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codin G
PrOJEcts
scratch
tM

IN
codin G
PrOJEcts
scratch
tM

IN

jon woodcock
 DK UK
Senior editor Ben Morgan
Senior art editor Jacqui Swan
US editors Jill Hamilton, Margaret Parrish
Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT
Jacket editor Claire Gell
Producer, pre-production Gillian Reid
Producer Mary Slater
Managing editor Lisa Gillespie
Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones
Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler
Art director Karen Self
Design director Phil Ormerod
Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf

DK DELHI
Project editor Suefa Lee
Project art editor Parul Gambhir
Editor Sonia Yooshing
Art editor Sanjay Chauhan
Assistant art editor Sonakshi Singh
Jacket designer Suhita Dharamjit
Managing jackets editor Saloni Singh
DTP designer Jaypal Chauhan
Senior managing editor Rohan Sinha
Managing art editor Sudakshina Basu
Pre-production manager Balwant Singh

First American Edition, 2016

Published in the United States by DK Publishing
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014

Copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited

DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC
16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—289247—July/2016

All rights reserved.

Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-5142-2

DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact:
DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
[email protected]

Printed in China

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
DR. JON WOODCOCK MA (OXON) has a degree in physics from the University of Oxford
and a Ph.D. in computational astrophysics from the University of London. He started
coding at the age of eight and has programmed all kinds of computers, from single-chip
microcontrollers to world-class supercomputers. His many projects include giant space
simulations, research in high-tech companies, and intelligent robots made from junk.
Jon has a passion for science and technology education, giving talks on space and running
computer programming clubs in schools. He has worked on many science and technology
books, and is coauthor of DK’s Help Your Kids with Computer Coding and author of DK’s
Coding Games in Scratch, and DK’s series of coding workbooks.
Contents
8 foreword

What is Coding? art

12 Creative computers
82 Birthday Card
14 Programming languages
94 Spiralizer
16 How Scratch works
106 Fantastic Flowers
18 Getting Scratch
20 The Scratch interface
22 Types of projects

getting started games

26 Cat Art 122 Tunnel of Doom

34 Dino Dance Party 134 Window Cleaner
48 Animal Race
60 Ask Gobo
70 Funny Faces
 SimulationS mindbenderS

144 Virtual Snow

154 Fireworks Display 200 The Magic Spot
162 Fractal Trees 208 Spiral-o-tron
172 Snowflake Simulator

muSic and Sound What next?

218 Next steps

220 Glossary
222 Index
182 Sprites and Sounds 224 Acknowledgments
190 Drumtastic
Find out more at:
www.dk.com/computercoding
 Foreword

In recent years, interest in coding has exploded. All over the world, schools
are adding coding to their curriculums, code clubs are being launched to
teach beginners, and adults are returning to college to learn coding skills
now considered vital in the workplace. And in homes everywhere, millions
of people are learning how to code just for the fun of it.

Fortunately, there’s never been a better time to learn how to code. In the
past, programmers had to type out every line of code by hand, using obscure
commands and mathematical symbols. A single period out of place could
ruin everything. Today, you can build amazingly powerful programs in
minutes by using drag-and-drop coding languages like Scratch™, which
is used in this book.

As learning to code has become easier, more people have discovered the
creative potential of computers, and that’s where this book comes in. Coding
Projects in Scratch is all about using code for creative purposes—to make
art, music, animation, and special effects. With a little bit of imagination
you can produce dazzling results, from glittering fireworks displays to
kaleidoscope-like masterpieces that swirl and beat in time to music.
If you’re completely new to coding, don’t worry—the first two chapters
will walk you through the basics and teach you everything you need to
know to use Scratch. The later chapters then build on your skills, showing
you how to create interactive artworks, lifelike simulations, mind-bending
optical illusions, and some great games.

Learning something new can sometimes feel like hard work, but I believe
you learn faster when you’re having fun. This book is based on that idea,
so we’ve tried to make it as much fun as possible. We hope you enjoy
building the projects in this book as much as we enjoyed making them.

On your mark...
get set... CODE!
What is
coding?
12 w h at i s c o d i n g ?

Creative computers
Computers are everywhere and are used in all sorts of
creative ways. But to really join in the fun, you need to
take control of your computer and learn how to program it.
Programming puts a world of possibilities at your fingertips.

Think like a computer

Programming, or coding, simply means telling a computer
what to do. To write a program you need to think like a
computer, which means breaking down a task into a
series of simple steps. Here’s how it works.

▷ A simple recipe
Imagine you want a friend to bake a cake, but your
Easy peasy!
friend has no idea how to cook. You can’t simply give
an instruction like “make a cake”—your friend won’t
know where to start. Instead, you need to write a
recipe, with simple steps like “break an egg,” “add
the sugar,” and so on. Programming a computer Recipe
is a bit like writing a recipe.

Recipe
Ingredients

1. Ten circles of various sizes

2. Seven colors
◁ Step by step Instructions
Now imagine you want to 1. Clear the screen to create a white background.
program a computer to create
2. Repeat the following ten times:
a painting like the one shown
here, with colored circles a) Pick a random place on the screen.
overlapping each other at b) Pick one of the circles randomly.
random. You have to turn the c) Pick one of the colors randomly.
job of painting the picture into
d) Draw a see-through copy of the circle
a kind of recipe, with steps the at that place in that color.
computer can follow. It might
look something like this:
 c r e at i v e c o m p u t e r s 13
▷ Computer language
Although you can understand the recipe when clicked
for a painting or a cake, a computer can’t.
forever
You need to translate the instructions into
move 10 steps
a special language that the computer can
understand—a programming language.
The one used in this book is called Scratch.

Worlds of imagination
There isn’t a single creative field in the world that hasn’t been touched
by computers. In this book, you’ll get to make lots of great projects that
will fire your imagination and make you think and code creatively.

Computers can be programmed Sound programs can mix musical and

to create original works of art. other sound effects in any combination.

Building games programs is just as much fun as Special effects and dramatic scenery in movies
playing them, especially when you make all the rules. are often created in graphics programs.
14 W H AT I S C O D I N G ?

Programming languages
To tell a computer what to do, you need to speak the right
kind of language: a programming language. There are lots
to choose from, ranging from easy ones for beginners, like
the one in this book, to complex languages that take years
to master. A set of instructions written in any programming
language is called a program.

scratch

Popular languages
There are more than 500 different
Hello!
programming languages, but most programs
are written in just a handful of these. The
most popular languages use English words,
but lines of code look very different from
English sentences. Here’s how to get a
computer to say “Hello!” on screen in
just a few of today’s languages.

▷C
The C programming language #include <stdio.h>
is often used for code that main(){ printf(“Hello!”); } Hello!
runs directly on a computer’s
hardware, such as the Windows
operating system. C is good for
building software that needs to
run fast, and has been used
to program space probes.

#include <iostream>
▷ C++ int main()
This complicated language is used {
to build large, commercial programs std::cout << “Hello!” << std::endl;
such as word processors, web }
browsers, and operating systems.
C++ is based on C, but with extra
features that make it better for
big projects.
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 15

class HelloApp {
when clicked public static void main(String[] args) {
say Hello! System.out.println(“Hello!”);
}
}

△ Scratch
Beginners often start with simple programming
languages such as Scratch. Instead of typing out △ Java
code, you build scripts with ready-made blocks of code. Java code is designed to work on all types
of devices, from cell phones and laptops
to games consoles and supercomputers.
Minecraft is written in Java.

print(“Hello!”)

lingo
Code words
Algorithm A set of instructions that
are followed to perform a particular
task. Computer programs are based
on algorithms.
△ Python Bug A mistake in a program. They are
Python is a very popular, all-purpose language. called bugs because the first computers
The lines of code are shorter and simpler than had problems when insects got stuck in
in other languages, making it easier to learn. their circuits.
Python is a great language to learn after Scratch.
Code Computer instructions written in
a programming language are often called
code. Coding is programming.
alert(‘Hello’);

△ JavaScript
Programmers use JavaScript to create
interactive features that run on websites,
such as advertisements and games.
16 w h at i s c o d i n g ?

How Scratch works

This book shows you how to build some really cool projects
using the Scratch programming language. Programs are made
by dragging together ready-made blocks of instruction code to
control colorful characters called sprites.

Sprites
Sprites are the objects shown on the screen. Scratch comes with
a huge selection of sprites—such as elephants, bananas, and
balloons—but you can also draw your own. Sprites can perform all
sorts of actions, like moving, changing color, and spinning around.
I’m a sprite!

Sprites Sprites can Sprites can deliver

can move play sounds messages on
around. and music. the screen.

Blocks and scripts ▽ Creating scripts

The blocks that make a script are dragged together using
Scratch’s multicolored instruction blocks a computer mouse. They lock together like pieces of a
tell sprites what to do. Each sprite gets its jigsaw puzzle. Blocks come in color-coded families to
instructions from stacks of Scratch blocks help you find the correct block easily. For example, all the
purple blocks change a sprite’s appearance.
called scripts. Each instruction block is
performed in turn from the top to the
bottom. Here’s a simple script for this
vampire sprite.
when clicked

switch costume to vampire ▾

wait 1 secs

switch costume to open cloak ▾

wait 1 secs

switch costume to bat ▾

 h o w s c r at c h w o r k s 17
A typical Scratch project
A Scratch project is made up of sprites, scripts, and sounds,
The red button
which work collectively to create action on the screen. The stops a program.
area where you see the action is called the stage. You can
add a background picture called a backdrop to the stage. The green flag
starts the program.

▷ Green for go!

Dino Dance Party
Starting, or “running,”
by PartyPeople555 (unshared)
a program brings to life
the scripts you’ve built.
In Scratch, clicking the
green flag runs all the
scripts in the project.
The red button stops
the scripts so you can
continue working on
your code.

The stage and lights are

part of the backdrop
(background picture).

The dancing dinosaurs

and ballerina are sprites
controlled by their
own scripts.

▽ Scripts work together

ExpErt tips
A project usually has several sprites, each with
one or more scripts. Each script creates just a reading scratch
part of the action. This script makes a sprite
chase the mouse-pointer around the stage. Scratch is designed to be easily
understood. The action performed
by each block is written on it, so you
when clicked can usually figure out what a script
does just by reading through it.
forever
The “forever” point toward mouse-pointer ▾
block makes go to mouse-pointer ▾
the blocks
inside repeat.
move 15 steps
Can you guess what this
block makes sprites do?
18 w h at i s c o d i n g ?

Getting Scratch 2.0 This book uses

Scratch 2.0!
To build the projects in this book and to make your
own, you need access to the Scratch 2.0 software on
your computer. Just follow these simple instructions.

Online and offline Scratch

If your computer is always connected to the internet,
it’s best to run Scratch online. If not, you need
to download and install the offline version.

Online Offline

Visit the Scratch website at http:// Visit the Scratch website at http://
scratch.mit.edu and click on “Join scratch.mit.edu/scratch2download/
Scratch” to create an account with and follow the instructions to download
a username and password. You’ll and install Scratch on your computer.
need an email address too.

Online Scratch runs in your web browser, Scratch will appear as an icon on
so just go to the Scratch website and your desktop, just like any other
click on “Create” at the top of the screen. installed program. Double-click
The Scratch interface will open. on the Scratch cat icon to get going.

You don’t have to worry about saving You’ll need to save your project by
your work because the online version clicking on the File menu and selecting
of Scratch saves projects automatically. “Save”. Scratch will ask you where
to save your work—check with the
computer’s owner.

