Lecture - 1

Introduction to Computer
Hardware and System Software
Concepts
 Chapter 1 Learning outcomes
Introduction, applications, functionality
and memory systems of a computer
system.
Various Input and Output devices.
Concepts of Bus technology.
 Overview of Application, System and
Operating system Software’s.
 Assemblers, Linkers, Loaders, Compilers
and Interpreters functionalities.
 Number systems in computer’s.
CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 2
 Lesson - 1
Introduction to Hardware
 Objectives

To learn and appreciate the following concepts

Basic introduction, concepts & applications

Functionality of a computer
Memory system and its types
Input – Output devices
Bus technology

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 4

 Session outcome

At the end of session one will be able to understand

1. Over view of the computers with its various input

and output devices.
2. Core functionality of the computers.
3. How memory systems are utilized.
4. How wired connections are established in
communicating signals between each units of a
computer.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 5

 Introduction to computers
Syntax

Additional  A computer is an electronic device, operating

Information
under the control of instructions (Software)
Do’s
stored in its own memory unit, that can accept
Don’ts

Video clip
data (Input), manipulate data (Process), and
Case studies
produce information (Output) from the
Do it processing.
yourself
 Generally, the term “computer” is used to
describe a collection of devices that function
together as a system.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 6

 Generations of computer
Syntax

Additional
Information

Do’s

Don’ts

Video clip

Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 7

 Classifications of Computer
Syntax

Additional  Microcomputers (Desktop or Personal Computer)

Information
 Notebook computers or laptop
Do’s

Don’ts
 Netbook
Video clip
 Tablet computer
Case studies  Handheld computer or Personal Digital Assistant
Do it  Minicomputers
yourself
 Mainframe computers
 Supercomputers

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 8

 Characteristics of a computer
Syntax

Additional
The key characteristics of a computer are
Information

Do’s
Speed
Don’ts
Accuracy
Video clip

Case studies
Diligence
Do it
Storage capability
yourself
Versatility

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 9

 Applications of a Computer
Syntax

Additional
Information

Do’s

Don’ts

Video clip

Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 10

 Various Computing devices
Syntax

Additional
Information

Do’s

Don’ts

Video clip

Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 11

 What Does A Computer Do?
Syntax

Additional
Information
Computers can perform four general operations,
Do’s
which comprise the information processing cycle.
Don’ts

Video clip • Input

Case studies

Do it • Process/Computation
yourself
• Storage
• Output

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 12

 Data and Information
Syntax

Additional
 All computer processing requires data
Information  Data – Collection of raw facts, figures and symbols.
Do’s  Computers manipulate/processes data to create
Don’ts information.
Video clip  Information is data that is organized, meaningful,
Case studies and useful.
Do it
yourself
 During the output Phase, the information that has
been created is put into some form, such as a
printed report.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 13

 Instruction to computer
Syntax

Additional  Program or software - a detailed list of

Information

Do’s
instructions that tells the computer what exactly
Don’ts
to do.
Video clip  Before processing a specific job, the computer
Case studies program corresponding to that job must be
Do it stored in memory.
yourself
 Once the program is stored in memory the
computer can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 14

 Block Diagram of a Computer
Syntax

Additional
Information

Do’s

Don’ts

Video clip

Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 15

 Computer peripherals
Syntax

Additional
Input, output, or auxiliary storage devices are
Information attached to a computer
Do’s

Don’ts
Input Devices include keyboard and mouse,
Video clip

Case studies
scanners.
Output Devices include printers, video display,
Do it
yourself LCD screens.
Auxiliary Devices/Secondary Storage Devices
include disk drives, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM
drives, modems, and digital cameras.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 16

 Input devices
Syntax
An external device connected to the CPU, used to
Additional
Information feed data and instructions for solving the problem
Do’s at hand
Don’ts The most commonly used input device is the
Video clip
Keyboard and some of the other input devices are
Case studies
listed below
Do it
yourself Mouse
Joystick
Light pen
Trackball
Optical Scanner
Voice input
CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 17
 Output devices
Syntax
It is used to display the results.
Additional
Information The most commonly used output device is the
Do’s monitor. Some of the other output devices are
Don’ts

Video clip printer

Case studies plotter
Do it
yourself
plasma display panels
LCD displays
voice output

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 18

 System unit
Syntax  Data and instructions received from the
Additional
Information
input device are stored and processed in the
Do’s
System unit. The Central Processing Unit and
Don’ts Memory Unit are together called as System
Video clip Unit.
Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 19

 Central Processing Unit
Syntax
Once the data and instructions received from the
Additional
Information input device, they are processed in this unit. This
Do’s is generally called CPU. Further it consists of two
Don’ts functional units.
Video clip
Control Unit (CU)
Case studies
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 20

 Arithmetic and Logical unit
Syntax
Performs arithmetic and logical micro operations:
Additional
Information
Example:
Do’s

Don’ts
arithmetic(+,-,*,/ etc..) and
Video clip logical (AND, OR, NOT, <,= etc..) operations
Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 21

 Control unit
Syntax

Additional •Controls the order in which your program

Information

Do’s
instructions are executed.
Don’ts Functions of CU:
Fetches data and instructions to main memory
Video clip

Case studies
Interprets these instructions
Do it
yourself
Controls the transfer of data and instructions to

and from main memory

Controls input and output devices.

