Week 1

DATE:
TOPIC: Information Transmission
Class: SS1
DURATION: 80 minutes
Lesson OBJECTIVES: at least 90% of the students should be able to:
 Define Information Transmission
 List methods of Transmitting information

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: students learnt about data and information in their previous
lesson.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education (SS1-3) by HiiT
Plc., the Internet.
CONTENTS:
NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
What is Computer Network?
A network is the connection of devices such as computers and other devices so as to
share resources like documents, pictures, videos and even hardware like printers.
Each device connected on a network is called a node.
The server is the most important computer that controls the other computers in a
network.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
There are several different types of computer network; they include:
PAN (Personal Area Network)
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

Personal Area Network (PAN) is a network organized by individual users for their personal
use. This is the connection of devices like laptop, smartphone, Bluetooth headset just for
personal use. For example, you can use a cable to transfer songs between your computer
and your mobile phone.
 Diagram of a PAN

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

This is the connection of network devices within a specific geographical location such as a
business office, laboratory, or college campus, by means of cables. These cables help to
transmit data speedily.

Note: Wireless LANs (WLANs)

It is similar to LANs except that there are no cables. They provide wireless network
communication to devices over fairly short distances (a few meters). Devices known as
Access Points (APs) are connected into the wired network at fixed locations.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN is a computer network that extends to a campus of large organizations, such as a
university or covers an entire city. MAN includes many LANs and individual computers.

Diagram of a MAN
 Note:
Campus Area Network (CAN) is a type of network specifically designed for a college
campus.
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
This is a large computer network made up of smaller networks such as two or more LANs.
The world’s most famous and largest WAN is the Internet.

Diagram of a WAN

The two common terms used in WAN networks are:

a) Intranet (INTernal Restricted Access NETwork): this is a private network within an
organization, formed by connecting two or more LANs. It is used share information,
training material, employee information and other resources among employees.
 b) Extranet: it is a network that has limited access to an organization’s intranet. It can
be considered as an extension of the intranet of an organization. Most of the time in
an extranet, clients, vendors and suppliers of an organization access its resources by
using the extranet.

Intranet and Extranet

What are the differences between the internet and an intranet?

Intranet Internet
The term ‘intranet’ comes from the phrase: The term ‘internet’ comes from the phrase:
internal restricted access network. international network.
An intranet is used to give local information The internet covers topics of general interest.
relevant to the organization.
In an intranet, it is possible to block certain In the internet, it is possible to block certain
websites. websites but it is more difficult.
An intranet requires password and user ID The internet can be accessed from anywhere in
the world so long as the user has an ISP account.
An intranet is behind a firewall which gives This is more difficult with the internet since it is
some protection against hackers, viruses etc. open on an international scale.

Different Networks based on Purpose

a) SAN: Storage Area Network
b) EPN: Enterprise Area Network
c) VPN: Virtual Private Network

SAN: Storage Area Network

A storage Area network is a dedicated network that provides access to data storage
and operations only on the block level.
EPN: Enterprise Area Network
This is a computer network that helps enterprise companies with a number of
different offices to connect those offices to each in a secure way over network. An
enterprise private network is mainly set up to share computer resources.

VPN:Virtual Private Network

A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network
and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if
their computing devices were directly connected to the private network.

BASIC NETWORK TERMINOLOGIES

You need to know some basic terminologies used in computer
network. Some of these terms are:
 Node
 Server
 Client

● Node
A node is any device that is connected to a computer network. In your school lab,
the computers, printers and scanners are examples of nodes.
• Server
A server is the main and powerful computer connected to a network that is used
to:
 Share resources,
 Respond to requests from computers and other servers

▪ Client
A client is a computer that uses services and resources provided by other
computers and servers in a network. Example is an Automatic Teller Machine
(ATM).

Components of a Computer Network

Computer network components are those hardware and software parts needed to
set up the computer networks.
The hardware components are the:
o Server
o Client
o transmission medium, and
o connecting devices.
The software components are:
o operating system and
o protocols.
PRESENTATION
STEP I: Guided discussion on previous knowledge and introduction.
STEP II: students are shown the ways to collate, organize and analyse information.
STEP III: slide showing various tools used information processing.
STEP IV: students are guided to mention the ancient and modern methods of information
processing.
EVALUATION: Students answer the following question:
Define Information Transmission.
List and explain three modern methods of transmitting information
LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK TWO (2).

Week 2
DATE:
TOPIC: Medium of Information Transmission
Class: SS1
DURATION: 80 minutes
Lesson OBJECTIVES: at least 90% of the students should be able to:
 Group the means of transmitting information
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: students learnt about data and information in their previous
lesson.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education (SS1-3) by HiiT
Plc., the Internet.
CONTENTS:
Network Devices
These are the devices used alongside computers in a network.
Examples of Network Devices include:
1. Modems
2. Hubs
3. Switches
4. Bridge
5. Router
6. Gateway
7. Network Interface Card (NIC)

1. MODEM (Modulator Demodulator)

A Modem is a device that converts (Modulates) a computer’s digital signal into an

analogue signal for transmission over an existing telephone line.
It also does the reverse by converting analogue signal from the telephone line into
digital signals (demodulates) to enable the computer to process the data.