Online Scratch should work on Offline Scratch works well on Windows

Windows, Mac, and Linux computers and OS X, but often runs into trouble
(but not on Raspberry Pi) as long as on Linux computers.
you have a modern web browser.
 g e t t i n g s c r at c h 2 . 0 19
Versions of Scratch
▽ Scratch 1.4
The projects in this book need In the older version of Scratch, the stage
Scratch 2.0 and won’t work appears on the right. You’ll need to install
properly on older versions. Scratch 2.0. Note that when this book was
If Scratch is already installed written, Scratch 1.4 was the only version
that could run on the Raspberry Pi.
on your computer then consult
the pictures below if you’re
not sure which version it is.
SCRATCH File Edit Share Help

Motion Events Cave Adventure

Girl
Looks Control x: –126 y: 96 direction 0.0
Sound Sensing
Scripts Costumes Sounds
Pen Operators
Data More Blocks

when clicked

forever
move 10 steps
go to mouse-pointer ▾

turn 15 degrees move 10 steps

turn 15 degrees

point in direction 90 ▾

point towards ▾

go to x: 0 y: 0

go to mouse-pointer ▾

glide 1 secs to x: 0 y: 0

SCRATCH File ▾ Edit ▾ Tips ?

Fireworks Display Scripts Costumes Sounds

by MagicLight01 (unshared)

Motion Events
Looks Control
when clicked
Sound Sensing hide
x: -126
y: 96
Pen Operators repeat 300

Data More Blocks create clone of myself ▾

move 10 steps
◁ Scratch 2.0
turn 15 degrees

In the latest version of Scratch, released

when I receive Bang ▾

set speed ▾ to pick random 0.1 to 3

turn 15 degrees

in 2013, the stage is on the left and there

set ghost ▾ effect to 0
point in direction 90 ▾ change colour ▾ effect by 25

go to Rocket ▾
point towards ▾

go to x: 0 y: 0
point in direction

show
pick random –180 to 180 are many more blocks and features than
x: 153 y: -61
go to mouse pointer ▾
repeat 50

set speed ▾ to speed * 0.9

in the older version. Key changes include
Sprites New sprite:
glide 1 secs to x: 0 y: 0 move speed steps the addition of clones, a better paint
change ghost ▾ effect by

editor, and the backpack, where you

pick random 1 to 3

Stage hide
1 backdrop

New backdrop:
Rocket Stars
can save scripts, sprites, and other
Backpack
useful things.

ExpErt tips
Mouse-pointers
Scratch needs some accurate something with your computer
mouse-work, which is easier to mouse. If your mouse only has
do with a computer mouse than one button, you can hold down
a touchpad. In this book, you’ll the shift or control key on your
often be instructed to right-click keyboard as you click.
20 w h at i s c o d i n g ?

The Scratch Change

language
Menus Cursor tools

interface
This is Scratch mission control. SCRATCH File ▾ Edit ▾ Tips ?

The tools for building scripts Dino Dance Party

are on the right, while the stage by PartyPeople555 (unshared)

to the left shows you what’s

going on as your project runs.
Don’t be afraid to explore!
Click here for a
full-screen view of
your project.

The Stage
This is where the action
happens. When you run your
project, the stage is where all
the sprites appear, moving
and interacting as they
follow their scripts.

x: 153 y: -61

Sprites New sprite:

S ta g e a r e a B lo C K S SCrIPtS
Pa l e t t e area

Stage
SPrIteS 1 backdrop Dinosaur1 Dinosaur2 Dinosaur3 Ballerina
lISt New backdrop:

S ta g e I n f o B a C K Pa C K

Use these A blue box highlights

△ Naming the parts symbols to the selected sprite.
While using this book you’ll need to know what’s change the Click these
backdrop. Sprites list
where in the Scratch window. Shown here are the symbols to add
Every sprite used in a
names of the different areas. The tabs above the project is shown here. new sprites.
blocks palette open up other areas of Scratch to Click on a sprite to see its
edit sounds and sprite costumes. scripts in the scripts area.
 T H E s c r aT c H i n T E r fa c E 21

Scripts area
Use the Drag blocks into this part of the
Select the Costumes tab Use the Sounds tab to Scratch window and join them
Scripts tab to to change how add music and sound together to build scripts for each
build scripts. sprites look. effects to sprites. sprite in your project.

Scripts Costumes Sounds

Motion Events
Looks Control Click these headings Selected
to reveal different sprite
x: 20
Sound Sensing sets of blocks. y: –100
Pen Operators
Data More Blocks
when clicked

forever
move 10 steps
repeat 3

turn 15 degrees switch costume to ballerina-a ▾

wait 0.5 secs

turn 15 degrees
switch costume to ballerina-d ▾

wait 0.5 secs

point in direction 90 ▾

point toward ▾ repeat 2

switch costume to ballerina-a ▾

go to x: 0 y: 0
wait 0.5 secs

go to mouse-pointer ▾ switch costume to ballerina-b ▾

wait 0.5 secs

glide 1 secs to x: 0 y: 0

Backpack

Blocks palette Backpack Click here

Instruction blocks for making Store useful scripts, to zoom in
scripts appear in the middle sprites, costumes, and and out.
of the Scratch window. Drag sounds in the backpack
the ones you want to use so you can use them in
to the scripts area. other projects.
 22 w h at i s c o d i n g ?

Types of projects
This book has a wide range of fun Scratch projects. Don’t
worry if you haven’t used Scratch before or you’re not an
expert—the “Getting started” chapter is there to help
you. Here’s a handy guide to the projects in this book.
48 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d animal race 49
60 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d ask gobo 61

Animal Race every time you press

the “z” key.
60
The bat flaps its wings
Ask Gobo g e t t i n g s ta r t e d ask gobo 61

Have you ever wondered which is Ask Gobo

Do you have a tricky decision to make
or want to predict the future? Let Gobo Name of the project.
The green flag
starts the project. The red button

faster – a dog or a bat? Now you Animal Race Do you

help you have
in this a tricky decision
fortune-telling to make
project. The green flag
stops the project.

by TopDog763 (unshared) Name of the project. starts the project.

can find out when you play this or want
Here you’ll to predict
learn the future?
about random Let Gobo
numbers, The red button
◁ Askstops
a question!
the project.
helpand
variables, youhow
in this fortune-telling
computer programsproject. Ask Gobo
Gobo works best if you ask
fun fast-finger, button-pressing, makeHere you’ll learn about random◁
choices. numbers,
by FortuneTeller100 (unshared)
Fastest finger first it to make predictions or
◁ Ask a question!
Ask Gobo decisions for you. Don’t ask
two-player animal race game. Go! variables, and how computer programs As soon as the cat bystarts FortuneTeller100 (unshared)
Gobo works
factual questions best
as it’ll if you ask
often
make choices. the race, the dog and the
it to make
get the answer predictions or
wrong!
decisions for you. Don’t ask
factual questions as it’ll often
How it works bat start running towards get the answer wrong!
I can answer your
the balloons. The faster the
Gobo invites you to ask a question and yes-or-no questions.
How it
then answers works
with either “Yes” or “No”. players press their keys,
I can answer your
You can ask anything
Gobo you
invites you tolike,
ask afrom the faster their sprites run.
“Am and
question yes-or-no questions.

How it works I goingthen

play a You
to be
computer
a billionaire?”
answers
can askgame
to “Should
with either
instead
anything
“Yes” orI “No”.
youoflike,
doing
from “Am
Gobo uses speech
bubbles to interact
with you when you
my homework?”
I going to beGobo pauses to look
a billionaire?” to “Should I
The aim of this two-player game is simply like it’splay
thinking, but its game
a computer answers are of doing
instead
run the project.
Gobo uses speech
bubbles to interact
to race across the screen and reach the actually mypure chance. Gobo pauses to look
homework?” Ask your question
then press space.
with you when you
run the project.
like it’s thinking, but its answers are
balloons before the other player. Fast actually pure chance. Ask your question
finger action is all you need to win. then press space.

The faster you tap the keyboard’s “z” ◁ Gobo

Friendly Gobo is the only
or “m” key, the faster your sprite moves sprite in this project. It has
◁ Gobo Get ready to see
from left to right. three costumes that you
can use Friendly Gobo
later to help is the only
bring
into the future!
it to life.sprite in this project. It has Get ready to see
three costumes that you
can use later toBalloons
help bring mark
into the future!
it to life. the finish area.
◁ Sending messages
This project shows you how
◁ Take a chance
to use Scratch’s message Just as the roll of the dice
feature to make one sprite creates random numbers,
◁ Take a chance
Scratch can generate
pass information to other random Just as thetoroll of the dice
numbers
creates random
reactnumbers,
sprites, such as when the make the program
Scratch can generate
in unpredictable ways. Catch me
cat sprite tells the dog random numbers to
if you can!
and bat to start racing. make the program react
in unpredictable ways.

◁ Variables
The cat’s script stores

Cat Art (p.26) Dino Dance Party (p.34) Animal Race (p.48) Ask Gobo (p.60)
information in something
3 programmers call a variable.
In this project, you’ll use
a variable to store the The dog runs for
numbers for the cat’s count the finish – one stride
at the start of the race. The cross and arrow every time you press
Count mark the start line. the “m” key.

△ Getting started
Work your way through these easy projects to learn how to
use Scratch. Each project introduces important new ideas, so
don’t skip any if you’re a beginner. By the end of the chapter,
you’ll have mastered the basics of Scratch.

94 a
arrt
t s
spp ii r
raal
l ii z
zeer
r 95 Funny Faces (p.70)
t Spiralizer b i r t h d ay c a r d 83
Try
Try out
out this
this spinning
spinning spiral
spiral project.
project.
day Card
Click
Click the
the icon
icon to The
to The
The clones’
clones’ different
different The ball
ball in
in the
the centre
centre
Be sure to run this project
Change
Change the
A balloon-filled backdrop the patterns
patterns using
The animatedusing
special
special
sign at the
make
make the
fill
the spiral
spiral directions
directions make
make is
is the
the original
original sprite;
sprite;
fill your
your screen.
screen. them
them form
form aa spiral. all
all the
the others
others are
are clones.
in full-screen mode. sets the scene. sliders
sliders to
to alter
altertopthe
rocksvalues
the values of variables
ofside.
from side to variables spiral. clones.

n ordinary birthday in
in the
the code.
code. You
You control
control the the artart –– the
the Spiralizer
ou can have an Birthday Card possibilities
possibilities are
are endless!
endless! Spiralizer
by SpiralAttack (unshared)
by SpiralAttack (unshared)
ast for the eyes and by PartyPlanner120 (unshared)

h is the perfect tool

birthday card. This
Angle
Angle 10
10

◁ Art
Y!
BIRTHDA
ging sharks, but you How
How it
it works
works Speed
Speed 22 △ Clones
△ Clones
Clones
e project to make Clones are
are working
working copies
copies
This
This simple
simple project
project has
has only
only one
one sprite:
sprite: aa of
of sprites.
sprites. When
When aa clone
clone isis

Artists love finding new ways

△ Gliding around
eir own unique card.