Overall supervision of computer system

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 22

 Memory unit
Syntax
It is a storage device where the data and
Additional
Information instructions fed by the user are stored.
Do’s
It is an ordered sequence of storage cells, each
Don’ts

Video clip capable of holding a piece of information

Case studies

Do it Each cell has its own unique address

yourself

The information held can be input data, computed

values, or your program instructions.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 23

 Memory unit
Syntax

Additional
The computer memory is measured in terms of
Information

Do’s bits, bytes and words.

Don’ts
A bit is a binary digit either 0 or 1.
Video clip

Case studies A byte is unit of memory and is defined as

Do it
yourself
sequence of 8 bits.
The word can be defined as a sequence of
16/32/64 bits or 2/4/8 bytes respectively depending
on the machine architecture.
CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 24
 Memory hierarchy
Syntax

Additional
Information

Do’s

Don’ts

Video clip

Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 25

 Main – Primary memory
It is the place where the data and instructions,
Syntax

Additional currently being executed are stored.

Information

Do’s
Located outside CPU
Don’ts High speed.
Video clip

Case studies
This is a temporary memory because the data
Do it and instructions stored here get erased when
yourself
the power goes off.
This is also referred as primary memory.
It is a semiconductor memory and measured in
terms of megabytes and gigabytes.
Eg. RAM and
CSE 101/102 ROM
Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 26
 Secondary storage devices
Syntax

Additional Since most of main memory is volatile and limited,

Information

Do’s it is essential that there should be other types of

Don’ts

Video clip
storage devices where programs and data can be
Case studies
stored when they are no longer being processed.
Do it
yourself
Secondary storage devices can be installed within
the computer box at the factory or added later as
needed.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 27

 Secondary Storage Devices
Syntax

Additional
It is a non volatile memory and made up of
Information magnetic material and stores large amount of
Do’s information for long time.
Don’ts
Low speed.
Holds programs not currently being executed.
Video clip

Case studies

Do it
Input, output, and auxiliary/secondary storage
yourself devices attached to a computer are called
peripherals. E.g. Magnetic tapes, magnetic disks,
compact disks etc.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 28

 Computer memory classifications
Syntax

Additional
The computer memory is classified into
Information
• Main memory-Primary storage
Do’s

Don’ts
• Secondary memory-Auxiliary storage
Video clip • Cache Memory
Case studies
 The Main/Primary memory is a temporary
Do it
yourself memory, so the data and instructions stored
here erased when the power goes off. It consists
of RAM and ROM

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 29

 RAM & ROM
RAM stands for Random Access Memory
Syntax
 It is the read and write memory.
Additional
Information  The information typed by the user are stored in this
Do’s memory and any memory location can be accessed
Don’ts
directly without scanning it sequentially.
Video clip
 Hence it is called as random access memory.
Case studies
 During power failure the information stored in it will be
Do it
erased.
yourself  It is also called as volatile memory.
ROM stands for Read Only Memory
Permanent memory and non volatile.
The contents in locations in ROM can not be changed
It stores mainly stored program and basic input output
systems programs.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 30

 Classifications of ROM
PROM :Programmable Read Only Memory
Syntax
It is a variation of ROM.
Additional
Information
The contents of this memory are decided by the user
These contents can not be erased once they are written to
Do’s
it.
Don’ts

Video clip EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Case studies It is a modification to PROM.
Do it Contents stored can be erased by exposing it to Ultra Violet
yourself Light source.

EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory
The contents stored in this can be erased electrically.
[ Flash, micro processors etc.]

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 31

 Cache memory
Syntax It is a High speed memory and placed between the
Additional
Information CPU and the main memory.
Do’s
Users can not access this memory.
Don’ts

Video clip
It stores the data and instructions currently to be
Case studies executed.
Do it
yourself More costlier but less capacity than main memory.

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 32

 Computer BUS
Syntax
• Computer components are connected by a bus.
Additional
Information • A bus is a group of parallel wires that carry
Do’s

Don’ts
control signals and data between components
Video clip

Case studies

Do it
yourself

CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 33

 Summary
 Charles Babbage is called the father of computer.
Syntax

Additional
 Computer is an electronic device which accepts
Information data as input, performs processing on the data,
Do’s
and gives the desired output.
Don’ts
 A computer may be analog or digital computer.
Video clip
 Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and
Case studies

Do it
versatility are the main characteristics of
yourself computer.
 The evolution of computers to their present state
is divided into five generations of computers,
based on the hardware and software they use,
their physical appearance and their computing
characteristics.
CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 34
 Summary
Syntax

Additional
 Computers are broadly classified as
Information microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe
Do’s computers, and supercomputers, based on their
Don’ts
sizes and types.
Video clip
 Input/output Unit, CPU and Memory unit are the
Case studies

Do it
three main components of computer.
yourself  CPU consists of ALU, CU and Registers. The
Self Test memory unit stores programs, data and output,
temporarily, during the processing. Additionally,
storage unit or secondary memory is used for the
storing of programs, data and output permanently.
CSE 101/102 Computer science and Engg 10/24/2022 35