Dial-up modems
Dial-up modems allow a user to connect to network through a telephone line which is
used to dial the Internet Service Provider (ISP) but the telephone line can not be used
to make calls while accessing the Internet.
They operate at transmission speeds of about 60 kilobits (60 Kilobits=60,000bits) per
second which is very slow.

2. Hubs
A hub is a hardware device that is used to connect together a number of devices to
form a LAN. Its main task is to receive data packet at one of its ports and then
broadcast it to every computer in the network.
3. Switch
 A switch is similar to a hub but are much more efficient in the way it
distributes data packet.
 A switch checks the data packet received and works out its destination
address and sends the data to the appropriate computers.
 A switch is called an intelligent hub
 each device or computer on a network has address that uniquely identifies it
in a network; this address is called Media Access Control (MAC) address.
4. Bridge

A bridge is a device that connects one LAN to another LAN; they are often used
to connect together different parts of a LAN so that they can function as a single
LAN.

5. Router
A router enables data packets to be routed between the different networks for
example, to join a LAN to a WAN. A router would have an internet cable plugged
into it and several cables connecting to computers and other devices on the LAN.
6. Network Interface Card (NIC)
This is needed to connect a computer to a network for example the
Internet.

7. Gateway
A gateway is a network point or node that acts as an entrance to
another network.
 DEFINING COMPUTERS ON A NETWORK
For a computer to be able to find other computers and devices on a network, the
following are used:
• Internet Protocol (IP) Address
• Media Access Control (MAC) Address
IP Address is a unique address that is used to locate every device connected on
the Internet. It is a 32-bit number usually written in the form: 109.108.158.1
A home computer is assigned an IP address when it connects to the internet. The
only IP address that remains the same is that of web servers.
An IP address can be used instead of typing the URL. For example,
http://109.108.158.1 would take you to the web page with the address.

Illustrating IP Address

MAC Address
A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each
computing device on the computer network. The MAC address is provided by the
manufacturers of each network interface device.
A MAC address is made up of six two-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by
colons.
Example of MAC address is 00:0e:62:d1:b0:3c. The first 24 bits (3bytes) identifies
the organization that manufactured the hardware while the remaining 24 bits
(3bytes) uniquely identifies the type of network device and provide a specific
serial number for the network interface.
 MAC Address illustration

Difference between IP Addresses and media access control addresses

An IP address gives the location of a device on the Internet while the MAC
address identifies the device connected to the internet.

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

Wi-Fi and bluetooth offer wireless communication between devices. They both
use radio frequencies as the carrier of data transmission.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth sends and receives radio waves in the band of 79
frequencies (known as channels). These are centered on a 2.45 GHZ frequency.
Devices using bluetooth automatically detect and connect to each other but they
don’t interfere since each communicating pair uses different channel.
When a device wants to communicate, it randomly picks one of the 79 channels;
if this channel is taken, another one is picked. This is called spread-spectrum
frequency hopping.

Differences between wi-fi and Bluetooth

Feature Bluetooth Wi-fi
Transmission frequency used 2.4GHz 2.4,3.6,5.0 GHz
Data transfer rate (max) 25 Mbits/second 250 Mbits/second
Maximum effective range(metres) 30 m 100 m (but obstructed by walls)
Maximum number of devices connected 7 Depends on router (many devices)
Type of data transmission security Key matching encryption WEP (wireless equivalent privacy)
and WPA (wi-fi protected access)
are the most common security
systems.
PRESENTATION
STEP I: Guided discussion on previous knowledge and introduction.
STEP II: students are shown via diagram how data is processed to get information.
STEP III: slide showing various examples of examples of data and information.
STEP IV: students are guided to mention the differences between data and information.
EVALUATION: Students answer the following questions:
a) Mention and explain types of information transmission
b) Classify information transmission by:
i. Means of transmission
ii. Mode of receiving information

SUMMARY: Teacher summarizes by reviewing the performance objectives.

ASSIGNMENT: State five differences between Data and Information.

LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK THREE

Week 3
DATE:
TOPIC: Operating System 1
Class: SS1
DURATION: 80 minutes
Lesson OBJECTIVES: at least 90% of the students should be able to:
 Define Operating System
 Give examples of Operating System
 State functions of an Operating System

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: students learnt about computer and its components which
includes both hardware and software.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education (SS1-3) by HiiT
Plc., the Internet.
CONTENTS:
Network Topology
In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices. There are two
types of network topology, a physical topology and a logical topology.
The physical topology of a network refers to the layout of the cables and network devices,
and logical topology refers to the method of communication of the network devices.
 Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

a) Bus topology
b) Star topology
c) Ring topology
d) Mesh topology
e) Tree topology
f) Hybrid topology

Bus topology
In a bus topology, all nodes are connected with the main cable in a linear way. A connector
connects the main cable with each node. The main cable is known as the bus or backbone
and acts as the communication channel. A bus allows bi-directional data transmission.
The terminators absorb the signals and do not allow the signals back into the network.

Some advantages of bus topology are:

 It is easy to set up.
 It requires minimum cable length compared to other types of networks.
 The topology can be set up at low cost.

