# Viva Questions on Python with Answers

# 1. What is Python?
# Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language.
# It is known for its simplicity and readability, which makes it an excellent choice for beginners
and professionals alike.
# Example:
print("Python is an interpreted, high-level programming language.")

# 2. What is a Variable in Python?

# A variable in Python is used to store data values. It is a name given to a memory location that
stores a value.
# Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don't have to declare the type of the variable
explicitly.
# Example:
x = 5 # Variable x stores the integer value 5
y = "Hello, Python!" # Variable y stores the string value
print(x, y)

# 3. What is an Expression in Python?

# An expression is a combination of variables, operators, and values that evaluates to a single
value.
# Example:
expression_result = x + 10 # This is an expression where 10 is added to the variable x.
print(f"Expression result: {expression_result}")

# 4. What are Tokens in Python?

# Tokens are the smallest units in Python. The key tokens include:
# - Keywords (like `if`, `else`, `for`, `def`)
# - Identifiers (names of variables, functions, classes, etc.)
# - Literals (values like 5, "hello", etc.)
# - Operators (like `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`)
# - Delimiters (like `()`, `{}`, `[]`, `:`, `,`)
# Example:
a = 10 # 'a' is an identifier, and 10 is a literal value (token).
b = 20 # Another identifier and literal.
result = a + b # '+' is an operator token
print(f"Tokens Example: {a} + {b} = {result}")

# 5. Data Types in Python

# Python has several built-in data types, including:
# - int: Integer values (whole numbers)
# - float: Floating point numbers (decimal values)
# - str: String (text)
# - bool: Boolean values (True or False)
# - list: A collection of ordered elements
# - tuple: An immutable collection of ordered elements
# - set: An unordered collection of unique elements
# - dict: A collection of key-value pairs (associative array)

# Example demonstrating various data types:

integer_example = 42 # int
float_example = 3.14 # float
string_example = "Hello" # str
boolean_example = True # bool
list_example = [1, 2, 3, 4] # list
tuple_example = (5, 6, 7) # tuple
set_example = {8, 9, 10} # set
dict_example = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"} # dict

# Variable Declaration in Python

# 1. Declaring a Variable
# In Python, you do not need to explicitly declare a variable type.
# The variable is automatically created when you assign a value to it.
# Example of variable declaration
age = 25 # 'age' is a variable storing an integer value
name = "John" # 'name' is a variable storing a string value
is_student = True # 'is_student' is a variable storing a boolean value

# 2. Variable Assignment
# Variables are assigned using the assignment operator '='
# Example of assigning new values to variables
age = 30 # Reassigning a new value to the variable 'age'
name = "Alice" # Reassigning a new value to the variable 'name'
# 3. Dynamic Typing in Python
# Python is dynamically typed, which means that the type of a variable is determined at runtime.
# You don't need to specify the data type when declaring a variable.
# Example of dynamic typing
value = 10 # Initially 'value' is an integer
print(f"value is {value} and its type is {type(value)}")
value = "This is now a string" # Now 'value' is a string
print(f"value is {value} and its type is {type(value)}")

# 4. Variable Naming Rules in Python

# - Variable names can contain letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), and underscores (_)
# - A variable name cannot start with a number.
# - Python keywords (e.g., 'if', 'while', 'class') cannot be used as variable names.
# Examples of valid and invalid variable names:
valid_variable = "Valid" # Valid
_invalid_variable = "Invalid" # Valid (although not recommended to start with an underscore)
var123 = "Valid" # Valid
# 5. Multiple Variable Assignment
# Python allows multiple variables to be assigned values in a single line.
# Example of multiple variable assignment
x, y, z = 5, 10, 15 # Assigning 5 to x, 10 to y, and 15 to z
print(f"x = {x}, y = {y}, z = {z}")
# 6. Constants in Python (convention)
# Python doesn't have built-in support for constants (immutable values).
# However, by convention, variables that should be constants are written in uppercase.
# Example of a constant
PI = 3.14159 # Conventionally, this variable is treated as a constant
print(f"PI = {PI}")

# Conditional Statements in Python

# 1. What is a Conditional Statement?
# A conditional statement is used to execute a block of code only if a condition is true.
# It allows us to make decisions based on conditions (i.e., whether a condition is true or false).