HAPPY
coloured created,
created, it
it appears
appears on
on top
coloured ball,
ball, which
which stays
stays in
in the
the middle.
middle. This project uses the “glide” of
top
Scratch’s of the
the existing
existing sprite
sprite and
and
Scratch’s clone
clone blocks
blocks make
make copies
copies of
of the
the block, which makes sprites has
has the
the same
same properties,
properties,
ball
ball that
that move
move outwards
outwards in in straight
straight lines.
lines. move smoothly around such
such as
as direction,
direction, size,
size,
the stage. You need to use
rks A
A spiral
spiral pattern
pattern forms
forms because
because each
each clone
clone Scratch’s coordinates system
and
and so
so on.
on.
moves
moves inin aa slightly
slightly different
different direction,
direction, like

to create art, and computers

like to set the exact start and
his project, a water
water from a garden sprinkler. The Scratch
from a garden sprinkler. The Scratch finish point of each glide.
hing green button pen
pen draws
draws aa trail
trail behind
behind each
each clone,
clone, making
making If you can’t remember how
he button and an colourful
colourful background
background patterns.
patterns. coordinates work, see the
day card fills the Happy birthday Funny Faces project.
to you!
te with singing sharks.
turns singing the
ppy Birthday” song. Adjust
Adjust the
the sliders
change
sliders to
change the
of
to
the look
of the
look
the spiral.
spiral.
give
134
them tools that even
134 games

Leonardo da Vinci couldn’t

Wow!
Wow! This
got
This project
project has
has games
got me
me in
in aa spin.
spin.
d

Window Cleaner
Each
Each line
line is
is drawn
drawn using
(unshared)
Scratch’s
Scratch’s built-in
which
which lets
lets any
any sprite
using
built-in pen,
pen,
sprite draw.
draw.
△ Scratch
△ Scratch pen pen Slime tim
Slime tim
LY ON YOUR BIRTHDAY! Every
Every sprite
sprite can
can draw
draw aa
To make som

have dreamed of. Make a

trail
trail behind
behind it it wherever
it
it goes
goes –– just
wherever
just add
add the
To make som
the draw some
dark
dark green
block
green “pen
block toto its
“pen down”
down”
its script.
script. Try
Try out
out
Messy windows?
Messy windows? You’d
You’d better
better get
get up
up and
and clean
clean them!
them! draw some
and you’ll b
the
the other
other blocks
blocks in
in the
the This frantic
frantic game
game counts
counts how
how many
many splats
splats you
you can
can and you’ll b
△ Keeping time Pen
Pen section
section ofof the
the blocks
blocks This

birthday card, spin spectacular

Each
Each cloned
cloned ball
aa straight
ball flies
flies in
in Like Animal Race, this project
palette
palette to
pen’s
to change
pen’s colour,
change the
colour, shade,
the clean off
clean off your
your computer
computer screen
screen in
in a
a minute.
minute. You
You
straight line
line from
from the
the uses messages sent from one shade,
centre
centre to
to the
the edge.
edge. sprite to another to control and
and thickness.
thickness. can wipe
can wipe away
away the
the splats
splats either
either by
by using
using a
a computer
computer
11
Start a n
the timing of scripts. The Start a n
singing sharks send messages mouse or
mouse or by
by waving
waving your
your hand
hand in
in front
front of
of a
a webcam.
webcam. (or cont
(or cont

spirals, and cover your world

back and forth to time their on the p
Click the button to open The sharks drop in from the top The cake slides into view lines of “Happy Birthday”. on the p

Birthday Card (p.82) Spiralizer (p.94) Fantastic Flowers (p.106)

the birthday card. and then sing “Happy Birthday”. from the edge of the stage.

How
How it
it works
works
with flowers.
The game starts by cloning a splat sprite and scattering ▽ Splat sprite
The game starts by cloning a splat sprite and scattering ▽ Splat sprite

22
This game has one sprite The pain
clones with different costumes randomly across the stage. This game has one sprite The pain
clones with different costumes randomly across the stage. with several costumes, make yo
make yo
When motion is detected by the webcam, Scratch uses with several costumes, a colour
When motion is detected by the webcam, Scratch uses which you’ll paint yourself. a colour
122 123 its “ghost” effect to make the splats fade. If you wave your which you’ll paint yourself.
By cloning the sprite you
122 games
games
tunnel of doom
tunnel of doom 123 its “ghost” effect to make the splats fade. If you wave your By cloning the sprite you
hand enough, they eventually disappear. The aim of the can cover the screen with
hand enough, they eventually disappear. The aim of the can cover the screen with
Tunnel of Doom Do you dare
Do you dare
to enter the
to enter the
“Tunnel of Doom”?
game is to remove as many splats as you can in one minute.
game is to remove as many splats as you can in one minute.
splats of messy gunk.
splats of messy gunk.
Scratch is
Scratch is the
the ideal
ideal playground
playground forfor making
making and
and Will your time “Tunnel of Doom”?
Will your time
perfecting games.
games. To
To win
win at
at this
this game,
game, you
you need
need The cat starts here. Time in seconds be the fastest?
perfecting
33 Select th
The cat starts here. Time in seconds be the fastest?
a steady
a steady hand
hand and
and nerves
nerves of
of steel.
steel. Take
Take the
the cat
cat Select th
and dra
all the
all the way
way through
through the
the Tunnel
Tunnel ofof Doom,
Doom, but
but and dra
Tunnel of Doom Window Cleaner of a larg
don’t
don’t touch
touch the
the walls!
walls! For
For an
an extra
extra challenge,
challenge, Tunnel of Doom
by DirtDigger465 (unshared) Window Cleaner of a larg
by PaintChampion (unshared) whole p

▷ Games
try to
try to beat
beat the
the best
best time.
time. by DirtDigger465 (unshared)
by PaintChampion (unshared) whole p
Time
Time
201
201 will get
Score 42 will get
Best time
Best time
245
245 Score 42
How it
How it works
works Reach home to
Reach home to
win the game. Countdown 8
Use your mouse
mouse toto move
move thethe cat
cat all
all the
the way
way through
through
win the game. Countdown 8
Use your

Game design is one of the most creative areas

the tunnel
the tunnel without
without touching
touching thethe walls.
walls. If
If you
you
accidentally touch
accidentally touch aa wall,
wall, you
you go
go back
back toto the
the start.
start.
You can
You can try
try as
as many
many times
times as
as you
you like,
like, but
but the
the clock
clock
will keep
will keep counting
counting the
the seconds
seconds until
until you
you finish.
finish.

You can draw

of coding. Game makers are always looking for

You can draw
a tunnel in any
a tunnel in any
◁ Cat sprite shape you like.
◁ Cat sprite shape you like.
Once the mouse-pointer has
Once the mouse-pointer has
touched the cat, the cat follows
touched the cat, the cat follows
it everywhere. You don’t need
it everywhere. You don’t need
to use the mouse button.
to use the mouse button. fu

imaginative new ways to challenge players or

fu
◁ Tunnel
◁ Tunnel
The tunnel maze is a giant sprite that Move the cat
The tunnel maze is a giant sprite that Move the cat
fills the stage. The tunnel itself isn’t with your mouse.
fills the stage. The tunnel itself isn’t with your mouse.
actually part of the sprite – it’s a gap
actually part of the sprite – it’s a gap △Controls
that you create by using the eraser tool
△Controls

tell stories. The projects in this chapter challenge

that you create by using the eraser tool
in Scratch’s paint editor. If the cat stays
in Scratch’s paint editor. If the cat stays First you’ll clean up the
in the middle of the path, it won’t be
in the middle of the path, it won’t be First you’ll clean up the
detected as touching the tunnel sprite. splats with your mouse,
detected as touching the tunnel sprite.
If you touch the splats with your mouse,
If you touch the
tunnel wall you get but later you can change
tunnel wall you get
sent back to the start. but later you can change
◁ Home sent back to the start. the code to detect the
◁ Home the code to detect the

you to steer a sprite through a twisted tunnel or

When the cat touches the home sprite,
When the cat touches the home sprite, Each splat is a clone of Wave your hand to movement of your hand
the game ends with a celebration.
Wave your
thehand to movement of your hand
the game ends with a celebration.
theEach splatsingle
project’s is a clone of
sprite. rub out splats. with a webcam.
the project’s single sprite. rub out the splats. with a webcam.

clean virtual splats off a dirty computer screen.

Tunnel of Doom (p.122) Window Cleaner (p.134)
 types of project 23

Virtual Snow (p.144) Fireworks

190 Display (p.154) music and sound Fractal Trees (p.162) Snowflake Simulator191
(p.172) d r u m ta s t i c

Drumtastic
190 music and sound Dancing cat
To make the project more fun, the cat will dance and
d r u m ta s t i c 191
A,B,C,D...

Drumtastic Dancing cat

shout out each letter in a speech bubble as the drums
This project turns your computer keyboard into a drum play. Follow the steps below to create a custom block
△ Simulations
A,B,C,D...
machine. Type in anything you want and Scratch turns To make the project more fun, the cat will dance and
that plays the drums and animates the cat.
the letters shout out each letter in a speech bubble as the drums
This project turns into
yourrepeating
computerdrum sounds
keyboard using
into up to
a drum play. Follow the steps below to create a custom block
18 Type
machine. different instruments,
in anything fromand
you want cymbals and
Scratch bongos
turns
Give a computer the correct information and it can mimic,
to pounding
the letters bass drums.
into repeating drum sounds using up to
18 different instruments, from cymbals and bongos
that plays theStart
1
drums and animates the cat.
a new project
and keep the cat
sprite. Set the
2
Select the cat sprite, click on Data, and add these
variables to your project: “Count” and “Words”.
Leave them ticked so that they show on the stage.

or simulate, the way things work in How

theit works
real world. This
to pounding bass drums.
▽ Scratch drumkit
1 Start a newbackground
and keep the
project
a solid
to
cat colour by
clicking the paint
sprite. Set the
2 Select the cat sprite, click on Data, and add these
variables to your project: “Count” and “Words”.
Leave them ticked so Click here
that to make
they show on the stage.
The script turns every letter

chapter shows you how to simulate falling snow, sparkling background symbol
to in the each variable.
When you run the project, the Scratch cat asks you to into a drum sound. There are lower Stage
a solid colour by left of Scratch,
▽ Scratch26 drumkit
letters in the alphabet but
How it works
type something in the box. When you press return, the Scratch
The script turns onlyletter
every has 18 drum
clicking thepicking
paint a cool 2 backdrops Click here to make
Make a Variable
each variable.

fireworks, the growth of trees, and the shapes of snowflakes.

symbol in colour,
the and using
code turns each letter into a different sound and plays into a drum sounds,
sound.so some
There aresounds
When you run the project, the Scratch cat asks you to the
lower left of fill tool to
Scratch, Stage New backdrop:
the phrase back over and over again. As the sounds are
26 letters in used
the for twobut
alphabet letters. create a coloured
picking a cool 2 backdrops Count
type something in the box. When you press return, the Scratch only has 18 drum Make a Variable
play, the coloured drums on the stage flash in time, colour, andbackdrop.
using
code turns each letter into a different sound and plays sounds, so some sounds
while the Scratch cat walks to the beat. the fill tool to New backdrop: Words
the phrase back over and over again. As the sounds
play, the coloured drums on the stage flash in time, A
are used for two letters. create a coloured
backdrop.
Count

while the Scratch cat walks to the beat. Words

Drumtastic A Snare drum
3 Now create a custom block for the cat sprite.
Choose “More Blocks” in the blocks palette 4 Choose the second option
in the menu to add an input
Type the name

◁ Music and sound

by Drummer242 (unshared) of the input
and make a new block called “play a drum”. window for the drum’s letter. here: “letter”.
Each drum lights tempo 60
Now createThis will trigger
blockaforscript
thethat plays a drum
Drumtastic
up as it’s played.
by Drummer242 (unshared)
Snare drum
3 Choose “More
a custom
and Blocks”
makes the catblocks
in the
cat sprite.
say thepalette
drum’s letter at 4 Choose the second option Type the name
in the menu to add an input New Block of the input
B
While early computers struggled to make simple
and make athe newsame time.
block To keep
called “playthings simple, the
a drum”. window for the drum’s letter. here: “letter”.
tempo 60
Each drum lights first version
This will trigger a scriptofthat
theplays
scriptawill
drumplay the same
up as it’s played. and makesdrum sound
the cat say theevery time.letter at
drum’s New Block
play a drum letter
B
beeps, modern computers can reproduce every
the same time. To keep things simple, the
Bass drum
first version of the scriptType
will“play
playathe
drum”
same ▾ Options
drum sound every time.in here. play a drum letter
Add number input:

C instrument in an orchestra. Try out these two treats

Bass drum New Block
Type “play a drum” ▾ Options Add string input:
in here.
Add number input:
play a drum Add boolean input:

C for your ears. The first one matches sound effects

Side sticks New Block
▶ Options
Add string input:
Add label text: text

play a drum Add boolean input:

Run without screen refresh
Side sticks

with silly animations, and the second one puts a

OK Cancel
Add label text: text
Make Some Noise!
D ▶ Options

OKClick here. Cancel

OK
Run without screen refresh
Cancel

Make Some Noise!

