Database Management System

Lecture 1: Introduction

Prof. Dr. Sadeeq Jan

Department of Computer Systems Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 1

Instructor

Prof. Dr. Sadeeq Jan

▪ Director, National Centre for Cyber Security
▪ Professor, DCSE

Qualification:
▪ BSc Engg (Computer Information Systems Engineering) - UET Peshawar
▪ IZAZ-E-SABQAT (Presidential Award), Gold Medalist, CGPA 3.98/4.00
▪ MS (Info/Comm System Security) with Excellent grade - KTH Sweden
▪ PhD (Security Testing) with Excellent grade – University of Luxembourg

Contact:
[email protected]
[email protected]

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 2

Grading Criteria

Exams
▪ Midterm: 25%
▪ Final Term: 50%
Sessional
▪ Assignments/Quizzes/Attendance: 5%
▪ Semester Project: 20%

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 3

 Books
▪ Modern Database Management, Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R.
McFadden
▪ R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke. Database Management Systems. latest Edition.
WCB/McGraw-Hill 1998
▪ Database System Principles, Design, and Implementation by CATHERINE M.
RICARDO
▪ Database System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth S. Sudarshan,
latest Edition
▪ P. O'Neil and E. O'Neil. Database: Principles, Programming, and Performance.
latest Edition. Morgan Kaufmann 2000.

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 4

 Objectives
▪ Understand the fundamental concepts of database systems
▪ Understand Relational Database Management System in particular to
analyse, design, and implement the Relational Database Application.
▪ Determine the user requirements for data of given problem and
develop Conceptual Data Model
▪ Transform Conceptual Data Model into Logical and Physical
Specifications to guide database implementation.
▪ Efficiently use Structure Query Language (SQL).

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 5

 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) Level of Learning Program Learning
CLO # (Bloom's Taxonomy) Outcomes (PLOs)
CLO- 1 Describe the fundamental concepts of database Cog-2 (Comprehension) PLO1 (Engineering
systems in general and Relational Database
Management System in particular. Knowledge)

CLO- 2 Develop data models to represent user Cog-5(Synthesis) PLO3

requirements for data of given problem using
Conceptual Data Modelling. (Design/Development of
Solutions)
CLO- 3 Develop Logical and Physical Cog-5 (Synthesis) PLO3
Specifications to guide database
implementation. (Design/Development of
Solutions)
CLO- 4 Use Structure Query Language (SQL) efficiently Cog-3 (Application) PLO5 (Modern Tool Usage)
to implement Physical Specification in Database
Management Systems
such as MySQL/Oracle.

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 6

 Mapping of CLOs with Course Assessmet Tools

Course CLO1 CLO2 CLO3 CLO4

Assessment Tools

Assignments ✓
Quizzes ✓
Mid Term ✓ ✓
Final Term ✓
Semester Project ✓

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 7

 Weekwise Content

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 8

 Cont.….

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 9

 Introduction to the Database
– Database Definitions
– Databases & Traditional File Processing Systems
– Advantages of Database Approach
– Costs & Risks of the Database Approach
– Functions of Database Management Systems (DBMS)
– Range of Database Applications
– Components of the Database Environment
– Evolution of Database Systems

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 10

 Data: facts, figures,

Context helps users understand data

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 11

 Figure 1-1b Summarized data

Graphical displays turn data into useful

information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 12

 Definitions

▪ Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and

events
▪ Structured: numbers, text, dates
▪ Unstructured: images, video, documents
▪ Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the
person using the data
▪ Metadata: data that describes the properties and context
of user data
▪ Database: organized collection of logically related data

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 13

 File-Processing Systems
▪ Information system that stores groups of records in separate files
▪ Separate applications for individual units of an organization
▪ Each application has its own set of files

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 14

 Disadvantages of File Processing
▪ Program-Data Dependence
▪ Duplication of Data
▪ Limited Data Sharing
▪ Lengthy Development Times
▪ Excessive Program Maintenance

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 15

Problems with Data Dependency
▪ Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data
▪ changing the customer address field length in the customer file will require changes to all
programs that uses customer file
▪ Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file
▪ Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading,
inserting, updating, and deleting data
▪ Lack of coordination and central control
▪ Non-standard file formats

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 16

 Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company

Duplicate Data

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 17

 Problems with Data Redundancy (Duplication)
▪ Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
▪ Waste of space to have duplicate data
▪ Causes more maintenance headaches
▪ The biggest problem:
▪ Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
▪ Compromises in data integrity
▪Synonym (same data item having different names)
▪Homonym (different data items having the same name)