Some disadvantages of bus topology are:

 It is hard to detect faults in this topology since all nodes are connected to a single
backbone.
 It is not suitable for large network with heavy traffic because all the data in the bus
topology flow through a common backbone.

Star topology
A star topology uses a central device that connects all the individual nodes in a network.
Each node in a star topology communicates with each other through this central device.

Diagram of a Star topology

Some advantages of star topology are:

 It is easy to connect new nodes without affecting the other parts of the
network.
 Network components can be removed easily.
 the IT administrator can monitor the entire network easily.
 The IT administrator can easily detect failure and troubleshoot the network.
 Failure of one node does not affect the entire network.

Some disadvantages of star topology are:

 the network depends a lot on a central device.
 The setup cost is high.
 the use of hub or switch as a central device increases the overall cost of
the network.
Ring topology
In a ring topology each node is connected to two adjacent nodes and therefore forms a
circle.
Diagram of a Ring topology
 Some advantages of using the ring topology are:
 It provides a better performance than the bus, even when the network load increases.
 Additional network components do not affect the performance of the network.
 Each node has equal access to all the network resources.
 The space and cable requirement for the ring topology is less compared to star topology.

Some disadvantages of the ring topology are:

 data transfer is slow since the signals have to pass through all the computers from the
source to the destination.
 Network devices used in ring are expensive.
 If one node fails, the entire network fails.

Mesh topology
In this topology, all nodes can pass signals or information directly to all other nodes.

Some advantages of mesh topology are:

  It can support high data traffic and simultaneous data transfer from different nodes.
 The failure of a single node does not affect data transfer.
 The mesh topology can be expanded and modified without disrupting the nodes.

Some disadvantages of mesh topology are:

 The implementation of mesh topology is more expensive compared to other topologies.
 Maintenance cost of the topology is high.
 The administration of a topology using the mesh topology is tough.
Tree topology
In this topology, a root node is connected with one or more second-level nodes. Each of
these second-level nodes is connected with one or more third-level nodes and so on.

Diagram of a Tree topology

Some advantages of tree topology are:

 This topology can be expanded easily.
 It is easy to detect and rectify faults.
 Failure of one segment does not affect other segments.

Some disadvantages of tree topology are:

 It becomes difficult to manage when the number of nodes is increased.
 If the main cable breaks, the entire network fails.

Hybrid topology
A hybrid has the characteristics of more than one standard topology. A Hybrid is formed
when more than one topology such as the star and bus are brought together.
 Diagram of a Hybrid topology

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Are you aware that there are rules and regulations that guide the conduct of every student
in your School? For example, every student must be dressed in the school uniform during
school hours.
Similarly, in a network, computers and devices require protocols to communicate with one
another so that they can service network users.

What is Network Protocol?

A Network Protocol helps to define the rules and conventions for communication between
network devices.

The commonly used network protocols are:

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Protocol Description
HTTP This protocol is used to transfer files and data from one
computer to another in the World Wide Web (WWW).
HTTPS This protocol is based on the HTTP protocol; it is used for
secure communication over a computer network. For
example, banking websites use the HTTPS protocol for
securing financial transactions.
HTML HTML is the basic building block of web pages.
FTP This protocol is used to transfer files between computers on
the Internet.
SMTP SMTP means simple mail transfer protocol and it is an internet
standard for electronic mail (email) transmission across
internet (IP) networks.

COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Communication or transmission media helps to transfer data between various
network devices such as computers and printers.
Transmission media can be;
a) Wired (Guided) media
b) Wireless (Unguided) media

a). Wired media

Wired media are used to transfer data through cables. Wired media are also called
guided media because they restrict data transfer to a specific path.
The cables used in guided media are:
 Twisted pair cables
 Coaxial cables (coax)
Optical fibre cable

Images of Twisted pair cables

STP: Shielded Twisted Pair UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair

Image of Coaxial cables

Image of Optical fibre cables

Wireless Media
• Wireless media transmit data by using electromagnetic waves.
• Wireless media are also called unguided media because the data transfer on a
network using a wireless transmission medium does not follow a well-defined path.
Instead it is in the form of waves.
Electromagnetic waves are characterized by their frequency.
• The frequency of a wave is the number of cycles traversed by the wave in one
second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz)
The types of wireless media used for communication are:

• Radio wave transmission

• Microwave transmission

• Infrared transmission

Radio wave transmission

Radio waves use a frequency range from 3 kilohertz (KHz) to 3 Gigahertz (GHz) to carry
signals. The songs you listen on your radio set travel to you through this medium.
 Radio wave Transmission

Some characteristics of radio waves are:

• These waves are easy to generate and transmit. They are usually generated by a
transmitter. They spread in all the directions. The equipment that receives the waves
is known as receiver.
• These waves can penetrate buildings and can travel to a long distance. They can
easily cover a city.
• These waves can travel only in one direction and are known as omni-directional
waves.
• They are impacted by weather conditions.
To use radio waves for commercial purposes, you need to take permission from
government authorities.