The words
you typed
The drums light up
as the sounds play.
D digital drum kit at your fingertips.
Cymbals
Click “OK” to
complete the
OKblock. Cancel
Choose this option.

Click here.
The words The drums light up Click “OK” to Choose this option.

Sprites and Sounds (p.182) Drumtastic (p.190)

you typed as the sounds play. Cymbals complete the block.

◁ Mindbenders
Making images move in clever ways can fool
the eye into seeing amazing patterns and
optical illusions. Try these mindbending,
spinning-pattern projects.

The Magic Spot (p.102) Spiral-o-tron (p.208)

exPert tiPs
Perfect projects
Every project in this book is do, go back a few steps and check
broken down into easy steps— the instructions again carefully.
read each step carefully and you’ll If you still have problems, ask
sail through them all. The projects an adult to check with you. Once
tend to get more complicated you’ve got a project working,
later in the book. If you find a don’t be afraid to change the
project isn’t doing what it should code and try out your own ideas.
Getting
started
26 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Cat Art Click here to

make the project
Find your feet in Scratch by making fill your screen.
some super-simple art with Scratch’s Type the name of
your project here.
cat sprite—the mascot of the Scratch
project. This project turns the cat into
Cat Art
a kind of multicolored paintbrush. by ArtsyCat123 (unshared)
You can use the same trick to paint
with any sprite.

How it works
This simple project lets you use a
computer mouse to paint multicolored
cat art. Wherever you drag the mouse, a
rainbow trail of cats is left behind. Later
on you’ll see how to add other effects.

△ Follow the mouse △ Changing color

First you’ll make a script Next you’ll add blocks
to use the mouse-pointer to the script to make
to move the cat sprite the cat change
around the stage. its color.

△ Making copies △ Going wild

Then you’ll use the There are lots of crazy
“stamp” block to make effects you can try out
a trail of copies appear on the cat once you
on the stage. start experimenting.
 c at a r t 27

The cat sticks to the Click the green

mouse-pointer and flag to start Click the stop sign
keeps changing color. the project. to stop the project.

◁ Artistic cat
This project lets you go wild
with your imagination. You
can experiment with a variety
of colors, sizes, and effects
for the cat, and in the end
your project will look like
a piece of modern art.

Now that’s what I call

a masterpiece!
28 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Mouse control
The first step is to make the cat sprite move wherever
the mouse-pointer moves. You need to build a set of Follow me.

instructions—called a script—to make the cat sprite do this.

1 First start a new Scratch project. If you use the online

version of Scratch, go to the Scratch website and click The blocks in the blocks
on Create at the top. If you use Scratch offline, click on palette are color-coded
the Scratch icon on your desktop. You should see a by their function.
fresh project, ready for you to start building scripts.
Scripts are built here.
SCRATCH File ▾ Edit ▾ Tips

Cat Art Scripts Costumes Sounds

by ArtsyCat123 (unshared)

Motion Events
Looks Control
The cat sprite on the Sound Sensing x: -126
y: 96
stage is the only item Pen
Data
Operators
More Blocks
in a new project.
move 10 steps

turn 15 degrees

turn 15 degrees
when clicked
point in direction 90 ▾
forever
point towards ▾
go to mouse-pointer ▾
go to x: 0 y: 0

x: 153 y: -61
go to mouse-pointer ▾
Sprites New sprite:
glide 1 secs to x: 0 y: 0

change x by 10

Stage set x for 0

1 backdrop Sprite1
change y by 10
New backdrop:

Backpack

2 To build the script you simply drag colored blocks from

the middle area (the “blocks palette”) to the empty grey
Scripts Costumes Sounds
space on the right (the “scripts area”). The blocks are
color-coded by what they do. You can switch between Motion Events
different sets of blocks by clicking on the categories Looks Control
at the top of the blocks palette.
Sound Sensing
Motion is always selected Pen Operators
when you start a new project.
Clicking on each word shows a Data More Blocks
different set of colored
instruction blocks.

3 Click on the “go to mouse-pointer” block and

drag it into the scripts area on the right. It will go to mouse-pointer ▾
stay where you put it.
 c at a r t 29

4 Now click on Control in the blocks palette. All

the blocks in the center of the Scratch window
lingo
will switch to yellow. Running programs
Scripts Costumes Sounds “Run a program” means “start
a program” to a programmer.
Motion Events A program that’s doing
something is “running”. In
Looks Control Scratch, programs are also
Sound Sensing called projects, and clicking
Pen Operators Click Control
the green flag runs the
to reveal the current project.
Data More Blocks
yellow blocks.

Drag the wait 10 secs

“forever”
block
repeat 10
to the
scripts area.

forever

5 Use the mouse to drag the “forever” block

around the “go to mouse-pointer” block. It 6 To complete your first script, select Events in the
blocks palette and then drag a “when green flag
should click into place if you release it near clicked” block to the top of your stack of blocks.
the blue block. The “forever” block makes This block makes the script run when someone
the blocks inside run over and over again. clicks on the green flag symbol on the stage.

This block is called a loop and

repeats the blocks inside it. A block that goes
at the top of the
when clicked
script is known
forever as a header block.
forever
go to mouse-pointer ▾
go to mouse-pointer ▾

Stops scripts
Starts scripts

7 Click on the green flag at the top of the stage.

The cat will now go wherever the mouse-pointer
Cat Art
goes. You can stop the chase with the red stop
by ArtsyCat123 (unshared)
button. Congratulations on your first working
Scratch script!
30 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Multicolored cats
Scratch is packed full of ways to make
art. The simple script changes here will
send your cat straight to the art gallery.

8 Click on Looks at the top of the blocks

palette and find the “change color effect
when clicked
by (25)” block. Drag this into the loop
in your script so it looks like this.
forever

go to mouse-pointer ▾

What do you think change color ▾ effect by 25

will happen when
you run this new
version of the script?

Click the green flag to run the

9 new version of the project.
The cat now changes color
from moment to moment.
Every time the loop repeats the
“change color effect by” block,
the sprite shifts in color a little.

10 Now comes the moment to make some art. We need

just one more block. Click on Pen in the blocks palette
and you’ll see a selection of green blocks. Drag a
“stamp” block into the loop so your script looks like this:

The stamp block

“stamps” a
picture of the
Let’s make sprite onto
when clicked
some art! the stage
wherever the
forever cat is standing.

go to mouse-pointer ▾

change color ▾ effect by 25

stamp
 c at a r t 31

11 Next, run the project again by clicking the green

flag. The cat will leave a trail of multicolored cats
Each cat in the trail
behind it. What an artistic sprite!
is put there by the
stamp block.

12 You’ll find that the stage soon fills up with cats, but
don’t worry, because you can add a script to wipe when space ▾ key pressed
it clean at the press of a button. Choose Pen in the
blocks palette and look for the “clear” block. Drag it clear
into the scripts area but keep it separate from the
first script. Then click on Events and add a brown
“when space key pressed” block. Run the project This header block starts the
and see what happens when you press the space bar. script when the chosen key is
pressed on the keyboard.

ExpErt tips
Full screen
To see projects at their
best, you can simply click
the full-screen button just
above the stage to hide
the scripts and just show
the results. There’s a similar
button to shrink the stage
and reveal the scripts again
from full-screen mode.

Click here to
If you use the offline
see your project
version of Scratch, don’t
fill the screen.
forget to save your work
from time to time.
32 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Hacks and tweaks

There are lots of ways to change how the cat
looks, and you can use them to create some
startling visual effects. Below are a few tips,
but feel free to try your own experiments.
Try This
▽ Try this for size
Add these two scripts to the cat to make
Crazy cat
it bigger or smaller when you press the
Try growing your cat until it fills the
up or down arrow keys.
Click on the triangle to
stage. Press the space-bar to clear all
choose the correct key the other cats, leave the computer
from a drop-down list. mouse alone and hold down the
down arrow. A succession of ever-
smaller cats will appear inside each
when up arrow ▾ key pressed
other, creating a multicolored,
change size by 10 cat-shaped tunnel!

when down arrow ▾ key pressed

change size by –10

Positive numbers make the

cat bigger and negative
numbers make it smaller.

▽ Smooth changes
Don’t be afraid to experiment with the numbers and settings
in Scratch commands. You don’t have to change the cat’s
when clicked
color effect by 25 each time. The lower the number, the more
slowly the color will change, like in this rainbow. forever

go to mouse-pointer ▾

change color ▾ effect by 1

stamp

Set this number to

1 for a smoother
color change.
 c at a r t 33
▽ Special effects ▽ Cleaning up
There are lots of other effects to try besides simple Things can get messy with effects, so add a “clear
color changes. Try adding another “change” block graphic effects” block to the script below. This runs
to the main script. Click the drop-down menu and when you press the space-bar to clear the stage.
try the other effects to see what they do.

It’s best to change when space ▾ key pressed

the effect slowly
at first. clear
forever

go to mouse-pointer ▾ clear graphic effects

change color ▾ effect by 1

change fisheye ▾ effect by 1
stamp Look at all the mess
I need to clean up.
Click here
to choose
different effects.

ExpErt tips

▽ At your fingertips Loops

To give yourself more control over effects while
Almost all computer programs contain loops. These
painting with the cat, you can trigger scripts with
are useful as they let a program go back and repeat
any keys you choose. You could create a whole
a set of instructions, which keeps scripts simple and
keyboard full of weird cat changes, including
the ghost effect shown here.
short. The “forever” block creates a loop that goes on
forever, but other types of loops can repeat an action
a fixed number of times.You’ll meet all sorts of clever
loops in projects later in the book.
when right arrow ▾ key pressed

change ghost ▾ effect by 1

Scratch's ghost effect Script runs from The “forever” block makes
makes sprites transparent. top to bottom. the program return to the
start of the loop.

when clicked

forever
when left arrow ▾ key pressed
change color ▾ effect by 25
change ghost ▾ effect by –1
34 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Dino Dance Party

Brush off your dancing shoes and join Click this icon to Type the name of
the dinosaur’s dance party! Who will you make the game
fill your screen.
the project here.

invite? There will be music, a light show,

and dance moves galore. Dance routines
Dino Dance Party
are just like computer programs—you by PartyPeople555 (unshared)
just follow the steps in order.

How it works
Each sprite has one or more scripts
that program its dance moves. Some
simply turn from side to side, but
others glide across the dance floor
or perform more varied moves. You
can add as many dancers as you like.

◁ Dinosaur
After you’ve created a dancing
dinosaur, you can duplicate
this sprite to make a group of
dinosaurs dancing in rhythm.

The “spotlight-stage”
backdrop sets the scene
for the dance party.

◁ Ballerina
To add a touch of class, the
ballerina will perform a more
complicated dance routine.
 dino dance party 35

The disco lights change

color several times Click the stop sign
a second. to stop the project.
Click the green flag
to start the project.

By switching between
different poses, the
sprites appear to dance.

Let’s party!
36 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Dancing dinosaur
Scratch has lots of ready-made sprites for your project in the
sprite library. Many of the sprites have several “costumes”,
each showing the sprite in a different pose. If you make
a sprite switch costumes quickly, it looks like it’s moving.

1 First start a fresh Scratch

project. From the main
SCRATCH File ▾ Edit ▾ Tips

New
?

Scratch website, click Untitled

on Create at the top. If a by abcd (unshared)
Save now
Scratch project is already
open, click on the File Save as a copy
menu above the stage
and select “New”. Go to My Stuff

Upload from your computer

Download to your computer

Revert

Clicking on “New” will save

an existing project before
starting a fresh one.

2 New projects always start with the cat

sprite, but we don’t need it this time. 3 To load a new sprite, click on the small sprite symbol
in the sprites list just below the stage. A window with
To delete it, right-click on the cat (or a huge selection of sprites will open. Choose Dinosaur1
control/shift-click on a one button mouse) and click “OK”. Dinosaur1 will now appear on the stage
and select “delete”. The cat will disappear. and in the sprites list.