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 18

 Limited Data Sharing
▪ No centralized control of data
▪ Each application has its own private files
▪ Generating a report which requires data from several incompatible files in separate
systems, is difficult

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 19

 Lengthy Development Times
▪ Each new application has to be started from scratch by designing new file formats and
descriptions

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 20

 Excessive Program Maintenance
▪ Data definitions are hard coded in the program logic
▪ 80% of information systems budget

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 21

 SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach
▪ Central repository of shared data
▪ Data is managed by a controlling agent
▪ Stored in a standardized, convenient form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 22

 Definitions (Cont.)
▪ Database System: system consisting of a database, a DBMS, hardware and
people
▪ Database Design: The design of the database structure that will be used to
store and manage data (not the design of the DBMS)
▪ Data Dictionary (DD) or Metadata: describes the characteristics of data
stored in a database and the inter- relationships among data

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 23

 Database Management System
◼ A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled
access to user databases

Application 1
(Order Filing
System)
Application 2
Central database
(Invoicing DBMS
System) Contains employee,
Application 3 order, inventory,
(Payroll pricing, and
System) customer data

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 24

 Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 25

 Figure 1‐2: Three File Processing
Systems at Pine ValleyFurniture

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 26

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 27
 Advantages of the Database Approach
▪ Program-data independence
▪ Minimal data redundancy
▪ Improved data consistency
▪ Improved data sharing
▪ Increased application development productivity
▪ Enforcement of standards
▪ Improved data quality
▪ Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
▪ Reduced program maintenance
▪ Improved decision support
▪ Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 28

 Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
▪ Up-front Costs
▪ Installation Management Cost and Complexity
▪ Conversion costs
▪ Ongoing Costs
▪ New, specialized personnel
▪ Need for explicit backup and recovery
▪ Organizational conflict

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 29

 Elements of the Database Approach
▪ Data models
▪ Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
▪ Enterprise Data Model–high-level entities and relationships for the
organization
▪ Project Data Model–more detailed view, matching data structure in database
or data warehouse
▪ Relational Databases
▪ Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and
primary/foreign keys representing relationships
▪ Use of Internet Technology
▪ Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases, client-server, and 3-
tier architectures
▪ Database Applications
▪ Application programs used to perform database activities (create, read,
update, and delete) for database users

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 30

 Segment of an Enterprise Data Model

Segment of a Project-Level Data Model

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 31

 One customer may
place many orders, but
each order is placed by
a single customer
→ One-to-many
relationship

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 32

 One order has many
order lines; each order
line is associated with a
single order
→ One-to-many
relationship

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 33

 One product can be in
many order lines,
each order line refers
to a single product
→ One-to-many
relationship

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 34

 Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders

→ Many-to-many
relationship

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 35

 Relationships established in special columns that provide links between tables

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 36

 Application program functions:
inserting new data, updating existing data,
deleting existing data, reading data for display
CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 37
 Figure 1-5 Components of the Database
Environment

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 38

 The Range of Database Applications
▪ Personal Computer Databases
▪ Support one user with a standalone personal computer
▪ Workgroup Database
▪ Workgroup is a relatively small team of people (5-25) who collaborate on the same project/application
or on a group of similar projects/applications
▪ Department Databases
▪ Department databases are designed to support the various functions and activities of a department
▪ Enterprise Databases
▪ An enterprise database is one whose scope is the entire organization or enterprise
▪ Data Warehouse
▪ An integrated decision support database whose content is derived from the various operational databases

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 39

Components of the Database Environment
▪ CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
▪ Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
▪ Database Management System (DBMS) –software for managing the database
▪ Database–storehouse of the data
▪ Application Programs –software using the data
▪ User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
▪ Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for maintaining the
database
▪ System Developers–personnel responsible for designing databases and software
▪ End Users–people who use the applications and databases

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 40

 Figure 1-6
Typical data from a personal
database

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 41

Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless local area network

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 42

 Figure 1‐7: Three‐Tier Database with Local Area Network

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 43

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 44
Enterprise Database Applications
▪ Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
▪ Integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing, inventory,
accounting, human resources)
▪ Data Warehouse
▪ Integrated decision support system derived from various operational databases

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 45

 Figure 1-8 An enterprise data warehouse

CSE 403 Lecture 1 Introduction 46