— || “Dekicitian s- ONIT. LT _ The Light which hes aeqtutred the Property of One Sideness fs called polarized Light - Tt is possible to -tramfer +the unpolarized Laht fnto polonitzed Light. “Ther polarized fone can be produceal by wef lection, double wef lection, Selective absorption and scattering “The representations of un polarized ee and polavized Ugh anetos Shown inti Polarization: — “The proces af Converting the unpolarized, Mort Pnto polosiized taht Fe called polarization? Vertically polasized Light | == ‘ a | 5 Hortsontally at | an polarized Pee Goan | | &4planakioo t— | Te understand “the Concept of polarization, ter Us| Consider 400. identical -fourmadine Crystals -A and B which ave whth ther plane povalte|, To “their cxystallo— graphic axes. when a beam Lght wes throamh either of the plate, the emergent beams do not differ. nlow Svppote both the Crystal are arranged fonallel to each other the Light beam fs allowed -to paws “through them Feeping the plate -A -fixed and platee?s sotated | Gradually, it fe -found -that -the intensity of transmitted! Baht become maximum when both -the Cryctalls ane | “Parallel -to each other as Shown . The ‘intensity dlecyeate Gradually on sotaking Crustal Band becomes 210 when the crystals are at wight angles +o each other a Shown th $69, Pertbyy rotation Leads to an tncrease@® Tn fntenctty wobich grows -to a maximum when the Crystal are brought faratle! ance again. mys ug pa “4 be owl peti a as AA +44 Se jis Af ‘ rt » Now. we conclude that after: possi through the Crustal B the, Light ocqutred the definite one--Sideness uohfch is’ possfble | onl when the waves ae Hansverce- “The proces of giving svoch a mne-Sideness fe Called pobrizatfon and “the waver ax Said to be polasitzed: “Type, 9 pobatzed Wight and their vepresentation &— The polarized Wight Con be classffied toto lines Types ; They axe - : @ Lipearty plone potartaed, Myre z— blhen “the tight toove propagates through any meetivm, ff the Vibrations’ of electronic fetid vector are porattel and follows the Same plane perperclicalaa te the ‘démect’on! og propageton The wave fe Said to be plane polartzed.O cb chy lrily polostized bight 3 When “too coherent Ughr waves of equal magnitude and perpendicular +o each other Soper pose, the Magnttuale Of the veruttant veclos vemains comtant, but wotakes about the dérection of propagatfon Such Hot ft gow mm Stoeeping a Chrallar helfx Pn -space deré ng the Propagation « thie Ugh fe catlect efreuloaly potort aed Light iy Elipttealy pobnteel Myles Whey two coherent Mah uooves ‘Of, unequal magritucte andl different to phase Supexposey the magni tude of they ° eresubtont electrfe Veetor ‘changes colth time ant hfs Ntector ablio rotate, abouk the ‘chfredte 7 | “Thc Mahe {4 called ellipHeally pinot | . |Pane af Vibration aod plane of pobrtzatfon:- When ovdin lage is tol “rough a -fourmasine Crystal »the Maht Is polarized and -the Vibrations are Confinecl only fn one divecHfon which Tt perpendicular 10 the’ dlrection of Propagaton of Mat: “Tf we consider the “two planes Of o coystal, =the plane which “the alivection 97 Vibrobfon os well as ~the cltaection of propagation... og tight. CDE RF vepresenls the. Pbre af Vibration. “Thot a plane passing “through the direction of propagottan and. fexpendiculars to ce a bvtbaben fs Called me: of polantzation. : \ i Herpont cD Cae C Pobrizalion by Reflection Ctrewster's lau) Idhen ordinary. ht fc mrefleited rom the He the: ordinary cray travels Pn the crystal uth the Same . veloc a all dt-vectfons the extant inary Oy travels. 4 1m, he cr esith dttferent velocities tn.dfiferent Afrections. # the pectoe betiveen the’ refractive Inder for ordinary ord : erhaodinary rays % Called birefringence: Le The ordinary and extraordinary says ove polarized ot +ight- angles to each other. Lk the ondfnaxy ond extraordinary ays. ore dextved -frorsy the Barme beam but ove- not: Coherent- $0, -they cofll not exhibit interference pattern: gohen “they ove mocie to eney phat ts the ght cone’ neve traniwverse fn nature - [For ordinary the ccave Front 8 eda since the veloxtt is sore in all dive cons. But the velocity of extraordiray voy vorfes with dfrecliin, so the ware —front 2 ellipsoid.Lies outstle the sphere. 