Click here to load

a new sprite.

Sprites New sprite:

info

duplicate

delete
Dinosaur1
save to local file
 dino dance party 37

4 Make this simple script for Dinosaur1. Look

carefully and you’ll see the script runs when
You can find brown blocks
by clicking on Events in
the blocks palette.
the space bar is pressed—not when the
green flag is clicked.
when space ▾ key pressed
Click on Looks to
find purple blocks. next costume

5 Look at the dinosaur on the stage and press the space-bar. Every time
you press it, the dinosaur will change its pose. It’s still the Dinosaur1
Each pose is a different
costume belonging to
sprite, but the way it looks keeps changing. Each different pose is called the dinosaur sprite.
a costume and can be used to make a sprite appear to do different things.

6 Click on the Costumes tab at

the top of the blocks palette to
New costume:
dinosaur1-a Clear Add Import
see all the dinosaur’s costumes.
Press the space bar to trigger 1
the “next costume” block and
you’ll see the blue outline
move to each costume in
turn as it’s selected. dinosaur1-a
151x169

2
Each costume has a
different name.

dinosaur1-b
233x158

This part of the Scratch window

dinosaur1-c
is called the paint editor. Later on 130x179
you’ll find out how to use it to create
your own sprites and backdrops.
4
100%

Vector Mode
Convert to bitmap
dinosaur1-d
95x172
38 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Dance steps
By using loops you can make the dinosaur change
its costume repeatedly, making it appear to move.
Changing pictures quickly to give the illusion of
movement is called animation.

7 Click on the Scripts tab at the top of the Scratch

window to go back to the dinosaur’s scripts and 8 Click the green flag above the stage to run the
script. You’ll see the dinosaur move wildly as it
add this script. Before you try it, read through the loops through all its costumes at high speed.
script and see if you can figure out what it does. To make a neater dance, the next step will
limit the number of costumes to just two.

when clicked

forever
Remember, blocks are
next costume color-coded. The “forever”
loop is in the yellow
Control blocks section.

dinosaur1-c dinosaur1-d

9 Remove the “next costume”

block from the loop and
when clicked Drag this block out
replace it with the blocks of the scripts area.
shown here. The new forever
script switches between
two costumes and slows next costume
everything down with
some “wait” blocks. Choose
Run the project again “dinosaur1-c”.
by clicking the green
flag—the dinosaur should switch costume to dinosaur1-c ▾
now dance more sensibly.
wait 0.5 secs
Change the delay
to 0.5 seconds. switch costume to dinosaur1-d ▾

wait 0.5 secs

Choose
“dinosaur1-d”.
 dino dance party 39

10 To add more dancing

dinosaurs to the party you can Sprites New sprite:
simply copy the first dinosaur.
Right-click on the dinosaur in
the sprites list and choose
“duplicate” from the pop-up
menu. A new dinosaur will Stage
1 backdrop Dinosaur1
appear in the sprites list. info
New backdrop:
duplicate

Right-click
delete
Choose “duplicate”
(or shift/ctrl-click) to make a copy of the
save to local file
on the dinosaur. sprite and its scripts.

11 Make another copy so that there

are three dinosaurs in total. Click
on the dinosaurs on the stage and
drag each one to a good spot. Run
the project. Since they all have the
same script, they’ll all do the same
dance at the same time.

Setting the scene

The dinosaurs are dancing, but the room’s a bit boring.
Follow the next steps to add some decorations and music.
You’ll need to make some changes to the stage. Although
it isn’t a sprite, it can still have its own scripts.

12 First, a change of scenery. The picture on the stage

is called a backdrop and you can load new ones. 13 Select “spotlight-stage” from the
backdrops library and click “OK”.
Look at the bottom left of the screen and click on This backdrop will now appear
the backdrop symbol to the left of the sprites list. behind the dancers.

Dino Dance Party

Sprites by PartyPeople555 (unshared)

The “spotlight-stage”
Stage backdrop sets the
1 backdrop Dinosaur1 mood of the party.
New backdrop:

Click this symbol to

add a backdrop.
40 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

14 Now click on the Scripts tab at the top of the

screen to add a script to the stage. Each sprite
Scripts Backdrops Sounds
can have its own scripts and so can the stage.
Motion Events
Looks Control
Click here to show
the scripts area. Sound Sensing
Pen Operators
Data More Blocks

15 Add this script to make the disco lights flash. This block only
Then click the green flag to run the project— changes the backdrop
when clicked colors. It does not
it should look like a real disco. You can
affect the other sprites.
experiment with the time in the “wait”
forever
block to make the lights flash faster or
slower if you want. change color ▾ effect by 25

wait 0.1 secs

Adjust the number
here to change how
fast the lights flash.

16 Now it’s time to add some music. Click on the

Sounds tab, which is next to the Scripts tab at
Scripts Backdrops Sounds
the top. Then click on the speaker symbol
to open Scratch’s sound library. Select “dance New sound:
around” and click “OK” to load it into the stage’s
list of sound clips.

Click here to choose a

sound from the library.

17 Click on the Scripts tab again and add this new

script to play the music in a loop. Click the green
flag to run the project again. The music should
Don’t forget to click
play. You now have a real party on your hands!
the full-screen symbol
above the stage to see
me at my best.
when clicked The music
repeats forever!
forever

play sound dance around ▾ until done

This block plays the whole

tune before the script
goes back to the start.
 dino dance party 41
Get a move on!
The dinosaurs are throwing some wicked shapes, but they’re
not moving around the dance floor much. You can fix that
with some new scripts that use Scratch’s “move” block.
Click here to see
Dinosaur2’s scripts.

18 First, click on Dinosaur2

in the sprites list to Sprites
show its scripts in
the scripts area.

Dinosaur1 Dinosaur2

19 Next, add this extra script. To find the dark blue

blocks, click Motion at the top of the blocks 21 To prevent the blood rushing to the dinosaur’s
tiny brain, click on the blue “i” symbol next to
palette. What do you think the new script does? the sprite in the sprites list. This reveals extra
information about the sprite.
These aren’t actual
dinosaur steps,
when clicked
they’re Scratch’s
way of measuring
forever distances.

move 10 steps Click here.

if on edge, bounce
Add this block to turn
Dinosaur2
the dinosaur round at
the stage’s edge.

20 Now click the green flag and both of Dinosaur2’s

scripts will run at the same time. The sprite will 22 An information box will pop up. Change “rotation
style” to the double arrow and watch the dinosaur
move all the way across the stage and then turn dance. See what happens if you click the other
around and dance back. But you’ll notice that rotation styles. You now have the power to choose
it dances back upside down! whether the dinosaur dances on its head or not!

Click here to go back Select the double arrow to

to the sprites list. keep the dinosaur upright.

Dinosaur2
x: –5 y: 18 direction: -90°
rotation style:
can drag in player:
show:
42 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Keyboard control
Ever dreamed of taking control of your very own
dinosaur? The next script will give you keyboard
control of Dinosaur3’s movements: you’ll be able
to move the dinosaur across the stage with the
right and left arrow keys.

23 Click on Dinosaur3 in the

sprites list so you can edit
its scripts.
The blue outline shows
that Dinosaur3 is the
Dinosaur3 selected sprite.

Click here and choose

Add this script to the
24 scripts area. It’s quite
when clicked
“right arrow”.

complicated, so make
sure you get everything forever key right arrow ▾ pressed?
in the right place. The
“if then” block is in if then
the yellow Control Drag this pale blue Sensing
block into the window in
blocks section. It’s a point in direction 90 ▾ the yellow block.
special block that
chooses whether or move 10 steps Choose 90 here. This points
not to run the blocks the sprite to the right.
inside it by asking a
question. Take care to
ensure that both “if if key left arrow ▾ pressed? then
then” blocks are inside
the “forever” loop and point in direction –90 ▾ Click here and choose
not inside each other. “left arrow”.
move 10 steps

Choose minus 90 here. This

points the sprite to the left.

25 Before you run the script, read through it carefully and see
if you can understand how it works. If the right arrow key
is pressed, blocks that make the sprite point right and move
are run. If the left arrow key is pressed, blocks that make
the sprite point left and move are run. If neither is pressed,
no blocks are run and the dinosaur stays put. Repeat step
22 to stop Dinosaur3 from turning upside down.
 dino dance party 43
ExpErt tips
Making choices
You make choices all the time. If you’re hungry, you
decide to eat; if not, you don’t. Computer programs
can also make choices between different options.
One way to make them do this is to use an “if then”
instruction, which is used in lots of programming Is the right
arrow key Move right
languages. In Scratch, the “if then” block includes
pressed? Yes
a statement or a question and only runs the code (true)
inside the block if the statement is true (or the
answer is yes).
No
(false)

Add a ballerina
The dinosaurs are dancing, but it’s not much of a party
without some friends. A ballerina is going to join the fun
and will do a routine. Her scripts will show you how to
create more complicated dance routines.

26 Click on the sprite symbol in the sprites list and load the
ballerina. Then use your mouse to drag the sprite to a good
spot on the stage. To give the ballerina some scripts, make
sure she’s selected in the sprites list—the selected sprite
has a blue outline. Scripts Costumes Sounds

Ballerina is the New costume: ballerina-a

selected sprite.

Ballerina

ballerina-a
61x10

27 You can see all the costumes of a sprite by clicking on the

Costumes tab when the sprite is selected. The ballerina has
2

four costumes, and switching between them will make her

dance a beautiful ballet.

Each costume has ballerina-b

66x81
a unique name.
44 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

28 Using the names of the

different costumes, you
can design a dance routine
for the ballerina, like the
one shown here. Each step
Costume ballerina-a then
in the dance will become an ballerina-d, repeated three times.
instruction block in the code.

29 Build this script to create the

ballerina’s first dance. There’s no when clicked The loop repeats the
“forever” loop—instead, the script
blocks inside three times.
uses a “repeat” loop that runs a fixed repeat 3
number of times before moving on
to the next block. Run the project to switch costume to ballerina-a ▾
see her perform the dance routine.
wait 0.5 secs

To set the delay time, switch costume to ballerina-d ▾

click on the window
and type 0.5. wait 0.5 secs

lingo
Algorithms
An algorithm is a series ALGORITHM PROGRAM
of simple, step-by-step (Dance steps) (Dance steps turned into computer
instructions that together programming language)
carry out a particular task.
In this project, we converted
STAND!
the ballerina’s dance
routine (an algorithm) into WAIT! switch costume to ballerina-a ▾
a program. Every computer
program has an algorithm wait 0.5 secs
at its heart. Programming is
KICK! switch costume to ballerina-d ▾
translating the steps of the
algorithm into a computer wait 0.5 secs
WAIT!
programming language that
the computer understands. switch costume to ballerina-a ▾
STAND! wait 0.5 secs

WAIT! switch costume to ballerina-b ▾

BEND
THE KNEES!
 dino dance party 45

30 Now for the second part of the

ballerina’s routine. After flexing
Costume ballerina-a then
her leg three times, she’ll dip twice.
ballerina-b, repeated twice

31 Add the blocks shown here to the

bottom of the ballerina’s script, 32 Next, click the green flag and you’ll see the
ballerina do her full routine. But she’ll only
after the first “repeat” block. do the routine once. To make the dance
go on we can wrap the whole body of the
script in a “forever” loop. Loops inside loops!

Drag the “forever”

when clicked loop to the top
of the existing
when clicked script and the
repeat 3
jaws will expand
forever
to fit.
switch costume to ballerina-a ▾

wait 0.5 secs switch costume to ballerina-a ▾

switch costume to ballerina-d ▾ wait 0.5 secs
wait 0.5 secs switch costume to ballerina-d ▾

wait 0.5 secs

Add the second

repeat block here.
repeat 2
repeat 2
switch costume to ballerina-a ▾
switch costume to ballerina-a ▾
wait 0.5 secs
wait 0.5 secs
switch costume to ballerina-b ▾
switch costume to ballerina-b ▾
wait 0.5 secs
wait 0.5 secs
46 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

ExpErt tips
repeat loops and forever loops
Look at the bottom of the two types of forever repeat 10
loop you’ve used so far. Which one can
have blocks attached to it? You might
notice that the “repeat” block has a small
lug on the bottom, but the “forever” block
doesn’t. There’s no lug on a “forever” loop
because it goes on forever, so there’s no
point adding blocks after it. A “repeat”
block, however, runs a fixed number A lug allows you to
of times and the script then continues. join new blocks.

