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Tutorials - Lasers

This document is a tutorial on lasers, providing fundamental equations related to energy levels, atomic populations, and emission ratios. It includes numerical problems for calculating laser intensity, power, and photon emissions based on given parameters. The tutorial covers various scenarios involving energy levels, temperatures, and efficiencies of laser systems.

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n67451610
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17 views

Tutorials - Lasers

This document is a tutorial on lasers, providing fundamental equations related to energy levels, atomic populations, and emission ratios. It includes numerical problems for calculating laser intensity, power, and photon emissions based on given parameters. The tutorial covers various scenarios involving energy levels, temperatures, and efficiencies of laser systems.

Uploaded by

n67451610
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TUTORIAL -1 (LASERS)

( h= 6.6 x 10-34 J.s ; c= 3 x 108 m/s ; k =1.38 x 10-23 J/K)

Review: E2 (no. of atoms /m3 = N2)

 = hc / (E2 – E1) is the wavelength of emitted spectral line


E1 (no. of atoms/m3= N1)

𝒉𝒄 𝜟𝑬
𝑵𝟐 ( )
 Boltzmann Ratio or the ratio of atomic populations =𝒆 𝒌𝑻 =𝒆 𝒌𝑻
𝑵𝟏
 Ratio of stimulated to spontaneous emissions = 𝟏
[𝒆𝒉𝒄/𝒌𝑻 − 𝟏]
 Power (J/s or W) = (no. of photons emitted per sec) . (energy of each photon) = nhc/

Numerical Problems
1. A laser beam emits an average power of 15 mW. If the laser spot is of diameter 5 µm,
calculate intensity of laser beam.
2. A laser beam emits an average power of 25 mW. If the laser spot is of diameter 8 µm,
calculate intensity of laser beam.
3. Wavelength of a laser is 6500Å. Number of photons emitted in two minutes by the laser
is 1017. Calculate the power of the laser. If the input power is 1.5W, what is the fraction of
power converted to output?
4. Wavelength of a laser is 520nm. Number of photons emitted in two minutes by the laser
is 1012. Calculate the power of the laser. If the input power is 8.5W, what is the fraction of
power converted to output?
5. A photon of wavelength 4000Å is emitted when an atom in an excited state transits to
ground state. Calculate the energy and momentum of the photon. What is the ratio of
populations of the two states at 300 K?
6. A photon of wavelength 580nm is emitted when an atom in an excited state transits to
ground state. Calculate the energy and momentum of the photon. What is the ratio of
populations of the two states at 360 K?
7. Two energy levels are separated by 1.05 eV. Calculate the ratio of spontaneous to
stimulated emission at 400 K.
8. Two energy levels are separated by 0.85 eV. Calculate the ratio of spontaneous to
stimulated emission at 600 K.
9. Energy of level E2 is 2 eV and the energy of level E1 is 0 eV. Calculate the ratio of
populations N2/ N1 at a temperature of 400 K and at what temperature will this ratio be
0.01?
10. Energy of an excited state with respect to that of ground state is 2.5 eV. Calculate the
Boltzmann factor at 600 K and at what temperature will this ratio be 0.09?
11. The output power of a continuous wave laser is 10 kW at a lasing wavelength of 635nm.
How many photons are emitted per second?
12. The output power of a continuous wave laser is 50 kW at a lasing wavelength of 1064µm.
How many photons are emitted in two seconds?
13. The ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is 10 -34. Calculate the ratio of
populations. If the difference in energy corresponds to a wavelength of 6000Å, calculate
the temperature.
14. The ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is 2×10 -32. Calculate the
Boltzmann factor. If the difference in energy corresponds to a wavelength of 7600Å,
calculate the temperature.
15. Two energy levels are separated by 1.95 eV. At what temperature will the ratio of
populations be 10 -29 ?
𝐴
Calculate 𝐵 .
16. Two energy levels are separated by 2.1 eV. At what temperature will the ratio of
populations be 10 -34 ?
𝐴
Calculate 𝐵 .
17. A laser pulse of duration 1 ns has a power of 10 mW. If the number of photons emitted in
a pulse is 1015, calculate the wavelength of emitted photons.
18. A laser pulse of duration 4 ns has a power of 60 mW. If the number of photons emitted in
a pulse is 1018, calculate the wavelength of emitted photons.
19. The efficiency of He-Ne laser is 0.17. If it is operated with a current of 10 mA at 3 kV.
Neglecting loss of power, calculate power output in mW.
20. The efficiency of He-Ne laser is 0.35. If it is operated with a current of 19 mA at 8 kV.
Neglecting loss of power, calculate power output in mW.

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