Dr. G.

Paramesh, DPHY, SSSIHL

Frames of reference

https://semesters.in/frames-of-reference-in-physics/
Image courtesy: https://flatearth.ws/reference-frame
Michelson-Morley experiment
• The whole apparatus floated on liquid
Mercury

• so many orientations could be

examined by rotating the apparatus.

• performed the experiment many times,

even 6 months apart,
Contents covered
• Relativity Introduction

• Newton's relativity: Inertial frames of reference

• Special theory of relativity:

Process of measurement different when motion is involved

• Michelson-Morley experiment

• Special theory of relativity Postulates

• Time Dilation

Derivation using light pulse clock

mirrors,
motion taken into account,
velocity v

Derivation using Lorentz transformation (assignment)

• Length contraction

Derivation using muons travel from extra terrestrial space with

velocity close to c
Life time short
Reaching earth
Time dilation involved and length contraction

Derivation using Lorentz transformation (assignment)

• Doppler effect: light
Derivation transverse and longitudinal
Expanding universe: Hubble’s law definition

• Lorentz transformation
expressions
• Inverse Lorentz transformation
Expressions
• Velocity Addition and its importance (derived)

Simultaneity: by relativity no simultaneity (proof assignment)

• Mass-Energy relation
Derived
• Relativistic momentum
Derived
• General theory of relativity
Acceleration effect on relativity
Principle of equivalence
Inertial Mass
Space-Time warping, gravity lens

Numerical problems solved and assignment ones

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Course Title Statistics for Data L T P C Period s
Science

Course Code: UDS 3 1 0 4 56

Course Category OE

Course Objectives: The main purpose of Statistical Inference is to make an inference about a population
based on information contained in a random sample selected from that population, and to provide an
associated measure of goodness for the inference. Another purpose is hypothesis testing for mean and
variance of a normal distribution.
Course Outcomes:
1.​ Develop the skill set to Estimate both point and interval estimations for a given parameters based on
sample from a normal population
2.​ Analyze the estimated parameter
3.​ Find an estimator for population proportion based on sample data
4.​ Develop testing hypothesis for a given real world problem
5.​ Apply different statistical tests based on data
6.​ Model the relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables
Find an appropriate regression model for a given data
Prerequisites for the Course: Probability and Statistics, Calculus
Unit Topic Contents Periods
1 Point Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit 10
Estimation Theorem, Point Estimation: Unbiased Estimators,
Variance of a Point Estimator, and Mean squared
Error of an Estimator, and Methods of Point
Estimation: Method of Moments, Maximum
Likelihood Estimators, Bayesian Estimation of
Parameters;
2 Interval Confidence Intervals on mean of a Normal 9
Estimation for a Distribution, Confidence Interval on variance of a
Single Normal Distribution, Large Sample Confidence
Sample Interval for a Population Proportion,

Bootstrap Confidence Interval, Tolerance and

Prediction Intervals
3 Testing Hypothesis Testing, Tests on the Mean and variance 10
Hypotheses for a of a Normal Distribution, Tests on a Population
Single Proportion, Testing for Goodness of Fit
Sample and Contingency Table Tests
4 Statistical Inference on the Difference in Means of two 12
Inference for Normal Distributions, A Nonparametric Test for the
Two samples Difference in Two Means, Paired t-test, Inference on
 the variance of Two Normal Distributions, Inference
on Two Population Proportions
5 Simple Simple Linear Regression, Least squares 15
Linear estimators,Hypothesis tests and Confidence
Regression Intervals in Single Linear Regression, Adequacy of
the Regression Model: Residual Analysis,
Coefficient of Determination, Regression on
Transformed Variables, Logistic Regression,
Polynomial Regression Models
Total 56
Reference:

Montgomery Douglas C., Runger George C., Applied Statistics and

Probability for Engineers, Seventh Edition, Wiley, 2018 Chapters: 7 -9 (up to 9.8), 10, 11

Suggested Readings:

1.​ Sheldon M Ross, Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Sixth Edition,
Elsevier Academic Press, 2020
Irwin Miller, Marylees Miller, John E. Freund's Mathematical Statistics with Applications, Eighth Edition,
Pearson Publications
 Problem Set 1: Point Estimation

January 28, 2025

1. Suppose that the random variable X has the continuous uniform distri-
bution: (
1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f (x) =
0, otherwise

Suppose that a random sample of n = 12 observations is selected from this

distribution. We are asked to find the approximate probability distribution
of X − 6, as well as its mean and variance.

2. The amount of time that a customer spends waiting at an airport check-in

counter is a random variable with mean 8.2 minutes and standard devi-
ation 1.5 minutes. Suppose that a random sample of n = 49 customers
is observed. We are asked to find the probability that the average time
waiting in line for these customers is:

(a) Less than 10 minutes

(b) Between 5 and 10 minutes
(c) Less than 6 minutes

3. Data on the pH of rain in Ingham County, Michigan, are as follows:

5.47 5.37 5.38 4.63

5.37 3.74 3.71 4.96
4.64 5.11 5.65 5.39
4.16 5.62 4.57 4.64
5.48 4.57 4.57 4.51
4.86 4.56 4.61 4.32
3.98 5.70 4.15 3.98
5.65 3.10 5.04 4.62
4.51 4.34 4.16 4.64
5.12 3.71 4.64

We are asked to find the proportion of the samples with a pH below 5.0.