Microwave Transmission
Microwave uses a frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz to carry signals. These
waves travel in a straight line and cannot penetrate buildings. Microwave
transmission use big antennas called microwave towers to send and receive data.
These waves are mostly used to connect different offices of a company or
government bodies in different cities.
Microwave Transmission
Some characteristics of microwaves are:
• They are useful in transmitting data in a difficult terrain such as mountainous
regions.
• The towers for these waves can be setup at the top of a building. This prevents the
hassles of acquiring land for setting towers.
• To send and receive microwaves, the transmitting and receiving antennas should be
aligned because these waves travel in a straight line.
• The signals sent through microwave are not secure.
• The cost of setting up microwaves is more than radio waves.
• These signals are impacted by weather conditions.

Infrared Transmission
Infrared transmission uses the frequency range from 300 GHz to 400 THz to carry
signals. It is used to transfer data between mobile phones and laptops and between
a laptop and a wireless mouse or a keyboard.
 Infrared Transmission

Some characteristics of infrared are:

 It requires minimum power to operate and can be set up at a low cost.
 The speed of data transfer is slow.
 It can be used for a small range of distance.
 It is a secure way of data transfer because signal cannot pass beyond a room or
chamber.
 A device that uses infrared transmission usually has an infrared adapter which can
send and receive data using infrared waves.
 These signals are impacted by weather conditions.
PRESENTATION
STEP I: Guided discussion on previous knowledge and introduction.
STEP II: students are shown via diagram how data is processed to get information.
STEP III: slide showing various examples of examples of data and information.
STEP IV: students are guided to mention the differences between data and information.
EVALUATION: Students answer the following questions:
1) Define Operating System
2) Give examples of operating system
3) State four function of an operating system
4) Mention types of operating system
SUMMARY: Teacher summarizes by reviewing the performance objectives.

Week 4-5
DATE:
TOPIC: Operating System 2
Class: SS1
DURATION: 80 minutes
Lesson OBJECTIVES: at least 90% of the students should be able to:
 Define GUI
 Define CLI
 Differentiate between GUI and CLI


PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: students learnt about data and information in their previous
lesson.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education (SS1-3) by HiiT
Plc., the Internet.
CONTENTS:

PRESENTATION
STEP I: Guided discussion on previous knowledge and introduction.
STEP II: students are shown via diagram how data is processed to get information.
STEP III: slide showing various examples of examples of data and information.
STEP IV: students are guided to mention the differences between data and information.
EVALUATION: Students answer the following questions:
c) What is GUI?
d) What is CLI?
e) Mention any two advantages and disadvantages of GUI and CLI

SUMMARY: Teacher summarizes by reviewing the performance objectives.

Week 6-7
DATE:
TOPIC: Word Processing 1
Class: SS1
DURATION: 80 minutes
Lesson OBJECTIVES: at least 90% of the students should be able to:





PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: students learnt about data and information in their previous
lesson.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education (SS1-3) by HiiT
Plc., the Internet.
CONTENTS:
PRESENTATION
STEP I: Guided discussion on previous knowledge and introduction.
STEP II: students are shown via diagram how data is processed to get information.
STEP III: slide showing various examples of examples of data and information.
STEP IV: students are guided to mention the differences between data and information.
EVALUATION: Students answer the following questions:
f) What is data?
 g) Mention 4 sources of data
h) What is information?
i) Define data handling.
SUMMARY: Teacher summarizes by reviewing the performance objectives.
ASSIGNMENT: State five differences between Data and Information.

Week 4
Topic: Information Transmission: Internet

THE INTERNET (INTERnational NETwork)

The Internet (International Network) is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

The Internet has not always been the same; it has been evolving over time. It began in the
1960s. The origin of the Internet is a network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project
Agency Network).
The ARPANET is a computer network formed by the US department of defense. After a while,
the ARPANET was expanded to accommodate educational institutions and some other
networks. This means that the ARPANET was the first major network to which several other
resources were connected to form what became the internet. It was until another network
 arrangement was developed to replace the ARPANET that the growing network stopped
being a military system.
Gradually, the network became an international research facility for people around the world.
The internet now consists of different major networks that interconnect at strategic points.
Introduction to the World Wide Web
The world wide web, abbreviated as WWW or W3 and commonly known as the web, is a
system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. With a web browser,
one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and
navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Brief History of WWW

Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, English engineer and computer scientist sir
Tim Berners-Lee, now the director of the world wide web consortium, wrote a proposal in
march 1989 for what would eventually become the world wide web.
The World Wide web was designed to be a pool of human Knowledge, and human culture,
which would allow collaborators in remote site to share their ideas and all aspect of a
common project.

GENERAL INTERNET TERMS

The basic terminologies of the internet to be considered are:
1. The Web (WWW)
2. Web Browser
3. Website
4. Web page
5. Home Page
6. Protocols

The Web
The Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet.

Web Browser
It is an application program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents
and other resources on the Internet.
Examples of Browsers are:
i. Internet Explorer (Microsoft Edge)
ii. Mozilla Firefox
iii. Google Chrome
iv. Opera
v. Apple Safari
vi. Flock
vii. Netscape Navigator
viii. Crazy Browser etc.
Website: A website is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other
digital assets.
Web page
It is a single document page of a website.

Network Protocols
A network protocol helps to define the rules and conventions for communication
between network devices.
In a network, computers and devices require protocols to communicate with one
another so that they can service network users.

