, and advanced artificial intelligence.

The integration of memristive technologies and compute-in-memory architectures has

propelled neuromorphic hardware into practical and commercial applications, achieving
remarkable performance while maintaining low power consumption. However,
challenges such as scalability, efficient training algorithms, hardware reliability, and a
deeper theoretical understanding of SNNs persist. Overcoming these challenges will
necessitate interdisciplinary collaboration among experts in neuroscience, computer
science, materials science, and engineering.

Despite these obstacles, the future of neuromorphic computing and SNNs is promising.
Continued research and innovation in this field are poised to revolutionize how we design
and implement intelligent, efficient, and adaptive computing systems, paving the way for
transformative technological advancements and applications.

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 24 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37427643

8.REFERENCES

1. A Bibliometric Review of Neuromorphic Computing and Spiking Neural

Networks
 Nicholas J. Pritchard, Andreas Wicenec, Mohammed Bennamoun, Richard
Dodson
 Published: April 14, 2023
2. Advancements in Neuromorphic Computing for Bio-Inspired Artificial
Vision: A Review
 Sharmarke Gabayre, Varuna De Silva, Mindula Illeperuma, Xiyu Shi, Sergey
Savel’ev
 Published: April 2023
3. Neuromorphic Computing: Advancing Energy-Efficient AI Systems through
Brain-Inspired Architectures
 Ramanakar Reddy
 Published: November 4, 2024
4. A Survey of Neuromorphic Computing Based on Spiking Neural Networks
 Published in Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing
 Published: 2023
5. Stanford University. (2020). Neuromorphic Computing
 Stanford Neuromorphics Lab
 Published: 2020

Neuromorphic Computing & Spiking Neural Networks 25 | Page

Downloaded by Reny John ([email protected])