1
UDSC 301 DS

4. Like hurricanes and earthquakes, geomagnetic storms are natural hazards

with possible severe impact on the Earth. Severe storms can cause com-
munication and utility breakdowns, leading to possible blackouts. The
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration beams electron and
proton flux data in various energy ranges to various stations on the Earth
to help forecast possible disturbances. The following are 25 readings of
proton flux in the 47-68 kEV range (units are in p/(cm2 -sec-ster-MeV))
on the evening of December 28, 2011:

2310 2320 2010 10800

2190 3360 5640 2540
3360 11800 2010 3430
10600 7370 2160 3200
2020 2850 3500 10200
8550 9500 2260 7730
2250

(a) Find a point estimate of the mean proton flux in this time period.
(b) Find a point estimate of the standard deviation of the proton flux in
this time period.
(c) Find an estimate of the standard error of the estimate in part (a).
(d) Find a point estimate for the median proton flux in this time period.
(e) Find a point estimate for the proportion of readings that are less
than 5000 p/(cm2 -sec-ster-MeV).

5. Suppose we have a random sample of size 2n from a population denoted

by X, and E(X) = µ and V (X) = σ 2 . Let
2n n
1 X 1X
X1 = Xi and X2 = Xi
2n i=1 n i=1

be two estimators of µ. Which is the better estimator of µ? Explain your

choice.
6. Suppose that we have a random sample XP 1 , X2 , . . . , Xn from a population
n
that is N (µ, σ 2 ). We plan to use Θ̂ = 1c i=1 (Xi − X̄)2 to estimate σ 2 .
Compute the bias in Θ̂ as an estimator of σ 2 as a function of the constant
c.
7. Suppose that Θ̂1 , Θ̂2 , and Θ̂3 are estimators of θ. We know that:

E(Θ̂1 ) = E(Θ̂2 ) = θ, E(Θ̂3 ) ̸= θ,

V (Θ̂1 ) = 12, V (Θ̂2 ) = 10, E(Θ̂3 − θ)2 = 6.

Compare these three estimators. Which do you prefer? Why?

2
UDSC 301 DS

8. Data on the oxide thickness of semiconductor wafers are as follows:

425 431 416 419

431 436 418 410
431 433 423 426
410 435 436 428
411 426 409 437
422 428 413 416

(a) Calculate a point estimate of the mean oxide thickness for all wafers
in the population.
(b) Calculate a point estimate of the standard deviation of oxide thick-
ness for all wafers in the population.
(c) Calculate the standard error of the point estimate from part (a).
(d) Calculate a point estimate of the median oxide thickness for all wafers
in the population.
(e) Calculate a point estimate of the proportion of wafers in the popu-
lation that have oxide thickness of more than 430 angstroms.

9. Suppose that X is the number of observed “successes” in a sample of n

observations, where p is the probability of success on each observation.
X
(a) Show that P̂ = is an unbiased estimator of p.
n
q
(b) Show that the standard error of P̂ is p(1−p)
n .
(c) How would you estimate the standard error?

10. Let X1 and S12 be the sample mean and sample variance from a population
with mean µ1 and variance σ12 . Similarly, let X2 and S22 be the sample
mean and sample variance from a second independent population with
mean µ2 and variance σ22 . The sample sizes are n1 and n2 , respectively.

(a) Show that X1 − X2 is an unbiased estimator of µ1 − µ2 .

(b) Find the standard error of X1 − X2 . How could you estimate the
standard error?
(c) Suppose that both populations have the same variance; that is, σ12 =
σ22 = σ 2 . Show that

(n1 − 1)S12 + (n2 − 1)S22

Sp2 =
n1 + n2 − 2

is an unbiased estimator of σ 2 .

3
UDSC 301 DS

11. Consider the probability density function

1 −x/θ
f (x) = xe , 0 ≤ x < ∞, 0 < θ < ∞.
θ2
Find the maximum likelihood estimator for θ.
12. Let X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn be uniformly distributed on the interval 0 to a.
Show that the moment estimator of a is â = 2X. Is this an unbiased
estimator? Discuss the reasonableness of this estimator.
13. Consider the probability density function

f (x) = c(1 + θx), −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

(a) Find the value of the constant c.

(b) What is the moment estimator for θ?
(c) Show that θ̂ = 3X is an unbiased estimator for θ.
(d) Find the maximum likelihood estimator for θ.

14. Transistors have a life that is exponentially distributed with parameter λ.

A random sample of n transistors is taken. What is the joint probability
density function of the sample?
15. A procurement specialist has purchased 25 resistors from vendor 1 and
30 resistors from vendor 2. Let X1,1 , X1,2 , . . . , X1,25 represent the vendor
1 observed resistances, which are assumed to be normally and indepen-
dently distributed with mean 100 ohms and standard deviation 1.5 ohms.
Similarly, let X2,1 , X2,2 , . . . , X2,30 represent the vendor 2 observed resis-
tances, which are assumed to be normally and independently distributed
with mean 105 ohms and standard deviation of 2.0 ohms. What is the
sampling distribution of X1 −X2 ? What is the standard error of X1 −X2 ?

16. A random sample of 36 observations has been drawn from a normal dis-
tribution with mean 50 and standard deviation 12. Find the probability
that the sample mean is in the interval 47 ≤ X ≤ 53. Is the assumption
of normality important? Why?

-------------------Jai Sai Ram!-------------------