Hacks and tweaks

You can add as many dancers as you like
to this project. There are lots of sprites in
Scratch that have several costumes, and
even those with only a single costume
can be instructed to dance by flipping
left to right or by jumping in the air.
This is the same as selecting
the double arrow rotation
▽ Turn around style in the sprite’s
You can make any character face the other information panel.
way by using a “turn 180 degrees” block.
Just add this block before the end of the
“forever” loop to make your sprite’s dance when clicked
switch direction each time.
set rotation style left-right ▾

forever

turn 180 degrees

wait 0.5 secs

This block flips

the sprite to its
mirror image.
 dino dance party 47
▷ Dance-off!
Look in the library for sprites with the word “Hip-Hop” in the when clicked
name. They have lots of costumes showing different dance
postures. Start off with a simple script like this one that shows set size to 50 %
all the costumes in order. Then choose the costumes that work
best together and switch between them. Add loops to extend forever
the dance or add sensing blocks to give you keyboard control.
next costume

wait 0.2 secs

▽ Might as well jump!

Add another ballerina and make her jump
in the air with this script. The change of
costume makes it seem like the ballerina is
really jumping. Experiment with the timing
to make the dance match the music.

when clicked Try This

set rotation style left-right ▾ shout!
forever Add this short script to every one of
your sprites. When you press the x key,
switch costume to ballerina-b ▾ all the sprites will shout “Party!”
wait 3 secs
Choose 0
for upward
point in direction 0 ▾ movement. when x ▾ key pressed
move 50 steps say Party! for 2 secs
switch costume to ballerina-c ▾

wait 0.5 secs PARTY!

point in direction 180 ▾

move 50 steps Choose 180

for downward
movement.
48 g e t t i n g s ta r t e d

Animal Race
Have you ever wondered which is
faster—a dog or a bat? Now you Animal Race
by TopDog763 (unshared)
can find out when you play this
fun fast-finger, button-pressing,
two-player animal race game. Go!

How it works
The aim of this two-player game is simply
to race across the screen and reach the
balloons before the other player. Fast
finger action is all you need to win.
The faster you tap the keyboard’s “z”
or “m” key, the faster your sprite moves
from left to right.

◁ Sending messages
This project shows you how
to use Scratch’s message
feature to make one sprite
pass information to other
sprites, such as when the
cat sprite tells the dog
and bat to start racing.

◁ Variables
The cat’s script stores
information in something
3 programmers call a variable.
In this project, you’ll use
a variable to store the
numbers for the cat’s count
at the start of the race. The cross and arrow
Count mark the start line.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 "Well?" repeated the Inspector-General, biting the ends of his
close-cropped moustache. "What more did you expect, sir? Naturally
the man's own people were not going to give him away. They nearly
did so, though. You heard what old Zewar Pasha said?"
"Tut! I take no account of that," said the Sirdar. "The brothers of
Christ Himself would have put Him down, too—locked Him up in an
asylum, I dare say."
"That's exactly what I would do with Ishmael Ameer, anyway,"
said the Inspector-General. "Of course he performs no miracles, and
is attended by no angels. His removal to Torah, and his inability to
free himself from a Government jail, would soon dispel the belief in
his supernatural agencies."
"But how can we do it? Under what pretext? We can't imprison
a man for preaching the second coming of Christ. If we did, our jails
would be pretty full at home, I'm thinking."
The Inspector-General laughed. "Your old error, dear Sirdar. You
can't apply the same principles to East and West."
"And your old Parliamentary cant, dear friend! I'm sick to death
of it."
There was a moment of strained silence, and then the
Inspector-General said—
"Ah well, I know these holy men, with their sham inspirations
and their so-called heavenly messages. They develop by degrees, sir.
This one has begun by proclaiming the advent of the Lord Jesus,
and he will end by hoisting a flag and claiming to be the Lord Jesus
himself."
"When he does that, Colonel, we'll consider our position afresh.
Meantime it may do us no mischief to remember that if the family of
Jesus could have dealt with the founder of our own religion as you
would deal with this olive-faced Arab there would probably be no
Christianity in the world to-day."
The Inspector-General shrugged his shoulders and rose to go.
"Good-night, sir."
"Good-night, Colonel," said the Sirdar, and then he sat down to
draft a dispatch to the Consul-General—
"Nothing to report since the marriage, betrothal, or whatever it
was, of the 'Rani' to the man in question. Undoubtedly he is laying a
strong hold on the imagination of the natives and acquiring the
allegiance of large bodies of workers; but I cannot connect him with
any conspiracy to persuade people not to pay taxes or with any
organised scheme that is frankly hostile to the continuance of British
rule.
"Will continue to watch him, but find myself at fearful odds
owing to difference of faith. It is one of the disadvantages of
Christian Governments among people of alien race and religion, that
methods of revolt are not always visible to the naked eye, and God
knows what is going on in the sealed chambers of the mosque.
"That only shows the danger of curtailing the liberty of the
vernacular press, whatever the violence of its sporadic and muddled
anarchy. Leave the press alone, I say. Instead of chloroforming it
into silence give it a tonic if need be, or you drive your trouble
underground. Such is the common sense and practical wisdom of
how to deal with sedition in a Mohammedan country, let some of the
logger-headed dunces who write leading articles in England say what
they will.
 "If this man should develop supernatural pretensions I shall
know what to do. But without that, whether he claim divine
inspiration or not, if his people should come to regard him as divine,
the very name and idea of his divinity may become a danger, and I
suppose I shall have to put him under arrest."
Then remembering that he was addressing not only the Consul-
General but a friend, the Sirdar wrote—
"'Art Thou a King?' Strange that the question of Pontius Pilate is
precisely what we may find in our own mouths soon! And stranger
still, almost ludicrous, even farcical and hideously ironical, that
though for two thousand years Christendom has been spitting on the
pusillanimity of the old pagan, the representative of a Christian
Empire will have to do precisely what he did.
"Short of Pilate's situation, though, I see no right to take this
man, so I am not taking him. Sorry to tell you so, but I cannot help
it.
"Our love from both to both. Trust Janet is feeling better. No
news of our poor boy, I suppose?"
"Our boy" had for thirty years been another name for Gordon.

CHAPTER XV

Grave as was the gathering in the Sirdar's Palace at Khartoum, there

was a still graver gathering that day at the British Agency in Cairo—
the gathering of the wings of Death.
 Lady Nuneham was nearing her end. Since Gordon's disgrace
and disappearance she had been visibly fading away under a burden
too heavy for her to bear.
The Consul-General had been trying hard to shut his eyes to
this fact. More than ever before, he had immersed himself in his
work, being plainly impelled to fresh efforts by hatred of the man
who had robbed him of his son.
Through the Soudan Intelligence Department in Cairo he had
watched Ishmael's movements in Khartoum, expecting him to
develop the traits of the Mahdi and thus throw himself into the
hands of the Sirdar.
It was a deep disappointment to the Consul-General that this
did not occur. The same report came to him. again and again. The
man was doing nothing to justify his arrest. Although surrounded by
fanatical folk, whose minds were easily inflamed, he was not trying
to upset governors or giving "divine" sanction for the removal of
officials.
But meantime some mischief was manifestly at work all over the
country. From day to day Inspectors had been coming in to say that
the people were not paying their taxes. Convinced that this was the
result of conspiracy, the Consul-General had shown no mercy.
"Sell them up," he had said, and the Inspectors, taking their cue
from his own spirit but exceeding his orders, had done his work
without remorse.
Week by week the trouble had deepened, and when
disturbances had been threatened he had asked the British Army of
Occupation, meaning no violence, to go out into the country and
show the people England's power.
 Then grumblings had come down on him from the
representatives of foreign nations. If the people were so
discontented with British rule that they were refusing to pay their
taxes, there would be a deficit in the Egyptian treasury—how then
were Egypt's creditors to be paid?
"Time enough to cross the bridge when you come to it,
gentlemen," said the Consul-General, in his stinging tone and with a
curl of his iron lip.
If the worst came to the worst England would pay, but England
should not be asked to do so because Egypt must meet the cost of
her own government. Hence more distraining and some inevitable
violence in suppressing the riots that resulted from evictions.
Finally came a hubbub in Parliament, with the customary
"Christian" prattlers prating again. Fools! They did not know what a
subtle and secret conspiracy he had to deal with while they were
crying out against his means of killing it.
He must kill it! This form of passive resistance, this attack on
the Treasury, was the deadliest blow that had ever yet been aimed
at England's power in Egypt.
But he must not let Europe see it! He must make believe that
nothing was happening to occasion the least alarm. Therefore to
drown the cries of the people who were suffering not because they
were poor and could not pay, but because they were perverse and
would not, he must organise some immense demonstration.
Thus came to the Consul-General the scheme of the combined
festival of the King's Birthday and the —th anniversary of the British
Occupation of Egypt. It would do good to foreign Powers, for it
would make them feel that, not for the first time, England had been
the torch-bearer in a dark country. It would do good to the
Egyptians, too, for it would force their youngsters (born since Tel-el-
Kebir) to realise the strength of England's arm.
Thus had the Consul-General occupied himself while his wife
had faded away. But at length he had been compelled to see that
the end was near, and towards the close of every day he had gone
to her room and sat almost in silence, with bowed head, in the chair
by her side.
The great man, who for forty years had been the virtual ruler of
millions, had no wisdom that told him what to say to a dying
woman; but at last, seeing that her pallor had become whiteness,
and that she was sinking rapidly and hungering for the consolations
of her religion, he asked her if she would like to take the sacrament.
"It is just what I wish, dear," she answered, with the nervous
smile of one who had been afraid to ask.
At heart the Consul-General had been an agnostic all his life,
looking upon religion as no better than a civilising superstition, but
all the same he went downstairs and sent one of his secretaries for
the Chaplain of St. Mary's—the English Church.
The moment he had gone out of the door Fatimah, under the
direction of the dying woman, began to prepare the bedroom for the
reception of the clergyman by laying a side-table with a fair white
cloth, a large prayer-book, and two silver candlesticks containing
new candles.
While the Egyptian nurse did this the old lady looked on with
her deep, slow, weary eyes, and talked in whispers, as if the wings
of the august Presence that was soon to come were already rustling
in the room. When all was done she looked very happy.
 "Everything is nice and comfortable now," she said, as she lay
back to wait for the clergyman.
But even then she could not help thinking the one thought that
made a tug at her resignation. It was about Gordon.
"I am quite ready to die, Fatimah," she said, "but I should have
loved to see my dear Gordon once more."
This was what she had been waiting for, praying for, eating her
heart and her life out for.
"Only to see and kiss my boy! It would have been so easy to go
then."
Fatimah, who was snuffling audibly, as she straightened the
eider-down coverlet over the bed, began to hint that if her "sweet
eyes" could not see her son she could send him a message.
"Perhaps I know somebody who could see it reaches him, too,"
said Fatimah, in a husky whisper.
The old lady understood her instantly.
"You mean Hafiz! I always thought as much. Bring me my
writing-case—quick!"
The writing-case was brought and laid open before her, and she
made some effort to write a letter, but the power of life in her was
low, and after a moment the shaking pen dropped from her fingers.
"Ma'aleysh, my lady!" said Fatimah soothingly. "Tell me what
you wish to say. I will remember everything."
Then the dying mother sent a few touching words as her last
message to her beloved son.
"Wait! Let me think. My head is a little ... just a little ... Yes, this
is what I wish to say, Fatimah. Tell my boy that my last thoughts
were about him. Though I am sorry he took the side of the false
prophet, say I am certain he did what he thought was right. Be sure
you tell him I die happy, because I know I shall see him again. If I
am never to see him in this world I shall do so in the world to come.
Say I shall be waiting for him there. And tell him it will not seem
long."
"Could you sign your name for him, my heart?" said Fatimah, in
her husky voice.
"Yes, oh yes, easily," said the old lady, and then with an awful
effort she wrote—
"Your ever-loving Mother."
At that moment Ibrahim in his green caftan, carrying a small
black bag, brought the English chaplain into the room.
"Peace be to this house," said the clergyman, using the words
of his Church ritual, and the Egyptian nurse, thinking it was an
Eastern salutation, answered, "Peace!"
The Chaplain went into the "boys' room" to put on his surplice,
and when he came out, robed in white, and began to light the
candles and prepare the vessels which he placed on the side-table,
the old lady was talking to Fatimah in nervous whispers—
"His lordship?" "Yes!" "Do you think, my lady——"
She wanted the Consul-General to be present and was half
afraid to send for him; but just at that instant the door opened
again, and her pale, spiritual face lit up with a smile as she saw her
husband come into the room.
The clergyman was now ready to begin, and the old lady looked
timidly across the bed at the Consul-General as if there were
something she wished to ask and dared not.
 "Yes, I will take the sacrament with you, Janet," said the old
man, and then the old lady's face shone like the face of an angel.
The Consul-General took the chair by the side of the bed and
the Chaplain began the service—
"Almighty, ever-living God, Maker of mankind, who dost correct
those whom Thou dost love——"
All the time the triumphant words reverberated through the
room the dying woman was praying fervently, her lips moving to her
unspoken words and her eyes shining as if the Lord of Life she had
always loved was with her now and she was giving herself to Him—
her soul, her all.
The Consul-General was praying too—praying for the first time
to the God he did not know and had never looked to—
"If Thou art God, let her die in peace. It is all I ask—all I wish."
Thus the two old people took the sacrament together, and when
the Communion Service came to a close, the old lady looked again
at the Consul-General and asked, with a little confusion, if they
might sing a hymn.
The old man bent his head, and a moment later the Chaplain,
after a whispered word from the dying woman, began to sing—