The commonly used network protocols are:

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): this protocol is used to transfer files and data
from one computer to another in the World Wide Web (WWW).
• HTTP Secure (HTTPS): this protocol is used to transfer files and data from one
computer to another in a secure manner. For example, HTTPS is used in all the online
banking and online bill payment sites.
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): this is a combination of
two protocols, TCP and IP. When a user sends a message, the information is broken
into data packets. When the message is received by the other user, the data packets
are reassembled to form the information originally sent. This is done by the TCP.
The IP protocol ensures that the right data packet is received by the right person.

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): this protocol is used to transfer files between
computers. The protocol uses the TCP/IP to transfer files. FTP is useful in
downloading and sharing files and software applications to users.
• HTML mean Hyper Text Markup Language: HTML is the basic building block of web
pages.
• SMTP means simple mail transfer protocol and it is an internet standard for
electronic mail (email) transmission across internet (IP) networks.

Search Engines
They are websites that are used to search for information on the web.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
This is a company that provides users with access to the internet.

Social Networking sites

They are sites that focus on building online communities of users who share the same
interests and activities. They enable people to share photos, videos and music, hobbies,
favourite eating places and so on.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Identifies services, servers and other databases and the
documents and resources that they can provide.
Chat room means real-time online interaction with friends, relations and even strangers.

Internet Café (Cyber cafe) is a place which provides internet access to the public usually for a
fee.
Electronic Mail (e-mail) is a method of exchanging digital messages between computer users.
Upload means to send data to a remote system such as a server from a user’s local computer
while download is means to copy data or information from a remote server to a user’s local
computer.
Cyberspace is the imaginary environment in which communication over computer networks
happen.

Benefits of the Internet

Always up-to-date: Information on the internet tends to be up-to-date since it is easier to
update web pages.
Always available: the internet is always available for use any time; 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week, 365 days a year.
Vast range of information: the internet has an answer on any search item entered into a
search engine; many web sites have information concerning the search item.
Easy to contact people: the internet provides many ways to keep in touch with people at all
hours of the day. From email, forums, chat rooms, video conferencing and telephone calls.

Internet Security
This means to create rules and actions to protect against attacks over the internet. An
example of internet security is an online system that prevents credit card numbers from
being stolen on a shopping site.

Abuses of the Internet

Internet abuse refers to improper use of the internet and may include the following;
Computer crime: this is the use of computer and network to commit crime.
Cyber-bullying: this is the deliberate use information technology networks to harm or harass
other users.
Spam: this is sending unsolicited mails, especially advertisements, to other users.
Malware (malicious software) is a software designed to harm a user’s computer. It is a
software designed to disrupt the computer’s operation, gather sensitive information, gain
access to private computer systems or display unwanted advertising.

Week 5: Presentation Package

Introduction to Presentation Package

A presentation package is an application package that is used to display information usually

in form of a slide show. It is used to create a visual presentation to an audience.

Examples of Presentation Packages are:

a. MS PowerPoint
b. Adobe Flash
c. Windows Movie maker
d. Google slides
e. Harvard graphics
f. Slide dogs
g. Google slides
h. Corel presentation
i. OpenLP
j. Magic point
k. Prezi
Features of a Presentation Package
A presentation package has certain features such as:
1. Creation of slides
2. Insertion of pictures
3. Insertion of video and audio
4. Animation
5. Slide show
6. Creating graphics
7. Creating organizational and other types of chart
MS PowerPoint
Power Point is a presentation package created and designed by Microsoft Inc. It
is used to make a visual presentation to an audience. It is very popular because
of its user-friendly interface.

Uses of MS PowerPoint
 Use PowerPoint to make tutorials.
 Prepare nice animations using PowerPoint.
  Use PowerPoint as a photo slide show.
 Use PowerPoint to create charts
MS PowerPoint Versions
● MS PowerPoint 97
● MS PowerPoint 2000
● MS PowerPoint 2003
● MS PowerPoint 2007
● MS PowerPoint 2010
● MS PowerPoint 2013
● MS PowerPoint 2016
● MS PowerPoint 2019

Parts of MS PowerPoint Interface

1 3

6
Labels
1. Slide Overview
 2. Slide Pane
3. Placeholders
4. Note pane
5. Status bar
6. View shortcut

Parts of MS Power Point user interface are:

● Title bar
● Quick Access Toolbar (QAT)
● Window Management buttons (minimize, maximize and close)
● Tabs
● Commands/buttons/icons
● Groups/chunks
● Backstage view
● Vertical and horizontal scrollbars
● View shortcut
● Placeholders
● Slide pane
● Slide overview
● Note pane
● Status bar

View
This is the way the slides appear;
the types of view are:
1) Normal view (default)
2) Slide sorter view
3) Reading view
4) Slide show

Slide Layout
Slide Layout is the way the placeholders are arranged on the slide; the default slide layout is Title
slide.
Creating a new slide
● To create a new slide,
● Click on Home tab,
● In the Sides group, click on the New slide button.
OR
Press CTRL + M on the keyboard.
Applying and Modifying Themes.
A theme is a combination of colors, fonts, formatting, graphics and other elements that gives the
presentation a consistence look. The theme applied to a presentation can be changed at any time
by selecting a component from the Themes gallery.
Some of the components of the Themes gallery include Colors, Fonts, and Effects.
To customize color theme:
On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the Colors button, and the click the required color or
click Create New Theme Colors at the bottom of the Colors gallery.
To customize Fonts:
On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the Fonts button, and the click the required font or
click Create New Theme Fonts Create New Theme Fonts at the bottom of the Fonts gallery.
To change Effects:
On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the Effects button, and the required effect in the
Effects gallery.
To apply a different theme:
On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the More button in the lower-right corner of the
Themes gallery, and the click the thumbnail of the required theme.

