aChapter-1|

FUNCTIONS
AND'GRAPHS
1-1 The Real
Number Line
1-2 Domain and Range of a Function
1-3 Graphs of Functions

1-1 The Real Number Line

The real number system number system we have used most of
is the
our life. Informally, a real number
is any number that has a decimal
representation. Table 1 describes the set of real
numbers and some of its
important subsets. Figure 1 illustrates
how these sets of numbers are
related to each other.

Symbol Name Description Examples

Natural Counting numbers (also called 1,2, 3,...
numbers positive integers)

Integers Natural numbers, their negatives,

and 0
,-2, - 1,
0, 1, 2,...
Rational Numbers that can be represented–4, 0, 1, 25,
numbers as alb, where a and b are
integers and b0;
decimal
-0.33
representations are repeating or
terminating
Irrational Numpers that can be represented
numbers as J2.,/5,...
non repeating and non
terminating decimal numbers
R Real Rational numbers and irrational
numbers numbers

Table 1: The Set of Real Numbers

 2nontsny Mathematics-ll
Z.R.
Bhat
Natural
numbers
Integers
(N) Rational
(Z)
Zero numbers
(Q) Real
Negatives Noninteger
ratios of Irrational numbers
of natural
numbers (R)
numbers integers
()
NcZcQcR
Figure 1: Real numbers and important subsets.

Real Number Line

A one-to-one
correspondence exists between the set of real
the set of points on a line. That numbers and
is, each real rumber corresponds to
exactiy one point, and each point to
exactly one real number. A line with a
real number associated with
each point, andvice versa, as in Figure 2, is
called a real number line, or simply
a real line.
Each number associated with a
point is called the coordinate of the
point. The point withcoordinate 0 is called the origin. The arrowon the
right end of the line indicates a
positive direction. The coordinates of all
points to the right of the origin are called
positive real numbers, and
those to the left of the origin are called negative real
numbers. The real
number O is neither positive nor negative.

-V27 - Origin
7.64

+ 10

Figure 2: A real number line.

Basic Real Numnber Properties

We now take a look at some of the basic properties of real numbers. (See
the box onthe next page.)
We are already familiar with the commutative properties for addition
and multiplication. They indicate that the order in
which the addition or
multiplication of two numbers is performed
doesn't matter. For example,

ls there a commutative
= 43+4 +3and 4 34= 3
property relative to subtraction or division? That
is, does X-y=y-x
or does x + y=
y+ X for all realnumbers x and y
(division by 0excluded)? The
answer is no, since, for example,
7-3#3-7 and 7+3#3+7
Chapter-1: Functions and Graphs TheReal Number Line 3
BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS
Let R be the set of real numbers, and let x, y, and zbe arbitrary
elements of R.

Addition Properties

Closure: X + y is a urique element in R.

Associative: (x +y) +z= X+ (y +z)
Commutative: X+y=y+ x
Identity: 0 is the additive identity; that is, 0 +x=X+0=
x for allx in R, and 0 is the only element in R
with this property.
Inverse: x
For each in
is its R,-x
unigque additive
inverse; that is, x+
(-x) =(-x)+x=0, and -x
is the only element in
relative to R
with this x
property.

Multiplication Properties
Closure: xy is a unique elerment in R.
Associative: (xy)z =x(yz)
Commutative: Xy =yx
Identity. the
1 is multiplicative identity; that is, for x in R,
(1)x =
x(1) x,and = 1 is the oniy element in R
with this property.
Inverse: For each x in R, X # 0, 1/x is its unique
multiplicative
and 1/x
inverse; that is, x(1/x) (1/x)x
1, = =
is the only element in relative to x R
with this property.

Combined Property
Distributive:
X(y + z) =xy +xz (x+ y)z= Xz + yz
When
computing
why don not we
2+5+3 or 2.5.3
be need parentheses to indicate which two numbers
added or are to
multiplied first? The
properties. answer is to be found in the associative
These properties allow us to write
So it
+ +3=2 + +
(2 5)
(5 3) and (2 5)· 3 =2-
how we group numbers relative to either(5-3)
doesn't matter
there an
operation. Is
no, associative ptroperty for
since,for subtraction or division? The answer is
(8-- example,
4)
Evaluate both -2%8- (4-2) and (8+4) + 28+ (4
sides of these 2)

equations to see why.

