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Transformers Basic Principles

The document provides an overview of transformers, explaining their working principle, construction, and types. It details the electromagnetic induction process that allows transformers to transfer electric power between circuits while maintaining frequency. Additionally, it includes theoretical equations for ideal transformers and sample problems for practical understanding.

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Mark Mellan Apostol
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13 views8 pages

Transformers Basic Principles

The document provides an overview of transformers, explaining their working principle, construction, and types. It details the electromagnetic induction process that allows transformers to transfer electric power between circuits while maintaining frequency. Additionally, it includes theoretical equations for ideal transformers and sample problems for practical understanding.

Uploaded by

Mark Mellan Apostol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Machines:

Transformers

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc


Working Principle of a Transformer
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in
one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise
or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current. The
physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction
between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux.
In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils
which are electrically separated but magnetically linked
through a path of low reluctance.

The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a source of
alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked
with the other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction e = MdI/dt). If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it
and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil.
The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is called primary
winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding. In brief, a
transformer is a device that

• transfers electric power from one circuit to another


• it does so without a change of frequency
• it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
• where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other
Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc
Transformer Construction

The simple elements of a transformer consist of two coils


having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core.
The two coils are insulated from each other and the steel
core. Other necessary parts are: some suitable container
for assembled core and windings ; a suitable medium for
insulating the core and its windings from its container ;
suitable bushings (either of porcelain, oil-filled or
capacitor-type) for insulating and bringing out the
terminals of windings from the tank.

In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations
assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air-gap included. The
steel used is of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability
and a low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss is
minimized by laminating the core, the laminations being insulated from each other by a light
coat of core-plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface.

Constructionally, the transformers are of two general types,


distinguished from each other merely by the manner in which the
primary and secondary coils are placed around the laminated core.
The two types are known as
• core-type and
• shelltype.
Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc
In the so-called core type transformers, the windings surround a
considerable part of the core
whereas in shell-type transformers,
the core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings as
shown schematically

Core-Type Shell Type

In both core and shell-type transformers, the individual laminations are cut in the form of long
strips of L’s, E’s and I’s
Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc
The advantages of core type construction are a) a relatively rigid core, b) lesser weight and
size per kva rating, c) lower iron losses at higher flux operating densities, d) lower cost
manufacture.

The choice of core or shell-type construction is


usually determined by cost, because similar
characteristics can be obtained with both types.
For very high-voltage transformers or for
multiwinding design, shell type construction is
preferred by many manufacturers. In this type,
usually the mean length of coil turn is longer than
in a comparable core-type design.

Elementary Theory of an Ideal Transformer


An ideal transformer is one which has no losses i.e. its windings have no ohmic resistance, there
is no magnetic leakage and hence which has no I2R and core losses. In other words, an ideal
transformer consists of two purely inductive coils wound on a loss-free core.

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc


E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer
N1 = No. of turns in primary
N2 = No. of turns in secondary
Φm = Maximum flux in core in webers
= Bm × A
f = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz
As shown in Figure, flux increases from its zero value to
maximum value Φm in one quarter of the cycle i.e.
in 1/4 f second
∅𝒎
𝟏⁄ 𝒇
𝟒
∴ Average rate of change of flux =

= 4 f Φm Wb/s or volt

Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced e.m.f. in volts.
∴ Average e.m.f./turn = 4 f Φm volt
If flux Φ varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s. value of induced e.m.f. is obtained by multiplying the
average value with form factor.
𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Form factor = = 1.11
𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
∴ r.m.s. value of e.m.f./turn = 1.11 × 4 f Φm = 4.44 f Φm volt
Now, r.m.s. value of the induced e.m.f. in the whole of primary winding
= (induced e.m.f/turn) × No. of primary turns
E1 = 4.44 f N1 Φm = 4.44 f N1 BmA
Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc
Similarly, r.m.s. value of the e.m.f. induced in secondary is,

E2 = 4.44 f N2 Φm = 4.44 f N2 BmA ...

It is seen from the equations that E1/N1 = E2/N2 = 4.44 f Φm. It means that e.m.f./turn is the
same in both the primary and secondary windings.
In an ideal transformer on no-load, V1 = E1 and E2 = V2 where V2 is the terminal voltage

Voltage Transformation Ratio (a)


𝐄𝟏 𝐍𝟏
= =𝐚
𝐄𝟐 𝐍𝟐
This constant a is known as voltage transformation ratio.
• If N2 > N1 i.e. a < 1, then transformer is called step-up transformer.
• If N2 < N1 i.e. a > 1, then transformer is known as step-down transformer.
Again, for an ideal transformer, input VA = output VA.
𝐈𝟐 𝐄𝟏
V1 I1 = V2 I2 or = =𝒂
𝐈𝟏 𝐄𝟐

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc


Sample Problems
1) The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50-Hz single-phase transformer
is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the e.m.f. per turn is 8 volt, determine (i) primary and secondary turns (ii)
area of the core.

2) A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and
secondary currents, the secondary e.m.f. and the maximum flux in the core.

3) The 2300/230-V 60 cycle transformer has 4800 turns in the primary. Calculate: a)mutual
flux b) transformation ratio c) no. of secondary coil turns

Supplementary Problems
1) A 25 kVA, single-phase transformer has 250 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 1500-volt, 50 Hz mains. Calculate
• Primary and Secondary currents on full-load,
• Secondary e.m.f.,
• maximum flux in the core.

2) A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-
sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50-Hz supply
at 520 V, calculate
• the peak value of flux density in the core
• the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc

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