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25 Basic Linux Commands For Beginners

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While performing a task, we all need shortcuts. Shortcuts help us to

complete a task quickly. Linux comes with such commands which are one to
two words, using that commands, you can perform several operations in no
time. As a beginner, you must be aware of those basic Linux commands to
complete an operation in a short time in the Linux-based operating system.

In this article, you’ll be going through some of the basic Linux commands
which beginners can use to complete their tasks very quickly. Let’s go
through each, but before that have a short idea on Linux.

What is Linux?

Linux is a free and open-source software that operates on its own

operating system. The term ‘Linux’ stands for GNU + Linux. Initially
developed by Linus Torvalds, it was created alongside the source code
of Unix. While Linux is extensively utilized for various purposes, its
applications are well-known to many.

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Use of Linux Commands

Linux commands are a type of Unix command or shell procedure. They are
the basic tools used to interact with Linux on an individual level. Linux
commands are used to perform a variety of tasks, including displaying
information about files and directories.

Linux operating system is used on servers, desktops, and maybe even your
smartphone. It has a lot of command line tools that can be used for virtually
everything on the system.

All users should be familiar with most of these commands as they are
required for most operating system tasks and computer programming.

Here we have put all Basic Linux Commands that every Linux user (as a
beginner) should know. These are not all that you should know, but these
are the basic and most commonly used commands.

Basic Linux Terminal Commands

S.No. Linux Commands Functions

Displays information
1 Is about files in the current
directory.

Displays the current

2 pwd
working directory.
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Basic Linux Terminal Commands

3 mkdir Creates a directory.

To navigate between
4 cd
different folders.

Removes empty
5 rmdir directories from the
directory lists.

Moves files from one

6 cp
directory to another.

Rename and Replace the

7 mv
files

8 rm Delete files

Command to get basic

9 uname information about the
OS

Find a file in the

10 locate
database.

11 touch Create empty files

Create shortcuts to other

12 ln
files

Display file contents on

13 cat
terminal

14 clear Clear terminal

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Basic Linux Terminal Commands

Display the processes in

15 ps
terminal

Access manual for all

16 man
Linux commands

Search for a specific

17 grep
string in an output

Display active processes

18 echo
on the terminal

download files from the

19 wget
internet.

Create or update
20 whoami passwords for existing
users

21 sort sort the file content

View Calendar in
22 cal
terminal

View the exact location

23 whereis of any command typed
after this command

Check the details of the

24 df
file system

Check the lines, word

count, and characters in
25 wc
a file using different
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25 Most-Commonly Used Linux Commands

1. Is command in Linux

The ls command is commonly used to identify the files and directories in the
working directory. This command is one of the many often-used Linux
commands that you should know.

This command can be used by itself without any arguments and it will
provide us the output with all the details about the files and the directories
in the current working directory. There is a lot of flexibility offered by this
command in terms of displaying data in the output. Check the below image
for the output.

2. pwd command in Linux

The pwd command is mostly used to print the current working directory on
your terminal. It is also one of the most commonly used commands.

Now, your terminal prompt should usually include the entire directory. If it
doesn’t, this is a quick command to see which directory you’re in. Another
purpose for this command is when creating scripts because it can help us
find the directory in which the script was saved. The below pictures are the
output with the command.

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Output:

3. mkdir command in Linux

This mkdir command allows you to create fresh directories in the terminal
itself. The default syntax is mkdir <directory name> and the new directory
will be created.

For example, if you want to create a directory as “GeeksforGeeks” then the

basic syntax would be:

mkdir GeeksforGeeks

In case you want to create another directory inside the main directory
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Command:

Output:

You can see we used ls first to see the directories present there and then
mkdir to create another directory followed by ls to view the created
directories.

4. cd command in Linux

The cd command is used to navigate between directories. It requires either

the full path or the directory name, depending on your current working
directory. If you run this command without any options, it will take you to
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Command:

Output:

Here we used pwd to view the current directory for reference and then we
used cd GeeksforGeeks to switch the directory and with again pwd
command we can see the output is the switched directory, i.e –
GeeksforGeeks

5. rmdir command in Linux

The rmdir command is used to delete permanently an empty directory. To

perform this command the user running this command must be having sudo
privileges in the parent directory.
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Command to remove the directory

Output:

Here we used the ls command to check the directories present there and
used rmdir <directory name> to delete the directory and again the ls
command to view the directories after deleting the same.

6. cp command in Linux

The cp command of Linux is equivalent to copy-paste and cut-paste in

Windows.

Command:

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Output:

Here we used ls to view the files and then used cp to copy the files of
first.txt to second.txt and again used ls command to view the updated files.

7. mv command in Linux

The mv command is generally used for renaming the files in Linux.

Command:

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Output:

Here we used the ls command to check the directories and then used mv
<file name> <Renamed file name> to rename the files, and then again we
used the ls command to view the renamed file as you can see in the output
screenshot.

8. rm command in Linux

rm command in Linux is generally used to delete the files created in the

directory.

Command:

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Output:

You can see as we wrote the ls command to view the files in the terminal
and then rm <file name> to delete the files and again we had the ls
command to check the update.

9. uname command in Linux

The uname command is used to check the complete OS information of the

system. Check out the command and the output below

Command:

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Output:

10. locate command in Linux

The locate command is generally used to locate the files in the database.
Use an asterisk (*) to search for content that contains two or more words. As
an example: locate first*file. This command will search the database for the
files that contain these two names first and file.