 Eonoteng Mathematics-l! ZR Bhati
ONCLUSION
elativeto addition, commutativity and associativity permit us to
nange the order of addition at will and insert or remove parentheses as
e please. The same is true for multiplication, but not for subtraction and
vision.

lentity Elements
What number added to a given number will give that number back
gain? What number times a given number will give that number back
gain? The answers are 0 and 1,respectively.Because
of this, 0 and 1
re called the identity elements for the real numbers.
Hence, for any real
umbers X and y,
0+6=6 0+ (x+ y) =x+y O isthe additiveidentity.
1-7=7 1(x+ y) =X+y 1 is the muttiplicative identity.

nverses
We nowW consider inverses. For each real number x, there is a unique
eal number -x such that x + (- x) = 0. The number -
x called the is
additive inverse of x, or the negative of x. For example, the
additive
nverse of 4 is -
4, since 4 +(
4) = 0. The additive inverse of 4 is -
--4) =4, since -4+ =
[-(- 4)] 0. It is important to remember:
-x is not necessarily a negative number; it is
positive if x is negative and negative if x ispositive.

For each nonzero real number x there is a unique real number 1/xX Such
=
that x(1/x) 1. The number 1/x is caled the multiplicative inverse
of x,
or the reciprocal of x.

For example, the multiplicative inverse of 5 5' since

is Also
-1.
note that 5 is the multiplicative inverse of The number 0 has no
multiplicative inverse.

We now turn to a real number property that involves both

multiplication and addition. Consider the two computations:
=
3(4 + 2) =3(6) 18
+
3(4) 3(2) 12 = +6= 18
Thus,
3(4 +2) =3(4) +3(2)
and we say that multiplication by 3 distributes
general, multiplication
+
over the sum (4 2). In
distributes over addition in the real number
system. Twomore illustrations are

2(x +y) =2x +2y (3 +5)x =3x +5x

chapter-1:
Functionsand
Graphs Domain and Range of aFunction 57
Which real number property justifies the indicated
Example-1:
statement?
(73)y=7(xy)
(i) a(b + c)= (b+c)a
O
(2x +3y)+5y= 2x +
(3y+5y) (iv) If a + b=0, then b=-a
(GD)

(v) (x+ y\a+ b) =(x+y)a + (x y)b. +

Solution:
Statement Property Illustrated
Associative (-)
(0(73)y=7(xy)
(i) a(b +c)= (b+c)a Commutative ()
()(2x +3y)+5y=2x + (3y + 5y) Associative (+)
(iv) If a + b=0,then b=-a. Inverse (+)
()(x+yMa+ b) = (x +y)a + (x + y)b Distributive

Intervals

Certain sets of
real numbers, called intervals, occur frequently in
calculus correspondgeometrically to line segments. If a < b,then the
and
open intervalfrom a to b consists of all numbers between a and b and is
denoted by the symbol (a, b). The closed interval from a to b includes
the endpoints and is denoted by [a, b]. Using set builder notation,we can
write

(a, b) = (x |a<x<b)
[a,b] ={x| asx<b}
Similarly, open-closed and closed-open intervals are written as
(a, b]= (x |a<xs b}
[a,b) = (x| a sx<b)

1-2 Domain and Range of a Function

Theidea of
correspondence plays a central role in the formulation of
the
function concept. You have already had experiences with
correspondences in everyday life.For
example:
To each person there
corresponds an age.
To each
item in a store there Corresponds a price.
Toeach
automobile there Corresponds a license number.
1O each circle there corresponds an
To each area.
number there Corresponds its cube.
One of
the most important aspects of any science (managerial, life,
social, of correspondences
physical, Computer, etc.) is the establishment
among is known,
various tyypes phenomena. Once a correspondence
of

predictions can be made. an enclosed

A of
chemnist can the pressure
gas,given its use a gaslaw to predict

temperature.
 6lnstay Mathematics-ll ZR. Bhatti

An engineer can use a formula to predict the deflections of a beam

subject to different loads.
A computer scientist can use formulas to compare the efficiency of
algorithms forsorting data stored in a computer.
An economist would like to be able to predict interestrates, given the
rate of change of the money supply. And so on.