"Sun of my soul, Thou Saviour dear,

It is not night if Thou be near ..."

At the second bar the old lady joined him in her breaking, cracking
voice, and the Consul-General, albeit his throat was choking him,
forced himself to sing with her—
 "When the soft dews of kindly sleep
My wearied eyelids gently steep..."

It was as much as the Consul-General could do to sing of a faith he

did not feel, but he felt tenderly to it for his wife's sake now, and
with a great effort he went on with her to the end—

"If some poor wandering child of Thine

Have spurned to-day the voice divine ..."

The light of another world was in the old lady's eyes when all was
over, and she seemed to be already half way to heaven.

CHAPTER XVI

All the same there was a sweet humanity left in her, and when the
Chaplain was gone and the side-table had been cleared, and she
was left alone with her old husband, there came little gleams of the
woman who wanted to be loved to the last.
"How are you now?" he asked.
"Better so much better," she said, smiling upon him, and
caressing with her wrinkled hand the other wrinkled hand that lay on
the eider-down quilt.
 The great Consul-General, sitting on the chair by the side of the
bed, felt as helpless as before, as ignorant as ever of what millions
of simple people know—how to talk to those they love when the
wings of Death are hovering over them. But the sweet old lady, with
the wisdom and the courage which God gives to His own on the
verge of eternity, began to speak in a lively and natural voice of the
end that was coming and what was to follow it.
He was not to allow any of his arrangements to be interfered
with, and, above all, the festivities appointed for the King's Birthday
were not to be disturbed.
"They must be necessary or you would not have them,
especially now," she said, "and I shall not be happy if I know that on
my account they are not coming off."
And then, with the sweet childishness which the feebleness of
illness brings, she talked of the last King's Birthday, and of the ball
they had given in honour of it.
That had been in their own house, and the dancing had been in
the drawing-room, and the Consul-General had told Ibrahim to set
the big green arm-chair for her in the alcove, and sitting there she
had seen everything. What a spectacle! Ministers Plenipotentiary,
Egyptian Ministers, ladies, soldiers! Such gorgeous uniforms! Such
glittering orders! Such beautiful toilets!
The old lady's pale face filled with light as she thought of all
this, but the Consul-General dropped his head, for he knew well
what was coming next.
"And, John, don't you remember? Gordon was there that night,
and Helena—dear Helena! How lovely they looked! Among all those
lovely people, dear.... He was wearing every one of his medals that
night, you know. So tall, so brave-looking, a soldier every inch of
him, and such a perfect English gentleman! Was there ever anything
in the world so beautiful? And Helena, too! She wore a silvery silk,
and a kind of coif on her beautiful black hair. Oh, she was the
loveliest thing in all the room, I thought! And when they led the
cotillion—don't you remember they led the cotillion, dear?—I could
have cried, I was so proud of them."
The Consul-General continued to sit with his head down,
listening to the old lady and saying nothing, yet seeing the scene as
she depicted it and feeling again the tingling pride which he, too,
had felt that night but permitted nobody to know.
After a moment the beaming face on the bed became clouded
over, as if that memory had brought other memories less easy to
bear—dreams of happy days to come, of honours and of children.
"Ah well, God knows best," she said in a tremulous voice,
releasing the Consul-General's hand.
The old man felt as if he would have to hurry out of the room
without uttering another word, but, as well as he could, he
controlled himself and said—
"You are agitating yourself, Janet. You must lie quiet now."
"Yes, I must lie quiet now, and think of ... of other things," she
answered.
He was stepping away when she called on him to turn her on
her right side, for that was how she always slept, and upon the
Egyptian nurse coming hurrying up to help, she said—
"No, no, not you, Fatimah—his lordship."
Then the Consul-General put his arms about her—feeling how
thin and wasted she was, and how little of her was left to die—and
turning her gently round he laid her back on the pillow which
Fatimah had in the meantime shaken out.
While he did so her dim eyes brightened again, and stretching
her white hands out of her silk nightdress she clasped them about
his neck, with the last tender efforts of the woman who wanted to
be fondled to the end.
The strain of talking had been too much for her, and after a few
minutes she sank into a restless doze, in which the perspiration
broke out on her forehead and her face acquired an expression of
pain, for sleep knows no pretences. But at length her features
became more composed and her breathing more regular, and then
the Consul-General, who had been standing aside, mute with
anguish, said in a low tone to Fatimah—
"She is sleeping quietly now," and then he turned to go.
Fatimah followed him to the head of the stairs and said in a
husky whisper—
"It will be all over to-night, though—you'll see it will."
For a moment he looked steadfastly into the woman's eyes, and
then, without answering her, walked heavily down the stairs.
Back in the library, he stood for some time with his face to the
empty fireplace. Over the mantelpiece there hung a little picture, in
a black-and-gilt frame, of a bright-faced boy in an Arab fez. It was
more than he could do to look at that portrait now, so he took it off
its nail and laid it, face down, on the marble mantel-shelf.
Just at that moment one of his secretaries brought in a
despatch. It was the despatch from the Sirdar, sent in cypher but
now written out at length. The Consul-General read it without any
apparent emotion and put it aside without a word.
 The hours passed slowly; the night was very long; the old man
did not go to bed. Not for the first time, he was asking himself
searching questions about the mystery of life and death, but the
great enigma was still baffling him. Could it be possible that while he
had occupied himself with the mere shows and semblance of things,
calling them by great names—Civilisation and Progress—that simple
soul upstairs had been grasping the eternal realities?
There were questions that cut deeper even than that, and now
they faced him one by one. Was it true that he had married merely
in the hope of having some one to carry on his name and thus fulfil
the aspirations of his pride? Had he for nearly forty years locked his
heart away from the woman who had been starving for his love, and
was it only by the loss of the son who was to have been the crown
of his life that they were brought together in the end?
Thus the hoofs of the dark hours beat heavily on the great
Proconsul's brain, and in the awful light that came to him from an
open grave, the triumphs of the life behind him looked poor and
small.
But meantime the palpitating air of the room upstairs was full of
a different spirit. The old lady had apparently awakened from her
restless sleep, for she had opened her eyes and was talking in a
bright and happy voice. Her cheeks were tinged with the glow of
health, and her whole face was filled with light.
"I knew I should see them," she said.
"See whom, my heart?" asked Fatimah, but without answering
her, the old lady, with the same rapturous expression, went on
talking.
"I knew I should, and I have! I have seen both of them!"
 "Whom have you seen, my lady?" asked Fatimah again, but
once more the dying woman paid no heed to her.
"I saw them as plainly as I see you now, dear. It was in a place
I did not know. The sun was so hot, and the room was so close.
There was a rush roof and divans all round the walls. But Gordon
and Helena were there together, sitting at opposite sides of a table
and holding each other's hands."
"Allah! Allah!" muttered Fatimah, with upraised hands.
The old lady seemed to hear her, for an indulgent smile passed
over her radiant face and she said in a tone of tender remonstrance
—
"Don't be foolish, Fatimah! Of course I saw him. The Lord said I
should, and He never breaks His promises. 'Help me, O God, for
Christ's sake,' I said. 'Shall I see my dear son again? O God, give me
a sign.' And He did! Yes, it was in the middle of the night. 'Janet,'
said a voice, and I was not afraid. 'Be patient, Janet. You shall see
your dear boy before you die.'"
Her face was full of happy visions. The life of this world seemed
to be no longer there. A kind of life from the other world appeared
to reanimate the sinking woman. The near approach of eternity
illumined her whole being with a supernatural light. She was dying in
a flood of joy.
"Oh, how good the Lord is! It is so easy to go now! ... John, you
must not think I suffer any longer, because I don't. I have no pain
now, dear—none whatever."
Then she clasped her wasted hands together in the attitude of
prayer and said in a rustling whisper—
"To-night, Lord Jesus! Let it be to-night!"
 After that her rapturous voice died away and her ecstatic eyes
gently closed, but an ineffable smile continued to play on her faintly-
tinted face, as if she were looking on the wings that were waiting to
bear her away.
The doctor came in at that moment, and was told what had
occurred.
"Delirium, of course," he said. A change had come; the crisis
was approaching. If the same thing happened at the supreme
moment the patient was not to be contradicted; her delusion was to
be indulged.
It did not happen.
In the early hours of the morning the Consul-General was called
upstairs. There was a deep silence in the bedroom, as if the air had
suddenly become empty and void. The day was breaking, and
through the windows that looked over to the Nile the white sails of a
line of boats gliding by seemed like the passing of angels' wings.
Sparrows were twittering in the eaves, and through the windows to
the east the first streamers of the sunrise were rising in the sky.
The Consul-General approached the bed and looked down at
the pallid face on the pillow. He wanted to stoop and kiss it, but he
felt as if it would be a profanation to do so now. His own face was
full of suffering, for the sealed chambers of his iron soul had been
broken open at last.
With his hands clasped behind his back he stood for some
minutes quite motionless. Then laying one hand on the brass head-
rail of the bed, he leaned over his dead wife and spoke to her as if
she could hear.
 "Forgive me, Janet! Forgive me!" he said in a low voice that was
like a sob.
Did she hear him? Who can say she did not? Was it only a ray
from the sunrise that made the Egyptian woman think that over the
dead face of the careworn and weary one, whose sweet soul was
even then winging its way to heaven, there passed the light of a
loving smile?