Command:

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Output:

We first used the rm command to delete the file and then used the locate
command to find the file in the database which in return has given the
output with a -e as the file was removed.

11. touch command in Linux

The touch command creates an empty file when put in the terminal in this
format as touch <file name>

Command:

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Output:

We used the ls command to check the current directories in the terminal and
then used the touch command to create an empty file and then again we
used ls to find out the created file in the terminal.

12. ln command in Linux

The ln command is used to create a shortcut link to another file. This is

among the most important Linux commands to know if you want to operate
as a Linux administrator.

Command:

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Output:

Here we used mkdir to create two directories and then we used ln with an -
s to create a soft link in it.

13. cat command in Linux

The cat command is the simplest command to use when you want to see
the contents of a particular file. The only issue is that it simply unloads the
entire file to your terminal. If you want to navigate around a huge file, should
use less command alternatively.

Command:

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Output:

14. clear command in Linux

The clear command is a standard command to clear the terminal screen.

Command: *This was the terminal before the command.

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Output:

15. ps command in Linux

ps command in Linux is used to check the active processes in the terminal.

Command:

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Output:

16. man command in Linux

The man command displays a user manual for any commands or utilities
available in the Terminal, including their name, description, and options.

Command to view the full manual:

man <command name>

For example, suppose you want to look up the manual for the ls command:
man ls

Command:

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17. grep command in Linux

The grep command is used to find a specific string in a series of outputs. For
example, if you want to find a string in a file, you can use the syntax: <Any
command with output> | grep “<string to find> “

For Example:

cat Files.txt | grep “new”

Command:

Output:

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In this command, we first used cat <file name> to view the content of the
file, and then we used cat <file name> | grep “string” to check the string in
it.

18. echo command in Linux

echo command in Linux is specially used to print something in the terminal

Command:

Output:

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19. wget command in Linux

The wget command in the Linux command line allows you to download files
from the internet. It runs in the background and does not interfere with other
processes.

Here is the basic syntax: wget [option] [url]

Command:

wget http://sample.com/sample-menu.php

Output:

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20. whoami command in Linux

The whoami command provides basic information that is extremely useful

when working on multiple systems. In general, if you are working with a
single computer, you will not require it as frequently as a network
administrator.

Command:

Output:

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21. sort command in Linux

The sort command is used generally to sort the output of the file. Let’s use
the command and see the output.

Command: (We are using the cat command to see the file content)

Output: (The content of multiple.txt file in the terminal)

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Now we will sort the outcome using the sort command

Command:

Output:

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Here first we checked the file content using the cat command and then we
sorted it alphabetically using the sort command.

22. cal command in Linux

The cal command is not the most famous command in the terminal but it
functions to view the calendar for a particular month in the terminal. Let’s
see how this works.

Command:

Output:

23. whereis command in Linux

whereis command in Linux is generally used to see the exact location of any
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Command:

Output:

24. df command in Linux

df command in Linux gets the details of the file system.

Command:

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Output:

Here we have used df -h as simply typing df will return the output in bytes
which is not readable, so we add -h to make the outputs more readable and
understandable.

25. wc command in Linux

wc command in Linux indicates the number of words, characters, lines, etc

using a set of options.

wc -w shows the number of words

wc -l shows the number of lines
wc -m shows the number of characters present in a file

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Output:

Here we used the touch command to create a text file and then used the
echo command to input a sentence that contains six words and we used the
wc -w command to calculate the number of words in it.

Conclusion
We hope that this list of all Linux commands will assist you in getting
started as a beginner. There are more such commands in Linux and these are
only a few of them; you’ll discover many more as time goes on, but this is a
good place to start. The best way to learn Linux is to experiment with these
essential commands.

Linux Commands: FAQs

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Linux on our website.
Commands By usingfor beginners?
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Answer:

Here is a list of 10 basic Linux Commands to learn for beginners,

along with their functions.

S. No. Linux Commands Functions

1 Displays information
Is about files in the
current directory.

2 Displays the current

pwd
working directory.

3 mkdir Creates a directory.

4 To navigate between
cd
different folders.

5 Removes empty
rmdir directories from the
directory lists.

6 Moves files from one

cp
directory to another.

7 Rename and Replace

mv
the files

8 rm Delete files

9 Command to get basic

uname information about the
OS

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S. No. Linux Commands Functions

10 Find a file in the

locate
database.

Q2. How do I view files in a Linux Directory?

Answer:

To view files in a Linux directory, you should use the ‘ls’ command. It
lists all files and directories in the current working directory. You can
also use ‘ls -l’ to view detailed information about each file, including
permissions, number of links, owner, group, size, and modification date.

Q3. What is the Command to Create a New File in Linux?

Answer:

The command to create a new file in Linux is ‘touch’. For example,

typing ‘touch filename.txt’ in the terminal will create an empty file
named ‘filename.txt’. This command is handy for quickly creating new
files without opening an editor.

Q4. How can I edit a file in Linux from the command line?

Answer:

To edit a file in Linux from the command line, you can use text editors
such as ‘nano’ or ‘vi’. For instance, typing ‘nano filename.txt’ will open
the file in the Nano editor, allowing you to edit and save changes. ‘vi’
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or ‘vim’ can be used similarly, though they have a different interface

and command structure.

Q5. What is the Linux Command for changing file permissions?

Answer:

The Linux command for changing file permissions is ‘chmod’. It allows

you to set read, write, and execute permissions for the file owner,
group, and others. For example, ‘chmod 755 filename’ sets read, write,
and execute permissions for the owner, and read and execute
permissions for the group and others.

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