A Brief History of the FunctionConcept

The history of the useof functions in mathematics illustrates the tendency
of mathematicians to extend and generalize a concept. The word
"function" appears to have been used by Leibniz in 1694 to stand for
first

any quantity associated with a

By 1718, Johann Bernoulli
curve.
considered a function any expression made up of constants and a
variable. Later in the same century, Euler came to regard a function as
any equation made up of constants and variables. Euler made extensive
use of the extremely important notation f(x), although its origin is

generally attributed to Clairaut(1734).

The form of the definition of function that has been used untilweil into

this century (many texts still contain this definition) was forrnulated by
Dirichlet (1805 to 1859). He stated that, if two variables x and y are so
related that for each value of x there corresponds exactly one value of y,
then y is said to be a (single-valued) function of x. He called x, the
variable to which values are assigned at will, the independent variable,
and y, the variable whose values depend on the values assigned to x, the
dependent variable. He calied the values assumed by xthe domain of
the function, and the corresponding values assumed by y the range of
the function.

FUNCTION
A function is a produces a correspondence between two sets of
rule that

elements such that to each elernent in the first set there corresponds one
and only one element in the second set.
The first set is called the domain and the set of all corresponding
elements in the second set is called the range. There are no restrictions
on the type of elements that make up the dormain or range.
For most functions, we use an equation in two variables to specify the
rule of correspondence. For any real number x,consider the equation
y= *+2x (1)

This equation assigns to each domain value x exactiy one range value y.
For example,
If x = 0, then y= 0 + 2(0) =0 +0 =0
If x=1, then y= 1+2(1) =1 +2=3
We can also use f (x)instead of y, so equation (1)can be written as
fx) = *+2x (2)
 Domain and Range of a Function
and Graphs
Functions
an independent variable, indicating that values
chapter-1:

x is called
he variable "independently"
to x from the domain. The variable y is
can
be assigned variable, indicating that the value of y "depends" on
a dependent
called to x and on the given equation.
assigned
he value
used as a placeholder for domain values is
any variable
In general,
variable; any variable used as a placeholder for
an independent
ralled
called la dependent
is
variable.
values
range

EUNCTIONS DEFINED BY EQUATIONS

In anequation in two variables, if to each value the independent of

ariable there corresponds, exactly one value of the dependent variable

then the equation defines

a function.
If there is any value of the independent variable to which there
corresponds more than one value of the dependent variable, then the
equation does not define a function.

Notice that we have used the phrase "an equation defines afunction"

rather than "an equation is a function." This is a somewhat technical

distinction.

VERTICAL LINE TEST FOR A FUNCTION

An equation defines a function eachh
if vertical line in the rectangular
cOordinate system passes through at most one point on the graph of the
equation.

Ifany
vertical line passes through two or
more points on the graph of
an equation, then the equation does not
define a function.

AGREEMENT ON DOMAINS AND RANGES

a function is defined by an equation and the domain is not indicated,
en we assume that the domain is the set of all real nunber
replacements ofthe
inddependent variablethat produce real valuesfor the
dependent variable.
The range isthe set all values of of the dependent
variable
correspondingtothese domain values.

Finding the
Domain of a
Function
Example-2: Find the
y domain the function defined by the equation
=4+x assuming x is
of

the independent variable.

Solution:
For Jx y=4+x (1)
tobe x0.Thus,
hedomain real, X must be greater than or equal to 0, ie,
ofthe
function defined by the equation y=4+x is
{x:x>0} or [0,co)
 8FEatny Mathematics-1|
2.R.
Bhatt

Example-3: Find the domainthe function defined by the

of
equation
y=3+-X, assuming x istheindependent variable.

y=3+/-x
Solution: (1)

For -x to be real, x must be greater than or equal to O, i.e.