CHAPTER XVII

Within three days the softening effects on the Consul-General of

Lady Nuneham's death were lost. Out of his very bereavement and
the sense of being left friendless and alone he became a harder and
severer man than before. His secretaries were more than ever afraid
of him, and his servants trembled as they entered his room.
It heightened his anger against Gordon to believe that by his
conduct he had hastened his mother's end. In his absolute self-
abasement there were moments when he would have found it easier
to forgive Gordon if he had been a prodigal, a wastrel, prompted to
do what he had done by the grossest selfishness; but deep down in
some obscure depths of the father's heart the worst suffering came
of the certainty that his son had been moved by that tragic
earnestness which belongs only to the greatest and noblest souls.
Still more hardening and embittering to the Consul-General than
the memory of Gordon was the thought of Ishmael. It intensified his
anger against the Egyptian to feel that having first by his "visionary
mummery," by his "manoeuvring and quackery," robbed him of his
son, he had now, by direct consequence, robbed him of his wife
also.
All the Consul-General's bull-necked strength, all his force of
soul, were roused to fury when he thought of that. He was old and
tired and he needed rest, but before he permitted himself to think of
retirement, he must crush Ishmael Ameer.
Not that he allowed himself to recognise his vindictiveness.
Shutting his eyes to his personal motive, he believed he was thinking
of England only. Ishmael was the head-centre of an anarchical
conspiracy which was using secret and stealthy weapons that were
more deadly than bombs; therefore Ishmael must be put down, he
must be trampled into the earth, and his movement must be
destroyed.
But how?
Within a few hours after Lady Nuneham's funeral the Grand
Cadi came by night, and with many vague accusations against "the
Arab innovator," repeated his former warning—
"I tell you again, O Excellency, if you permit that man to go on it
will be death to the rule of England in Egypt."
"Then prove what you say—prove it, prove it," cried the Consul-
General, raising his impatient voice.
But the suave old Moslem judge either could not or would not
do so. Indeed, being a Turkish official, accustomed to quite different
procedure, he was at a loss to understand why the Consul-General
wanted proof.
"Arrest the offender first and you'll find evidence enough
afterwards," he said.
 An English statesman could not act on lines like those, so the
Consul-General turned back to the despatches of the Sirdar. The last
of them—the one received during the dark hours preceding his wife's
death—contained significant passages—
"If this man should develop supernatural pretensions I shall
know what to do."
Ha! There was hope in that! The charlatan element in Ishmael
Ameer might carry him far if only the temptation of popular idolatry
were strong enough.
Once let a man deceive himself with the idea that he was
divine, nay, once let his followers delude themselves with the notion
of his divinity, and a civilised Government would be bound to make
short work of him. Whosoever and whatsoever he might be, that
man must die!
A sudden cloud passed over the face of the Consul-General as
he glanced again at the Sirdar's despatch and saw its references to
Christ.
"How senseless everybody is becoming in this world," he
thought.
Pontius Pilate! Pshaw! When would religious hypocrisy open its
eyes and see that, according to all the laws of civilised states, the
Roman Governor had done right? Jesus claimed to be divine, His
people were ready to recognise Him as King; and whether His
kingdom was of this world or another, what did it matter? If His
pretensions had been permitted they would have led to wild,
chaotic, shapeless anarchy. Therefore Pilate crucified Jesus, and,
scorned though he had been through all the ages, he had done no
more than any so-called "Christian" governor would be compelled to
do to-day.
"Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." Why would not
people understand that these words were written not in derision but
in self-defence? There could be only one authority in Palestine then,
and there could be only one authority in Egypt now.
"If this visionary mummer, with his empty quackeries, should
develop the idea that he is divine, or even the messenger of divinity,
I will hang him like a dog!" thought the Consul-General.

CHAPTER XVIII

Five days after the death of Lady Nuneham the Consul-General was
reading at his breakfast the last copy of the Times to arrive in Cairo.
It contained an anticipatory announcement of a forthcoming
Mansion House Banquet in honour of the King's Birthday. The
Foreign Minister was expected to speak on the "unrest in the East,
with special reference to the affair of El Azhar."
The Consul-General's face frowned darkly, and he began to
picture the scene as it would occur. The gilded hall, the crowd of
distinguished persons eating in public, the mixed odours of many
dishes, the pop of champagne corks, the smoke of cigars, the buzz
of chatter like the gobbling of geese on a green, and then the
Minister, with his hand on his heart, uttering timorous apologies for
his Proconsul's policy, and pouring out pompous platitudes as if he
had newly discovered the Decalogue.
 The Consul-General's gorge rose at the thought. Oh, when
would these people, who stayed comfortably at home and lived by
the votes of the factory-hands of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and
hungered for the shouts of the mob, understand the position of men
like himself, who, in foreign lands, among alien races, encompassed
by secret conspiracies, were spending their strength in holding high
the banner of Empire?
"Having chosen a good man, why can't they leave him alone?"
thought the Consul-General.
And then, his personal feelings getting the better of his
patriotism, he almost wished that the charlatan element in Ishmael
Ameer might develop speedily; that he might draw off the allegiance
of the native soldiers in the Soudan and break out, like the Mahdi,
into open rebellion. That would bring the Secretary of State to his
senses, make him realise a real danger, and see in the everlasting
"affair of El Azhar" if not light, then lightning.
The door of the breakfast-room opened and Ibrahim entered.
"Well, what is it?" demanded the Consul-General with a frown.
Ibrahim answered in some confusion that a small boy was in the
hall, asking to see the English lord. He said he brought an urgent
message, but would not tell what it was or where it came from. Had
been there three times before, slept last night on the ground outside
the gate, and could not be driven away—would his lordship see the
lad?
"What is his race? Egyptian?"
"Nubian, my lord."
"Ever seen the boy before?"
 "No ... yes ... that is to say ... well, now that your lordship
mentions it, I think ... yes I think he came here once with Miss Hel
... I mean General Graves's daughter."
"Bring him up immediately," said the Consul-General.
At the next moment a black boy stepped boldly into the room. It
was Mosie. His clothes were dirty, and his pudgy face was like a
block of dark soap splashed with stale lather, but his eyes were clear
and alert and his manner was eager.
"Well, my boy, what do you want?" asked the Consul-General.
Mosie looked fearlessly up into the stern face with its iron jaw,
and tipped his black thumb over his shoulder to where Ibrahim, in
his gorgeous green caftan, stood timidly behind him.
At a sign from the Consul-General, the Egyptian servant left the
room, and then, quick as light, Mosie slipped off his sandal, ripped
open its inner sole, and plucked out a letter stained with grease.
It was the letter which Helena had written in Khartoum.
The Consul-General read it rapidly, with an eagerness which
even he could not conceal. So great, indeed, was his excitement that
he did not see that a second paper (Ishmael's letter to the
Chancellor of El Azhar) had fallen to the floor until Mosie picked it up
and held it out to him.
"Good boy," said the Consul-General—the cloud had passed and
his face bore an expression of joy.
Instantly apprehending the dim purport of Helena's hasty letter,
the Consul-General saw that what he had predicted and half hoped
for was already coming to pass. It was to be open conspiracy now,
not passive conspiracy any longer. The man Ishmael was falling a
victim to the most fatal of all mental maladies. The Mahdist delusion
was taking possession of him, and he was throwing himself into the
Government's hands.
Hurriedly ringing his bell, the Consul-General committed Mosie
to Ibrahim's care, whereupon the small black boy, in his soiled
clothes, with his dirty face and hands, strutted out of the room in
front of the Egyptian servant, looking as proud as a peacock and
feeling like sixteen feet tall. Then the Consul-General called for one
of his secretaries and sent him for the Commandant of Police.
The Commandant came in hot haste. He was a big and rather
corpulent Englishman, wearing a blue-braided uniform and a fez—
naturally a blusterous person with his own people, but as soft-voiced
as a woman and as obsequious as a slave before his chief.
"Draw up your chair, Commandant—closer; now listen," said the
Consul-General.
And then in a low tone he repeated what he had already
learned from Helena's letter, and added what he had instantly
divined from it—that Ishmael Ameer was to return to Cairo; that he
was to come back in the disguise of a Bedouin Sheikh; that his
object was to draw off the allegiance of the Egyptian army in order
that a vast horde of his followers might take possession of the city;
that this was to be done during the period of the forthcoming
festivities, while the British army was still in the provinces, and that
the conspiracy was to reach its treacherous climax on the night of
the King's Birthday.
The Commandant listened with a gloomy face, and, looking
timidly into the flashing eyes before him, he asked if his Excellency
could rely on the source of his information.
"Absolutely! Infallibly!" said the Consul-General.
 "Then," said the Commandant nervously, "I presume the
festivities must be postponed?"
"Certainly not, sir."
"Or perhaps your Excellency intends to have the British army
called back to Cairo?"
"Not that either."
"At least you will arrest the 'Bedouin'?"
"Not yet at all events."
The policy to be pursued was to be something quite different.
Everything was to go on as usual. Sports, golf, cricket, croquet,
tennis-tournaments, polo-matches, race-meetings, automobile-
meetings, "all the usual fooleries and frivolities"—with crowds of
sight-seers, men in flannels and ladies in beautiful toilets—were to
be encouraged to proceed. The police-bands were to play in the
public gardens, the squares, the streets, everywhere.
"Say nothing to anybody. Give no sign of any kind. Let the
conspiracy go on as if we knew nothing about it. But——"
"Yes, my lord? Yes?"
"Keep an eye on the 'Bedouin.' Let every train that arrives at the
railway-station and every boat that comes down the river be
watched. As soon as you have spotted your man, see where he
goes. He may be a fanatical fool, miscalculating his 'divine' influence
with the native soldier, but he cannot be working alone. Therefore
find out who visit him, learn all their movements, let their plans
come to a head, and, when the proper time arrives, in one hour, at
one blow we will crush their conspiracy and clap our hands upon the
whole of them."
"Splendid! An inspiration, my lord!"
 "I've always said it would some day be necessary to forge a
special weapon to meet special needs, and the time has come to
forge it. Meantime undertake nothing hurriedly. Make no mistakes,
and see that your men make none."
"Certainly, my lord."
"Investigate every detail for yourself, and above all hold your
tongue and guard your information with inviolable secrecy."
"Surely, my lord."
"You can go now. I'm busy. Good-morning!"
"Wonderful man!" thought the Commandant, as he went out at
the porch. "Seems to have taken a new lease of life! Wonderful!"
The Consul-General spent the whole of that day in thinking out
his scheme for a "special weapon," and when night came and he
went upstairs—through the great echoing house that was like the
bureau of a department of state now, being so empty and so
cheerless, and past the dark and silent room whereof the door was
always closed—he felt conscious of a firmer and lighter step than he
had known for years.
Fatimah was in his bedroom, for she had constituted herself his
own nurse since his wife's death. She was nailing up on the wall the
picture of the little boy in the Arab fez, and, having her own theory
about why he had taken it down in the library, she said—
"There! It will be company for your lordship, and nobody will
ask questions about it here."
When Fatimah had gone the Consul-General could not but think
of Gordon. He always thought of him at that hour of the night, and
the picture of his son that rose in his mind's eye was always the
same. It was a picture of Gordon's deadly white face with its
trembling lower lip, as he stood bolt upright while his medals were
being torn from his breast, and then said, in that voice which his
father could never forget: "General, the time may come when it will
be even more painful to you to remember all this than it has been to
me to bear it."
Oh, that Gordon could be here now and see for himself what a
sorry charlatan, what a self-deceived quack and conspirator, was the
man in whose defence he had allowed his own valuable life to rush
down to a confused welter of wreck and ruin!
As the Consul-General got into bed he was thinking of Helena.
What a glorious, courageous, resourceful woman she was! It carried
his mind back to Biblical days to find anything equal to her daring
and her success. But what was the price she had paid for them? He
remembered something the Sirdar had said of "a marriage, a sort of
betrothal," and then he recalled the words of her first letter: "I know
exactly how far I intend to go, and I shall go no farther. I know
exactly what I intend to do, and I shall do it without fear or
remorse."
What had happened in the Soudan? What was happening there
now? In what battle-whirlwind had that splendid girl's magnificent
victory been won?

CHAPTER XIX

Meantime Helena in Khartoum was feeling like a miserable traitress.

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