Text Alignment
Alignment is used to position a text in the placeholders.
Left alignment (ctrl+L): for left alignment; this is the default
Center alignment (ctrl+E): for center alignment
Right alignment (ctrl+R): for right alignment
Justify (ctrl+j): align to both left and right margins

Week 4 & 5
Formatting the Background of Slides
The background of all slides in a presentation can be customized by applying a background style
from a gallery of predefined solid colors and gradients.
Format Background dialogue box is used to customize the background with Solid color, Gradient
color, Texture, Picture and Pattern.
To apply background to all slides, use the Background Styles gallery.
To apply background to a single or selected few slides use the Format Background dialogue box.

Entering Text in Text Placeholders

Selected layout indicates the position and type of the objects on the slide with placeholders.
Text can be entered either directly into a text placeholder on a slide in the Slide pane or on the
Outline tab of the Overview pane.
To enter a new line of text with the same style and at the same level as the current one, press
Enter.
 Footer Information
Footer is used to make the same information appear at the bottom of every slide. Footers include:
● Date and time, in updating or fixed formats Slide number.
● Custom text.
Inserting Footer Information
To add footer
- On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click the Header and Footer button.
- In the Include on slide area, select the required option.
- Click Apply to add the footer to the current slide, or click Apply to All to add it to all the
slides.

SECTIONS
Dividing a Presentation into Sections
In a log presentation, dividing presentations makes it easier to organize content, simpler for
audiences to understand, as it helps to hide all the sections except the current one.
Note:
Sections appear as bars across the Slides tab of the Overview pane in Normal view and throughout
the workspace in Slide Sorter view. They do not appear in other views.
To add a section before the selected slide:
- On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click the Section button.
- Click Add section.
To name a section:
- Click the section bar.
- On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Section, and then click Rename Section.
Or
- Right-click the section bar and then click Rename Section.
- Enter the name in the Rename Section dialogue box, and then click Rename.

To hide the slides in a section under the section bar:

- To the left of the section name, click the black arrowhead, and then click the white
arrowhead to display the slides once again.
To hide all the slides under their section bars:
- Click any section bar.
- On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Section, and then click Collapse All.
- Right-click any section bar, and then click Collapse All. Click Expand All to display the slides
again.
To change the order of sections:
- Drag the section bars to reorganize the presentation.
- Right-click a section bar, and click Move Section Up or Move Section Down.
To apply a different theme to the slides in a section, click the section bar to select it and its slides,
and then apply the desired theme.
To remove a section:
- Click the section bar.
- On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click the Section button, and then Remove Section.
Or, right-click the section bars, and then clicks Remove Section.
To delete or hide a slide
Right-click on the slide to delete and choose delete slide
To hide a slide
Right-click on the slide to hide and choose hide
To unhide the hidden slide, repeat the process above and choose hide again.
To insert a symbol
Position the cursor where you want to insert the symbol
On the Insert tab in the Symbols group, click the Symbol button to open the Symbol dialog box.
In the dialog box, select the symbol and click the Insert button and then close the dialog box.

You can insert some common symbols by entering specific key combinations as shown in the table
below:

Symbol Description Key combination

© Copyright (c)

®™ Registered Trademark (R)

Trademark (TM)

Euro (E)

Ellipsis …(three periods)

Add supplementary text to slides

If you want to add text outside the placeholder, you can create an independent text box and enter
the text there.
To insert a text box
Click on Insert tab > Text group, click the Text Box button.
On the slide, drag a box where you want the text to appear.

Insert equations
 You can insert mathematical symbols like pi or sigma the same way you would a symbol.
WordArt
WordArt is used to insert decorative or fantastic-looking texts into your presentation. PowerPoint
includes 20 artistic text effects.

To apply a wordArt effect to an existing text

 Select the text that you want to format
 On the Format tool tab, in the WordArt styles group, click the More button to display the
WordArt Styles gallery.
 In the gallery, click the WordArt effect that you want to apply.

Week8

Working with Slide Masters

Slide master is the overall slide that controls all information about the theme, layout, background,
color, fonts, and positioning of all slides. Using the Slide Master makes the look of a presentation
consistent. Any change made in the slide master adjusts the look of an existing theme or make
changes to all slides in your presentation.
Slide master helps to reduce the size of the power point file.

Customizing Slide Masters

PowerPoint slides take the formatting of the presentation’s slide master, which by default,
includes placeholders for a title, bullet points, date, slide number and footer information.
To make changes to a presentation’s master, switch to Slide Master view where the Slide Master
tab is added to the ribbon. In this view, slide thumbnail is displayed at the top of the Overview
pane.
The Slide Master tab helps in:
● Applying a theme; changing the colors, fonts, or effects.
● Managing the background color, texture and graphics.
● Indicate which placeholders should appear on the slides.