-X20
Multiplication of an
Xs0 inequality with negative
Thus, the required domain of function is number changes the
or order of inequality.
(x:x<0} (-o,0]

Example-4: Find the domains of functions f, g,and h:

3 5
f(x) = X-2' al)=16+3x-x´,
n)=-1
Solution: Domain of f
3
The fraction represents a real number for all replacements of x by
X-2
realnumbers except x =
2,since diyision by 0 is not defined. Thus, (2)
does not exist, and the domain of f is the set of all real numbers except2.
That is,
Domain of f (x:x*2) Set notation
=(-0, 2) (2,o) Interval notation

We often simplify this by writing

3
f(x)= X+2
X-2'
Domain of g
The domain of g
R, the set of all real numbers, since 16+3x-x
is

represents a real number for all replacements of x by real numbers. To

express this domain in interval notation, we write
Domain of oo, o) g=(-
Domain of h
Since /x is not a real number for negative real numbers x, x must be a
nonnegative realnumber. But since i=1,evaluating h(1) would resut in

division by 0. Thus, the domain of h is all nonnegative real numbers

except 1.This can be written as
Domain of h =(x:x20, x# 1) Set notation
=
[0, 1) u (1,o) Interval notation
as
or, more informally,
5
X20, x#1
H(x)=T1
Evaluating Functions

Example-5: If f(x) =8x²-9x +1, find (0) (-2),(W) f(0), (U) F(),
 Domaln and Range of a Functlon
and Graphs
Functions
Chapten1:

(M -),(M) (x-1),(M) r(x +).(vl) x*0.

the value of thefunction f
At what values ofx
(vll)
will be zero?

Solutlon:
f(x)= 8x-9x+1 ..(1)
D Putting X=2 in (1),we have

f(-2) =8(-2) -9(-2) +1

=8(4)+ 18 +1
=32+18-+151
(W) Puting x=0in(1),we have
f(0)=8(0) -9(0) +1=0-0+1=1
(Wi)Putting x =t in (1),we have f(t) = 81 -9t +1
(iv)Putting x=-x in (1),we have

f(-x) =8(-x) -9(-x)+1

-8x* +9x+1
()Putting X=X-1 in (1), we have
f(x-1) = 8(x -1)-9(x-1)+1
= 8(x*-2x +1)-9x+9+1

-8x* 16x+8-9x+9+1
=8x -25x+18
()Putting x=X+1 in (1), we have
f(x+1)=8(x+1)² -9(x +1)+1
=8(x* +2X+1)-9x-9+1
=8x*+16x+8-9x-9+1
=8x +7x
(vii) Putting x = in (1), we have
X

8 9 X*0
x? x
(vill) if the value of the functlon is zero, then f(x)=0, so putting hs
value in (1),we have
8x-9X +1=0 (8x-1)(x-1) =0

8x-8x-X +1=0 8x-1=),X1=0

8x(x-1)-*-1) =0a X=†. *
10F atonyMathematics-ll Z.R.
Bhatti

Thus, the function will have zero value at x =8 and x

=1.We can also
verifythis by putting these values of x in (1).Putting x =1in (1), we have
f(1) =8(1) -9(1) +1=8-9+1=0
1
Similarly, putting x =8 in (1), we have

)-<-)-1 9
-+11-9+8
8 8
0
8
=0

Example-6: Given that f(x)= x* - ax +bx+1. Find the values of a and b

if f(2) =-3 and
f(-1)=0.

Solution: f(x) =x° -ax +bx+1 ..(1)

PU,2013

Putting X=2 in (1),we have

f(2) =2-a(2) +b(2)+1
-3=8-4a+
4a-2b=12
2b +1 f(2) =3
2a-b=6
...(2)
Putting X=-1 in (1), we have
f(-1)=(-1) -a(-1) + b(-1) +1
0=1-a-b+1 :f(-1) =0
a+b=0
...(3)
Adding (2)and (3),we have
2a -b= 6
a +o=0
3a =6
Putting this value of
a=2
a in (3),we have 2+b=0
b=-2
Even and Odd Functions
If f(-x) =f(x)for x in the domain
all of f, then fisan even
function.
PU,2012
For example, f(x) = x*+1 is an even function, because

f(-x)=(-x} +1=x+1=f(x)
Iff(-x) =-fx)for allx in the domain of f, then fis an odd function.
PU, 2012

For example, f(x)= x*+xis an odd function,because

Chapter1: Functions and Graphs Domain and Renge of a Function 117
f(-x)=(-x +(-x)=-x-x={*+x)=-f(x)
Example-7; Determine whether the folowing functions are even orodd
3x
(i) f(x) = 3x-2x?+7 (ii) f(x)= (ii) f(x)= sinx+ cos x
x² +1
Solution:(i) f(x) =3x*-2x*+7 (1)
Replacing x by -x in (1),we have
f(-x) =3(-x) -2-x)
+7=3x-2x² +7=f(x)
This shows that fis an even function.
3x
(ii) f(x) = x²+1 (1)

Replacing x by -x in (1), we have

f(-x)=3-x) -3x
(-x +1x+1 =-f(x)
This shows that f is an odd function.
(iii) f(x)=sinx + COsX (1)
Replacing x by -x in (1),we have
f(-x)=sin(-x}+ cos(-x) =sinx + cos X *+f(x)
This shows that fis neither even nor odd function.