7thts shecos thatthe extra odin: “brovells® eotth higher velocity than -that of the oxdfrary vay except along the opt?e oxfs. These crystals ove Called najattve crystals: ' be and Me= LUsoy)- : . : j 1 Action + oh Asc ‘0 uthen 6 beard of Light “AB, enters the face PR ot o. Nicol Prism, {t; fs doubly srefrocted fnto ordinary plane polatied beam BO -and extra ordiney * plane polorrized bears Be-Fiomthe: Values ‘of refrocttre indices ,—the Canada. balsarn acts an a Proves} medéurn for an ; ordinary vay and. dengeresed arn for an extraordinar cray. Moreover “Ahe dimensions ot the»: crystal Oe So choosen that -the ginnple Angle of tncidence.of, oninasy voy at -the calcite —balsarn. Sueface becorne greta jfton the Corresponding oxftical angle 69% underthere Cond® tfons the ord?roway roy fs completely aettected at Calcite balsam surface ox fatinal “reflectfon . The ‘extraordinary vay fs not -totatly wetlecied become ft fs -travell?9 from a. crarey to demsey medium and és Enus Horonsmittted uth 90 much Loss of ‘fotensity- rt @ sltghtty displacel Lotaya.lly bat grees out of +he prtirn povattel fo tts orfginal direction . thas’ only the enctra ordinary roy fs transmitted, _stree, extraordinary way’ &s plane po laitzed ‘bavieg vibrationswD Parallel -to print la 2 : Fall pale og eH Brag hon lel eee , l —Bwo nifool: prism Lfhed up one. behind -the othe ed optfcal mfcroscopes for Studying optical propertfes of crystals. the fist nfcol prtsm. § usedtte preduce plone. poloetzed Dent and fs-catted polar?2ex. the setond nbitel preform: fs ased to tat the “Emerging ALGht and: es calted analyzes. In the Rerallel position , LmbtE fromm “the: polasifzet passes sthrough the oraly ze upon the analiza rotating cthrough 96° no “AUghe & Aaansmftted: rn ths ‘cose =the extraordinary roy frthe second nfo! prén ts totally wettected- Polarfze, r ore used fn,Quarter Wave plate snd’ -at-f wlave plate + When a plne polavtaed Ught af wavelength A & tneident Porrvally on atin plate of unlarial Crystal ent parallel, to ts opie axis, the Light splile Up trto. ovelfroray, andl @thaordinary Plane polarited: Leobts- they -havel alora the Same ‘the ath bub ‘with dlffferen| Velocity. In. positive crystals Lite quavte “the ordinary ray —travels ~faster than tHe extra ordinary vay ard fn atfve ‘ Crystals Ie Calctte ,. the ertraordinary vray -travels faster “thay the eredinay way as dheton fn. AS a mreautt phase difference os well as Path défterence Rs Gntroduuced sbebuoeen them shen they Ermerge from the other-face. ' EEE both the ways have to-transvesé a. thitleness-t | fn the doubly ved acting erystel, the path: “trawelted by the ordinary and entra ordinary’ ois! one Hist and ee crespectivelry. “Hence the! path dt-tference between “the ovdineny ond extraordirery says FS, ef 2 | Az (stot © tet) = (Ito oAteTt | | | ; 4 9) Najattite Crystal (to >be). tb) positive Crystal totes) ———Quote Wave plate =. ‘Th the thickness. of the Crystal plate fs Such thab-: Tk fntroducers 0. phase df ference: of. T[a and the path détfere- nee of Aly then TE, #s called. o quavtey wave plate. Hence -for the -thfcknexs - of the Crystal +o Greate oF Poth difference Alu, then os (sor ue) t = y therefore, +t = =a s* Go Hte) For positive Crystal te? Ho fee U(He--Ho) For Negotfve Crystal Mo >te ea 4 (4t0- sbte) +Hlolf Ylove plate + Ef thfckness of the crystal plate & sath tab fe ‘tres © phase difference of TT and “the poth ditfererce of Af ft ts called a hatf wave plote- Hence -for the thickness “t’ of the crystal +to creatr 2. path détererce 4}. then (Horsey t = do therefore, -€ = Ale ae, C40 Ste) -For posttfre Crystal) tte> Ho , te A = Ql He- Ho) For negatfre Crystal Ho >Jte, q “ie ‘Blo ee)mo plates are ured -to produce and analyze Polorfied Afght- of. various kinds. the quater ware. plate {5 Wied to produce 'CPrculasly and : Ellfptically polarized) Hegre cohertas the bal doave plot: fs used to produce plotrepelordized gre ' ' @