Introduction lecture on MC
Introduction lecture on MC
Introduction
Mobile Computing
Introduction
What Is Mobile Computing?
What is computing?
Operation of computers
(according to oxfords advance learner’s dictionary)
Mobility
User Mobility
Device Mobility
MOBILE COMPUTING Cont.
Anywhere, Anytime Information: This is the generic
definition of ubiquity, where the information is available
anywhere, all the time.
Virtual Home Environment: (VHE) is defined as an
environment in a foreign network such that the mobile users
can experience the same computing experience as they have
in their home or corporate computing environment.
For example, one would like to put ones room heater on
when one is about 15 minutes away from home.
MOBILE COMPUTING Cont.
Nomadic Computing: The computing environment is
nomadic and moves along with the mobile user.
This is true for both local and remote services.
etc….
Still, Open Areas…
Interference
Regulations and Spectrum
Low Bandwidth
High delays, large delay variations
Lower security, simpler to attack
Shared medium
Adhoc networking
1G, 2G, 3G & 4G
Mobile Generations….
Wireless Standards: History
A new generation of cellular standards has
appeared approximately every tenth year
1G systems were introduced in 1981.
Each generation is characterized by
new frequency bands,
higher data rates and
non-backwards compatible transmission
technology.
3G is considered successor to 1G and 2G.
1G
1G: The original analog cellular systems
are considered the first generation of
mobile telephony (1G).
In the early 1980s, 1G systems were
deployed.
AMPS
2G
After 1G, second generation of mobile
telephony (2G) came into being.
The difference between 1G and 2G is in the
signaling techniques used:
1G used analog signaling,
2G used digital signaling.
2G-based mobile telephony were intended
primarily for voice transmission and Data
(low rate)
3G for high speed data rate
2.5G
2.5G used some of the advanced
technique like packet-switching
This can use some of the existing 2G
infrastructure in GSM and CDMA
networks.
GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM
operators.
Some protocols, such as
EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution) for GSM and CDMA2000 1x-
RTT for CDMA have data rate of above
144 kbps are considered close to 3G.
2.5G Cell Phone Systems
theoretical max. data rate is 473.6 kbps with all eight slots
used
Evolution-Data Optimized,
Wireless Standard
Next generation futuristic wireless system
4G BASICS
4G infrastructure shall be all IP-based
(including IPV6 and MIPV6)
This shall develop into an optimized packet-
switched networks supporting high data
speed.
Expected data rates for 4G are:
100 MBPS for high mobility devices and
1 GBPS for slow moving objects or stationary
objects
4G EXPECTED FEATURES
(INFERRED FROM VARIOUS RESEARCH PAPERS)
4G co-exist and interwork with 2G and 3G
systems as well as satellite, WLAN, IEEE
802.16e (WMAN – WiMAX)
Cellular Networks
Cellular Telephone Service
3. Edge-
2. excited cell
Corner
-
excite
d cell
Frequency Allocation: Bands
1. 800 – 900 MHz – original frequency assignment;
previously occupied by UHF TV channels 68 through
83
2. 824 and 849 MHz – reserved for uplink
3. 869 and 849 MHz – are for downlink
Both 2) and 3) are divided into 832 channels with 30 kHz
bandwidth.
4. 30 kHz, 200 kHz, 1.25 MHz – the different bandwidths
used in different ways by different companies in
different locations.
5. 700 to 800 Mhz – abandoned UHF TV channels for
digital high-definition TV in 2009.
6. 1700 to 1750 Mhz – from military
7. 1900 to 2300 Mhz – available for 3G.
Multiple Access – refers how the subscribers are
allocated to the assigned frequency spectrum.
Types:
1. Frequency reuse
2. FDMA - the spectrum is divided into many smaller
channels.
3. TDMA – multiple users use different time slots
4. CDMA – with unique coding, up to 64 subscribers can
share a 1.25 Mhz channel.
5. SDMA – it uses highly directional antennas to pinpoint
users and reject others on the same frequency.
Handoff
Types of Handoff:
Types:
1. FDMA - the spectrum is divided into many smaller
channels.
2. TDMA – multiple users use different time slots
3. CDMA – with unique coding, up to 64 subscribers
can share a 1.25 Mhz channel.
4. SDMA – it uses highly directional antennas to
pinpoint users and reject others on the same
frequency.
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FDMA
➲ Frequency
➲ Division
➲ Multiple
➲ Access
FDMA
FDMA
➲Time
➲Division
➲Multiple
➲Access
TDMA
F/TDMA
➲Frequency and
Time
➲Division
➲Multiple
➲Access
F/TDMA
Ham Bands
CDMA
➲CODE
➲Division
➲Multiple
?