Linear Function
The function f = {(X, y):y =ax + b} is called a linear function. The graph
of a linearfunction represents a straightline.
PU, 2012
Quadratic Function

The function f ={(X, y):y =ax +bx+c} is called a quadratic function.

The graph of aquadratic function represents a parabola.

Hyperbolic Functions

The following are six hyperbolic functions:

(6)
f(x)=sinh x = e*-ex
2 (sine hyperbolic function)

(i) f(x)=coshx = e*+e* (cosine hyperbolic function)

2
() f(x) =tanh x =e*-eX (tangent hyperbolic function)
+e-*
(iv)
=
f(x) coth x = e*+e-X
(cotangent hyperbolic function)
 Z.R Bhati

EldogMathematics-il function)
2 (secant hyperbolic
f(x)= sech
=
(v) function)
2 (cosecant hyperbolic
f(x)-cschx
=
(vi)

PU,2012
Showthat coshx-sinh²x=1.
Example-8: ex-eX
= e* 2+e (1) and sinh x = 2 (2)

Solution:Since coshx

Squaring (1),we
have
2 e2x +e2x +2
+e2x+2e*e-* (3)
e* +e 4
cosh X = 2 4

Squaring (2),we have

\2
+e -2x
-2e*e* e2 +ex-2
4
(4)
sinhx=e-e*
22 4

Subtracting (4)from (3),

we have
e* +ex +2 e +ex-2
cosh x-sinh x =.
4 4

coshx-sinh² Y
(e+e+2)-(e+e2x2)
4
e2 +ex +2-e2x –e2x+2 =4 =1
4 4
Thus,
cosh x- sinh x =1

Example-9: Show that cosh x+sinhx= cosh2x.

e*+eX =
coshx = sinh x (2)
Solution: Since (1)and 2
2
Squaring (1), we have
+ex 12

= e?x +e2x +2e*e* +e-2x +2 (3)

cosh x= 2 4 4
Squaring (2),we have
2
sinh x= e +e2r-2e*e-* 2r+e2r-2 (4)

4 4
Adding (3) and (4),we have

coshx+ sinh? y-
x=:e +e2+2 e2 +e-2
4 4
Chapter-1: Functions and Graphs Domain and Range of a Function

>cosht x+sinh²
cos x=
x = (e +e +2)+ (62* +e2x -2)
4
2e +2e2r 2(e2 +e2x) e +e-2x
4 4 2
=COsh2x
Thus,
cosh x + sinh x=cosh2x
Explicit Function

function
A which the dependent variable is easily expressed in terms of
in

the independent variable is called an explicit function. know that y is We

a dependent variable while x is an independent variable, so if can easily y
be expressed in terms of x, then we say it an explicit function. In this
case,we write it as y =f(x).
For example, y =X+X+1, y= sinx, y= cot x etc are explicit functions.

Implicit Function
Ifthe independent and the dependent variables are mixed up in such a
way that the dependent variable cannot be expressed in terms of
independent variable,then such a function is called an implicit function.
For example, x +y²+2gx+2fy c + =0
is an implicit function, because

the dependent variable, y, cannot be expressed in terms of the

independent variable,x.
Parametric Function
A function which x andy are expressed as functions of a third variable
in

is called a parametric function. For example, the function defined by the

equations
X=at2 (1) y=2at (2)

is parametric function. Equations (1)and (2)are called the parametric

a
equations and the variable t is called the parameter. can also use We
another parameter 0 instead of t.
Inorder the curve represented by its parametric equations, we
to find

shallliminate the parameter. For example, putting the value of t from (2)
in (1), we have
2
ay?
X=a 4a2 4a
or y =4ax
Wnich is a parabola, so (1) and (2) are parametric equations of parabola.