To switch to Slide Master View:

- On the View tab, in the Master views group, click the Slide Master button.
To close Slide Master view:
- On the Slide Master tab, in the Close group, click the Close Master View button.

Transition
Transition is the way one slide replaces another in a presentation.
Examples of transition are: fade, cut, push, wipe and so on.

How to apply Transition to a slide?

 To use a transition,
● Select a slide that transition is to be applied,
● Click on the Transitions tab, then under the Transition to this slide group, select a Transition
Animation: this is the ability of a text or an object to move or change its position in a
presentation.
Week 6
Topic: WEB DESIGN PACKAGES
Introduction
The Internet has redefined the borders of our modern world; big or small companies now
have customers all over the globe. Small or big businesses, groups and non-profit
organizations are providing an array of information to a widespread audience. The
possibilities are endless through effective and efficient web design.
In today’s digital world, websites emerge as an important tool that not only help the
companies to find their target audience but also help in connecting with the desired
customers while seating remotely. Website has become the medium of communication for
business houses.

Web Design
What is Web Design?
Web Design is the planning, creation and updating of websites. Web design also involves
information architecture, website structure, user interface, navigation ergonomics, website
layout, colours, contrasts, fonts and imagery as well as icons design.
While the web design and web development are often used interchangeably, web design is
technically a subset of the broader category of web development.
Understanding a Web Page
The first step to setting up a web application is to understand its components. The main
component and only component of a web application is setting up web pages.
A web page is a text file that contains Hypertext Markup Language(HTML) formatting tags
and links to graphic files and other web pages through a web server.
Websites are created using HTML.
HTML is called a markup language because it provides a way to describe the structure of a
web page, specifying how text or graphics are displayed on the web page while Cascading
Style Sheet (CSS) is used to specify the layout and appearance of the elements within a
webpage.
Web Design Packages
Web Design Packages are the packages used in the process of designing a website.
Examples of web design packages are:
 iWeb
 Microsoft FrontPage
 Adobe Dreamweaver
 Microsoft Expression web 3.0 and Studio
 webPlus x4
 NetObjects Fusion
 Amaya
a).iWeb
iWeb allows users to create websites and blogs and customize them with their own text,
photos and movies.
iWeb integrates with other services including Facebook, YouTube, AdSense and Google
Maps.
It allows users to create a website in no time without the knowledge of programming or
HTML. It also provides beautiful templates.
b).Microsoft FrontPage
FrontPage is a website publishing software which was released by Microsoft. It helps to
manage the web pages as well as to create and edit in a What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get
(WYSIWYG) fashion.
c).Adobe Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver is one of the most popular professional web development packages.
Dreamweaver is suitable for designing both simple and dynamic pages written with
ColdFusion, PHP, ASP, CSS, XML, XSLT and JavaScript. It can be used both on Mac and
Windows operating systems.
d). Microsoft Expression web 3.0 and Studio
This is an HTML editor and general web design software by Microsoft. It is part of the
Expression Studio suite.
e). webPlus x4 (now owned by Microsoft)
WebPlus X6 provides the quick and easy way for businesses and individuals to create and
publish professional and attractive websites either for desktops or mobiles.
f). NetObjects Fusion
It has a graphical user interface and generates HTML through its own proprietary database.
g). Amaya
It is a free and open-source WYSIWYG web authoring tool with browsing abilities.
 Component of Web Design Package
The components of a web design package include:
1. A solid Layout
2. Effective Typography
3. The Right colour Scheme
4. Appropriate Design Elements
1. A solid Layout
In web design, the foundation is the layout; laying out a web design means placing all the
content and navigational elements.
2. Effective Typography
Just like layout, typography plays an important role in how a user views the content of a
website. It is very important for a web design’s typography to be easy to read and follow.
3. the Right Colour Scheme
The right colour scheme is important because it will set the mood of your design more than
any other component.
4. appropriate design elements
This has to do with one’s creativity level. Your creativity can go wild here with texture, icons,
patterns and so on. Also, the design elements have to be consistent with the other three
components.
Week 8-9 GRAPHIC DESIGN PACKAGES

Introduction to Graphics Package

What is Graphics?
Computer Graphics are graphics created using computers and, more generally, the
representation and manipulation of image data by a computer.

Examples of Graphic Packages

Common Examples of graphic packages are:
a) Paint
b) CorelDraw
c) Adobe Photoshop
d) Havard Graphics
e) Print Master
f) Ventura
g) Photoshop Pro
h) Adobe Page Maker
i) Windows Movie Maker

Introduction to CorelDraw

What is Corel draw?