➲Access
CDMA
CDMA
Frequency reuse
– the process in which the
same set of frequencies
(channels) can be allocated
to more than one cell,
provided the cells are
separated by sufficient
distance.
Cluster
– groups of cells
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Frequency Reuse
Where:
G = # of channels in a cell
N = # of cells in a cluster = 3, 7, or 12
m = # of clusters in a given area
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Example:
Determine the number of channels per cluster
and the total channel capacity for a cellular
telephone area comprised or 10 clusters with
seven cells in each cluster and 10 channels in
each cell.
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Frequency Planning
Concepts On Signals
Signal Propagation ranges
Signal Propagation
Multipath Propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender
and receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction
Modulation
Basic schemes
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Modulation & Demodulation
Digital Modulation
DSSS : Direct Sequence
FSSS : Frequency Spread
GSM
GSM ----- Generations
2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
HLR VLR
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
SIM PSTN,
MSC
ISDN
ME BTS
BTS BSC
BSC
EIR AuC
MS Um BSS NS
Mobile Base Station Network
station Subsystem Subsystem
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular
Standard
BSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular
Standard
HLR VLR
BSC PSTN,
BSC MSC ISDN
EIR AuC
Network Subsystem
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visitor Location register
AuC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Switching center:(MSC)
call set up/supervision/release
call routing
billing information colllection
mobility management
paging, alerting, echo cancellation
connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange
networks
Access to HLR and VLR
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
3. Supplementary Services
- call offering , call forwarding, call restriction,
call waiting, call hold
- Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular
Standard
Handover
GMSC Handover is of
4 types
MSC MSC 1. Intra BTS
2. Intra BSC
BSC BSC BSC 3. Inter BSC
4. Inter MSC
Handovers
Intra BTS
Between 1 and 2
– Inter BTS / Intra
BSC
Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Radio Aspects :
Uplink(Mobile to base)
890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz)
Downlink ( Base to Mobile)
935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz)
200KHz
1 2 3 4 5 124
890MHz 915Mhz
Uplink Freq
Freq
Time slots
Down
Link 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 200 KHz
carrier
45MHz
Up Link 0 1 33
2 3 4 55 6 7
carrier
4.6 ms
0.57ms
Time
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Classification of Channels
1 Traffic (TCH)
Speech
Full rate 22.8 kb/s
Half rate 11.4 kb/s
Data
9.6kb/s
4.8kb/s
2.4kb/s
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
2 Control (CCH)
Broadcast (BCCH)
Freq correction (FCCH)
Synchronization (SCH)
Common (CCH)
Paging (PCH)
Access grant (AGCH)
Random Access (RACH)
Dedicated (DCCH)
Fast Associative (FACCH)
Slow Associative (SACCH)
Stand alone (SDCCH)
GSM System Architecture 2 PSTN
ISDN
PDN
BSC
MS BTS
MSC
GMSC
BTS BSC
VLR
MS
BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
GSM
GSM network layout
PSTN
ISDN
OMC
BSC
MSC GMSC
E
BSC A B,C
BTS
HLR
EIR
BTS
VLR
AUC
BTS
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Abbreviations
ISC: International switching center
OMC: Operations and maintenance center
GMSC: Gateway switching center
MSC: Mobile switching center
VLR: Visitor location register
HLR: Home Location register
EIR: Equipment Identification register
AUC: Authentication center
BSC: Base station controller
BTS: Base transceiver station
MS: Mobile subscriber
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number
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Call Routing
Call Originating from MS
Call termination to MS
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular
Standard
Mobile call originating
VLR
BSC MSC
HLR GMSC
BSC MSC
PSTN.
ISDN
VLR
Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialled number to
BSS
2. BSS sends dialled number
to MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the requested
service.If so,MSC asks BSS
to allocate resources for
call.
5 MSC routes the call to
GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to
local exchange of called
user
7, 8,
1. Calling a GSM
subscribers
Incoming Call 2. Forwarding call to
GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN
from VLR
6. Forward responsible
MSC to GMSC
7. Forward Call to
current MSC
8. 9. Get current status
of MS
10.11. Paging of MS
12.13. MS answers
14.15. Security checks
16.17. Set up
Types of handover (same as “handoff”)
There are four different types of handover in the
GSM system.
Handover involves transferring a call between:
Channels (time slots) in the same cell
Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the
same Base Station Controller (BSC),
Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging
to the same Mobile services Switching Center (MSC),
and
Cells under the control of different MSCs.
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Location management
Set of procedures to:
track a mobile user
find the mobile user to deliver it calls
Current location of MS maintained by 2-level
hierarchical strategy with
HLRs and
VLRs.
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