Example-10: Show that the parametric equations *= acost and

y=asint represent theequation of the circle x*+y² =a.
 StonyMathematics-II ZR Bhatti

Solution: x=acost (1) and y asint (2)

Squaring and adding (1)and we have
(2),

x+y²=(acost + (a sintÝ =acos?t +a? sin t

=a(cos't+ sin' t) = a cos?t+ sin? t=1

Applications of Functions
The next examples explore
the relationship between the algebraic
definition of a function, the numeric
values of the funcion. The interplay
between the algebraic and numeric aspects of a function is one of
the
central themes of this book. In the examples, we
also see how a function
can be used to describe data from the real world, a process that is
generally referred toas mathematical modeling.

Example-11: Express the perimeterP of square as a function of its area

A.
Solution: Let x be the side length of square,then its perimeter (sum of all
four sides) is
P=X+X+X+X= 4X (1)
The area of the square is A=xX=t/A. Since the side length

cannot be negative, so x =VA.Putting this value in (1),we have

P=4VA
which is the required perimeter P as a function of area A.
Example-12: Express the area A of a circle as a function of its
circumference C.
Solution:Let x be the radius of the circle, then area A
its is given by
A=x2 (1)

The circumference

this value of xin

C of

(1),we have
the circle is given by.C=2rx X=
2 Putting

2
1
A= -C2
472 47
which is the required area A of a circle as a function of its circumierenco
C.

Example-13: Express the volume V of a cube as a function of the

of its base. area

Solution: Let x be the side length of thecube, then its volume Vis
V=x3
The area A of the base of the cube Since the
side
is
A=xx=tWA.
1

length cannot be negative, so x =JA =(A)2.

 Chapter-1:Functions and Graphs Domain and Range of a Function 15

Putting this value of x in (1), we have

V=(4)7
which is the required volume V of the cube as a function of its base area
A.
Example-14: A stone falls from a height of 60 m on the ground, the height
h after x second is approximately given by h(x)
=40-10x*.
() What is the height of the stone when:
(a) x=1 sec? (b) x=1.5 sec? (c) X=1.7 sec?

(ii) When does the stone strike the ground?

(1)
Solution: h(x) =40-10x²
thestone when x =1 sec, put x =1 in (1), i.e.
()(a) For the height of

h(1) = 40-10(1) = 40-10=30 m

For the height of the stone when x=1.5 sec, put x=1.5 in (1),
(b)
i.e.

=40-10(1.5)
= 40-22.5 =17.5 m
h(1.5)
x=1.7 sec, put x=1.7 in (1),
(c) For the height of the stone when
i.e.
=11.1m
h(1.7) =40-10(1.7) =40-28.9
height will be zero, so
put
its
(ii) When stone strikes the ground,
h=0 in (1), i.e.

0= 40-10x2 x=4
10x² =40 X= +2

Since time cannot be negative,

so X=2sec.
has a
(Insurance Premiums) An insurance company
Example-15: a term life
for determining the annual premium for
simplified method all polices
Rs. 9000 is charged for
policy. A flat annual fee of of the
insurance thousand rupees of the amount
each hundred
plus Rs. 150for equals the face x
premium in rupees and
policy. f p equals the annual
in hundred thousands of rupees), determine
the
value of the policy (stated annual premiums. Also
find the
be used to conmpute
function which can 250000.
for an amount ofRs. each x,
annual premiums fee and Rs.150 is charged for
9000 is fixed
Solution:Since Rs.
...(1)
so the required function is
P(x) =9000
150x + for
thousands, so to get the annual premiums
Since xis stated in hundred
250000
Rs.250000, put X= 100000 =2.5 in (1), i.e.
p(2.5) = 9000+150(2.5)=9375
 ZR.Bhati

16 ElostanyMathematics-l

Leasing) A car rental agency leases

automobiles at
Example-16: (Auto
Rs. 6 per km driven. If equals the
cost in y
day plus
a rate ofRs. 2000per day and x equals the number ofkilometres
a car for one
rupees ofrenting
driven in one day: of
function y=f(x) which expresses the daily cost
(a) Determine the
renting car.
a

(b) Whatis f(200)? What does f(200) represent?