# 2. If Statement
# The 'if' statement is used to check a condition and execute a block of code if the condition is
true.
x = 10
y=5
# Example of 'if' statement
if x > y: # Condition checks if x is greater than y
print(f"{x} is greater than {y}")

# 3. If-Else Statement
# The 'if-else' statement provides an alternative code block to execute if the condition is false.
# Example of 'if-else' statement
if x < y:
print(f"{x} is less than {y}")
else:
print(f"{x} is not less than {y}")
# 4. Elif (Else If) Statement
# The 'elif' (else if) statement allows us to check multiple conditions sequentially.
# Once a condition is true, the rest of the 'elif' conditions are skipped.
z=7
# Example of 'if-elif-else' statement
if x > y:
print(f"{x} is greater than {y}")
elif z > y:
print(f"{z} is greater than {y}")
else:
print(f"{y} is the greatest number")
# 5. Nested Conditional Statements
# You can place one conditional statement inside another to check more complex conditions.
# Example of nested conditional statement
if x > y:
if z > y:
print(f"Both {x} and {z} are greater than {y}")
else:
print(f"Only {x} is greater than {y}")
else:
print(f"{x} is not greater than {y}")
# 1. What is a Looping Statement?
# Looping statements are used to repeatedly execute a block of code based on a condition.
# In Python, there are two primary types of loops: the 'for' loop and the 'while' loop.
# 2. For Loop
# The 'for' loop is used to iterate over a sequence (like a list, tuple, or string) and execute a block
of code for each element in that sequence.
# Example 1: Using for loop with a list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits: # Iterating through each element in the list 'fruits'
print(fruit) # Printing each fruit
# Example 2: Using for loop with range() function
# The range() function generates a sequence of numbers.
for i in range(5): # Iterates through numbers from 0 to 4 (5 is exclusive)
print(i) # Printing each number

# 3. While Loop
# The 'while' loop executes a block of code as long as the condition is true. It repeats the loop
until the condition becomes false.
# Example 1: Using while loop with a condition
count = 0
while count < 3: # Loop continues as long as 'count' is less than 3
print(f"Count is {count}") # Printing the current value of 'count'
count += 1 # Incrementing 'count' to avoid infinite loop
# Example 2: Using while loop to sum numbers
sum = 0
num = 1
while num <= 5: # Loop will run as long as num is less than or equal to 5
sum += num # Add the current value of num to sum
num += 1 # Increment num by 1
print(f"Sum of numbers from 1 to 5 is {sum}")
 Viva

# Q1: What is a List in Python?

# A List in Python is a collection of ordered, changeable, and indexed elements. Lists are defined
by placing the elements inside square brackets `[]` and separating them with commas.
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 'Python', 4.5]
print("Example List:", my_list)
# Q2: How do you create a list in Python?
# A list is created by placing elements inside square brackets `[]`.
empty_list = []
print("Empty List:", empty_list)
my_list = [1, 'hello', 3.14, True]
print("List with multiple data types:", my_list)
# Q3: What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?
# - A List is mutable (can be modified).
# - A Tuple is immutable (cannot be modified after creation).
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
# Example of list modification:
my_list[0] = 10
print("Modified List:", my_list)
# The following would raise an error because tuples are immutable:
# my_tuple[0] = 10
# Q4: How can you access elements of a list in Python?
# List elements are accessed using indexing. Index starts from 0.
print("First element of the list:", my_list[0])
print("Last element of the list:", my_list[-1])
# Q5: How do you slice a list in Python?
# Slicing a list returns a subset of the list.
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print("Sliced List (1:4):", my_list[1:4])
# Q6: How can you add elements to a list in Python?
# You can add elements using the following methods: append(), insert(), extend()
# Using append() to add an element at the end
my_list.append(6)
print("List after append:", my_list)
# Using insert() to add an element at a specific position
my_list.insert(2, 10)
print("List after insert:", my_list)
# Using extend() to add multiple elements
my_list.extend([7, 8, 9])
print("List after extend:", my_list)
# Q7: How do you remove elements from a list?
# You can remove elements using remove(), pop(), del, or clear()
my_list.remove(10) # Removes the first occurrence of 10
print("List after remove:", my_list)
removed_element = my_list.pop(1) # Removes the element at index 1 and returns it
print("Removed element:", removed_element)
print("List after pop:", my_list)
# Using del to delete an element at a specific index
del my_list[2]
print("List after del:", my_list)
# Using clear() to remove all elements
my_list.clear()
print("List after clear:", my_list)
# Q9: How do you find the length of a list in Python?
# You can find the length using the len() function.
print("Length of the list:", len(my_list))
# Q11: What is the difference between append() and extend() in Python?
# - append() adds a single element to the list.
# - extend() adds multiple elements from an iterable to the list.
# Using append
my_list = [1, 2]
my_list.append([3, 4])
print("List after append:", my_list) # The list becomes: [1, 2, [3, 4]]
# Using extend
my_list = [1, 2]
my_list.extend([3, 4])
print("List after extend:", my_list) # The list becomes: [1, 2, 3, 4]
# Q12: How can you sort a list in Python?
# You can sort a list using sort() or sorted().
my_list = [3, 1, 4, 2]
# Using sort() to sort the list in place
my_list.sort()
print("List after sort:", my_list)
# Using sorted() to get a sorted copy of the list
sorted_list = sorted(my_list)
print("Sorted copy of the list:", sorted_list)