Corel draw is a vector graphics editor used for virtually any design project from logos and
product packaging for technical illustrations and advertisements

Applications of Corel draw:

 for creating graphics for creating mail merge
 for designing documents
 for creating letter head, business cards etc

The Features of CorelDraw

Title Bar: The Title Bar displays the name of the CorelDraw file on which you are
working. It is also to reposition the CorelDraw windows on the screen.
Menu Bar: There are 11 pull down menus. All menu commands are found in these
pull down menus.
Rulers: Rulers serve as a positioning and sizing aid. They can be turned off optionally.
In addition, you can drag guidelines off the rulers to serve as drawing aids.
The Scroll Bars: The scroll bars allow you to shift the page horizontally and vertically.
Drawing window: The large white portion of the screen is the drawing window. The
rectangle with the drop shadow is the printable page. Use the entire area for
working. Use the white space on either side of the page as pasteboard or as a test
area.
Dockers: Dockers are a variation of the Rollup but differ in that they can be docked to the
interface shell. In general, Dockers are document managers. For example, there is a view
manager docker which defines views, and an object manager docker which is very helpful
when your images become more complex.
Status Bar: Status bar shows the fill pattern, outline, location, movement and
absolute coordinates of a selected. The status Bar changes dynamically depending on
the action.
The Toolbox
The toolbox provides you with (surprise) operational tools.

CorelDraw Environment Overview

Working with Object Tools
Pick Tool:
The simplest form of selecting object is by choosing the pick tool
from the tool box and click on the object. For selecting multiple
objects, keep the SHIFT key pressed down while selecting the
other objects.
Moving Object:
Select the object by using the pick tool. Click and drag the
selected objects to the new position and release the mouse
button.
Scaling Object:
When an object is selected using the Pick Tool, a selection
handle appears on the object. Click and drag any corner of the
selection handle.
Rotate / Skew an Object:
Click the selected object twice to activate the rotation and skew
control around the object.
Freehand and Polyline Tools: This allows the user control the
smoothness of the curved line being drawn. However, the
Polyline tool is easier to use for drawing a quick and complex
line.
2-Point Line Tool: This can be used to draw straight lines
Bezier and Pen Tools: These tools are used to draw lines of one
segment at a time by placing each node with precision and
controlling the shape of each curved segment.
Artistic Media Tool: This provides access to brush, sprayer,
calligraphic and pressure tools.
Brushes: This tool is used to give a brush style effect to an
existing line. To use:
i. Choose the Artistic Media Tool
ii. In the property bar choose the brush style
iii. Click and drag to draw
Sprayer: This repeat uniformly or randomly across a full length of a path.
Calligraphy Pen: This produces results similar to adjusting the nib shape with any regular
pen tool.
3-Point Curve Tool: This allows user draw simple curved lines by specifying the width and
height. Shapes can be created quickly without manipulation of nodes.
Editing Object: Objects in a document can be edited either by using the mouse to perform it
by clicking and dragging
Knife Tool: This is used to cut an object to a desired shape or to cut several objects out of a
single object. There are 3 ways to cut using the knife tool:
i. Straight cut
ii. Freeform cut
iii. Bezier cut
Eraser Tool: This is used to remove unwanted portion of an object. The object automatically
closed the path after the portion is erased. The eraser tool will only work when an object is
selected.
Virtual Segment Delete Tool: This is used to delete specific portions of objects, specifically
overlapping areas.
Crop Tool: The crop tool is useful when a portion of the selected object is to be cropped. To
crop an image, drag the crop tool around the desired area, then double-click.

Working with Text

Text Tool: CorelDraw is not only about graphics and images. Text always compliments the
graphics and messages. This is why CorelDraw provides artistic text and paragraph text.
Artistic Text: This allows the user to manipulate their properties to create the desired effect.
It is also used to highlight certain element in the design like the logo, slogan and so on.
Paragraph Text: This is used when the amount of text is longer in a document. For a
paragraph text to be added, a text frame has to be created.
The Proofing Tool: This enables user to check the text for apparent spelling errors, grammar
and also thesaurus. But before using this tool, it is important to understand that CorelDraw
supports nearly 122 languages. To use CorelDraw Spell Checker:
i.Select the text with the pick tool or the text tool
ii.Choose text / writing tools menu

Color Basics
Choosing color is a critical part of design. Colors are important design element that helps to
set the one or convey the desired meaning. Graphic applications like CorelDraw use color
models to enable user manipulate with colors in a document. The color models define how
various colors appear on the screen and on printer.
Choosing a Color Model: The following are the various color models:
i. Lab Color Model
ii. RGB Color Model
iii. CMYK Color Model
iv. HSB Color Model
v. Gray-scale Color Model
CorelDraw offers a wide range of colors in the palette. The color mode determines the color
in the default color palette
Fill Types: CorelDraw offers the following fill types:
i. Uniform Fills
ii. Fountain Fills
iii. Pattern and Texture Fills
iv. Mesh Fill
The Color Palette: This is a source from where the user can pick the desired color to fill the
selected object. The color palette also provides an option to manipulate the shades and
tones to each color to ensure the desired color is obtained.
The Interactive Fill Tool: This provides a quicker option for any of the above mentioned fill
types. It is always available at the bottom of the toolbox. For using the interactive fill tool an
object needs to be selected
Outlines: One can change the outline of an object in various ways. Depending on the design,
one can choose a different outline color, thickness or style.
The Outline Pen: This has more options for manipulating the outlines. To open the Outline
Pen Dialog:
i. Double click the outline well on the status bar
ii. Select and manipulate the settings
iii. Click OK
The Outline Color: This can be used to add color to outlines of a selected object. Use the
drop down option to access the color palette and select the desired color. The color selected
on the outline has no effect or impact on the fill color of the selected object.