(a) Since Rs. 2000 per day is fixed
and Rs. 6 per km is

Solution:
charged, so required function is ..(1)
y=f(x)= 2000+6x
2000 +1200 =3200
(b) f(200)=2000 +6(200) =
the total cost of a day for 200 km
driven.
f(200) represents

Finding the Range of a Function

that the function can
numbers
The range of a function is the set of of the
produce. In other words, it is the set of y-values obtained when all
possible X-values are put into the function.

Example-17: Findthe domain andrange of f(x) =2+x-1.

(1)
Solution: f(x) =2+vx-1
For domain of f, put x-120 or x>1,so
Domain of f= [1, o)
Putting x = 1 in (1), we have f(1) =2+1-1=2+0=2, which is the

smallest value of f, so
Range of f= [2,o)

EXERCISE 1.1

Short Questions

)
Q.1 Solve I answer the following short questions:

Which real

(a) 4 + (2+x) (4 2)
(c) 3x + 7x= +
(3 7)x
number property justifies the
= + +x
indicated statement?
+ +
(b) (a b) c=c+ (a+b)
(d) (2x 3y)+ 2x+3y+0=
(e) If ab=1 and a#0,then b= 1la.
(ü) Write the property of real numbers used in each of the following
statements:
(a)(3x + 5)+7=7+ (3x +5)
(b) (5x)(7Y)= 5(7)
+ =
(c) (3x+2) (x+5) 3x + [2+(x+5)]
+ =
(d)(x +3)\(x 5) (x +3)x (x 3)5 + +
(e)x(x- y) +yx- =
y) (x+y\x-)
 Functions and Graphs Domain and Range ofa Function
Chapter-1:

Indicate which of the following are true:

(ii)
(a) numbers are integers.
All natural

(b) Allnumbers are irrational.

real

ic) Allrational numbers are real numbers.

(d)All integers are natural numbers.
(e)All rational numbers are real numbers.
5 All natural number are rational numbers.
(iv) Find the domain of each of the following functions defined by the
given equations, assuming x is the independent variable.
(a) y= /x-3 (b) y =/3-x
(c) y=Vx+4 (d) y= W2x-14
(e) y=30x +6 () y=17-68x,
(v) Find the domain of each of the following functions:

(a) f(x) = x+5x2 (b) g(x) =x-3x²+2x-1

X
(c)h(x) = (9) f()=+
X-3 X X+2
2 X
x
()f(x)= X-3
(e) f(x) = 4-x
(9) f(x)=2-3/x (h) f(x) =4/x +3
(i) f(x) =5+J-x ) f(x)= 2/-x-1
X 3
() f(«) =X-2 X+3
1 1
(k) f(x)=
X+1 X-1

(m)f(x)= X-5 X+4

(vi) Given a function y=4x+5, find the values of y when
(a) x=-2 (b) X =3 (c) X=7
(vii) Given a function y =25-3x, find the values of y when
(a) x=-5 (b) x =0 (c) x=15
(vii) Given a function y=20-6x, find the values of y when

(a) x=5 (b)x=1 (c) x=9

(ix) In the function y =250-20x,calculate the value of when y

(a) x=5 (b)x=-10 (c) x=70

(x)

Q.2
If

(e) (
f(x) =x²-1, then find (a) f(0) (b) f() (c) f(-1) (d) f(5)

f(a) (9) f(a+h) (b) f(a+h) -f(a)

Solve /answer the following short questions:
() Find f(x) given that f(x-1) = x-2x* +3x+1.
() Find f(x) given that r(2x)= x-1
g(x) given that
*+4
Find g
(ui) X-2
(v) Find the domain and range of y=x.
PU,2012
() Define even and odd functions.
PU, 2012
(vi) Determine whether the given function fis even or odd.
a) f(x) +* b) f(x) =(x+2)?
(c)f(x) =xVx²+5 =X-1
(d) f(x) X+1 X#-1
2
-X
fe) f(x)= x³ +6 ()f(x) = x²+1
(vii) Define linear function.
PU, 2012
(vii) Show that x=at,y= 2at are parametric equations of the

parabola y' =4ax. PU, 2012

(ix) Find the domain and range of each of the following function:
X-1
(a) f(x) =Wx+2 (b) f(x) =X–4 X#4

(c) f(x)
1
=X+3' X*-3 (d) f(x)=(x-5), x5