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Tutorial 8 Questions

The document outlines various concepts and problems related to frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) in communication systems. It includes methods for generating wideband FM, analyzing modulation indices, and designing FM demodulators, as well as practice problems for calculating bandwidths and signal characteristics. Additionally, it discusses the design of an Armstrong indirect FM modulator for specific frequency and deviation requirements.

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14 views

Tutorial 8 Questions

The document outlines various concepts and problems related to frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) in communication systems. It includes methods for generating wideband FM, analyzing modulation indices, and designing FM demodulators, as well as practice problems for calculating bandwidths and signal characteristics. Additionally, it discusses the design of an Armstrong indirect FM modulator for specific frequency and deviation requirements.

Uploaded by

Free fire Gamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial-8

ECC-201: Fundamentals of Communication System

1. To generate wideband FM, we can first generate a narrowband FM signal, and then use frequency
multiplication to spread the signal bandwidth. Figure 1 illustrates such a scheme, which is called
an Armstrong-type FM modulator. The narrowband FM signal has a maximum modulation index
of 0.1 to keep distortion under control.

Figure 1: Armstrong FM modulator.

If the message signal has a bandwidth of 15 kHz and the output frequency from the oscillator is 100
kHz, determine the frequency multiplication that is necessary to generate an FM signal at a carrier
frequency of fc = 104 MHz and a frequency deviation of ∆f = 75 kHz.

2. An FM signal with a frequency deviation of 10 kHz at a modulation frequency of 5 kHz is applied


to two frequency multipliers connected in cascade. The first multiplier doubles the frequency and
the second multiplier triples the frequency. Determine the frequency deviation and the modulation
index of the FM signal obtained at the second multiplier output.

3. Consider a wide-band PM signal produced by a sinusoidal modulating wave Am cos(2πfm t), using a
modulator with a phase sensitivity equal to Kp radians per volt.

(a) Show that if the maximum phase deviation of the PM signal is large compared with one radian,
the bandwidth of the PM signal varies linearly with the modulation frequency fm .
(b) Compare this characteristic of a wide-band PM signal with that of a wideband FM signal.

4. (a) From the figure below, show that when m(t) has no jump discontinuities, an FM demodulator
followed by an integrator forms a PM demodulator. Explain why it is necessary for the FM
demodulator to remove any DC offset before the integrator.
(b) Show that PM demodulator followed by a differentiator acts as an FM demodulator even if
m(t) has jump discontinuities or PM demodulator has DC offset.
Figure 2: Question 4.

Practice Problems
5. For a message signal
m(t) = 2cos(100t) + 18cos(2000πt)

(a) Write expressions for sP M (t) and sF M (t) when Ac = 10, fc = 106 , kp = 1, kf = 1000π.
(b) Compute the bandwidths of sP M (t) and sF M (t).

6. Consider the frequency demodulation scheme shown in Figure 3 in which the incoming FM signal
s(t) is passed through a delay line that produces a phase-shift of π/2 radians at the carrier frequency
fc .

Figure 3: FM demodulator.

The delay-line output is subtracted from the incoming FM signal, and the resulting composite signal
is then envelope-detected. Assuming that

s(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t + µsin(2πfm t))

analyze the operation of this demodulator when the modulation index µ is less than unity and
the delay T produced by the delay-line is sufficiently small to justify making the approximations
cos(2πfm T ) ≈ 1 and sin(2πfm T ) ≈ 2πfm T .

7. An FM signal with carrier fc is applied to a non-linear device with output voltage v2 related to input
voltage v1 by
v2 = a1 v1 + a2 v13
where a1 and a2 are constants. Comment your observations related to distortion after applying
band-pass filtering centered at fc to the output voltage and compare to the case when input to the
non-linear device is a DSB-SC signal.
8. Consider the PLL depicted in Figure 4, with input phase ϕ(t). The output signal v(t) acts as an
input to the VCO. The parameter for the loop filter G(s) is given by a = 1000π radians/sec.

(a) Assume that the PLL is locked at time 0, and suppose that ϕ(t) = 1000πt u(t), where u(t) is
the unit step function. Find the limiting value of v(t).
(b) Now, suppose that ϕ(t) = 4πsin(1000πt). Find an approximate expression for v(t).
(c) For part (b), estimate the bandwidth of the passband signal at the PLL input.

Figure 4: PLL system.

9. Design an Armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an FM carrier with carrier frequency 96


MHz and ∆f = 20 KHz. A narrowband FM generator with a carrier frequency of 100 KHz and
adjustable ∆f in the range of 9 to 10 Hz is available. Also, an oscillator with adjustable frequency
in the range of 9 to 10 MHz as well as bandpass filters with any center frequency and frequency
doublers are also available.

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