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Procedia Engineering 8 (2011) 436–440

2nd International Science, Social Science, Engineering and Energy Conference 2010:
Engineering Science and Management

All-Optical Binary to Decimal Converter with Dark-Bright

Soliton Conversion Control

Suphanchai Punthawanut a , Preecha P. Yupapin b,*, Xaythavy Louangvilay c

and Somsak Mitatha d
a
Faculty of Science and Technology, Kasem Bundit University, Bangkok 10250, Thailand
b
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Research Alliance, Advance Research Center for Photonics, Faculty of Science
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Banglok 10520, Thailand
c
International College, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
d
Hybrid Computing Research Laboratory, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
Elsevier use only: Received 15 November 2010; revised 15 December 2010; accepted 20 December 2010

Abstract

In this paper we propose all-optical binary to decimal converter with dark-bright soliton conversion control. The input logic ‘0’
and ‘1’ are performed by dark and bright soliton, respectively. By using the dark-bright soliton conversion behavior with in the
π/2 phase shift device, we can use the drop and though port output for represent decimal number output for each binary input.
This is a simple and flexible scheme for performed logic switching system, which can be used in advanced complex logic.

©
© 2011 PublishedbybyElsevier
2010 Published Ltd.Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Elsevier

Keywords: Optical binary, Dark-Bright soliton conversion, Optical logic

1. Introduction

In optical computing, the anticipated requirements for ultrahigh speed ultrahigh bandwidth information
processing have provided the useful technique. Many researches propose the various scheme for processing optical
signal with all-optical materials. When processing optical signal in electrical domain by using optical converter are
anticipated to confront the speed and bandwidth limitation in near future.
Various all-optical logic gate have been demonstrated, such as semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) [1]-[3],
quantum dot [4], [5], TOAD based interferometer device [6], cascaded microring resonators [7], All-Optical
arithmetic unit[8], [9], All-Optical Binary Coded Decimal[10]. However, the searching of new techniques remain, in
this paper we propose all-optical binary code to decimal based on dark-bright soliton conversion behavior, in which
the coincidence dark and bright soliton can be separated after propagating into coupler at π/2 phase shift. In this

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-689-445-2224; fax: +6-627-227-262

E-mail address: [email protected]

1877–7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.03.080
 Suphanchai Punthawanut et al. / Procedia Engineering 8 (2011) 436–440 437

scheme is simple and flexible scheme for performed logic switching system, which can be used in advanced
complex logic circuits. The proposed scheme is based on a 1 bit binary comparison that can be compared to any 2
bits, when logic ‘0’ and ‘1’ using dark and bright soliton, respectively, which will be detailed in the next section.

2. Dark-Bright Soliton Conversion

In the operation of the dark-bright soliton conversion using a ring resonator optical channel dropping filter
(OCDF) is composed of two set of coupled waveguide, as show in Fig.1(a) and 1(b), when for convenience, Fig.1(b)
is replaced by Fig.1 (a). The relative phase of the two output light signals after coupling into the optical coupler is
π/2 before coupling into the ring and the input bus, respectively. This mean that the signals coupled into the drop
and through ports are acquired a phase of π with respect to the input port signal. In application, if we performed the
coupling coefficients appropriately, the field coupled into the through port on resonance would completely
extinguish the resonant wavelength, and all power would be coupled into the drop port. When the dark-bright
conversion is show in Eq. (1) – (8).

E ra = − jκ 1 Ei + τ 1 E rd (1)

⎛ jωT ⎞ ⎛ − αL ⎞
E rb = exp⎜ ⎟ exp⎜ ⎟ E ra (2)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
E rc = τ 2 E rb − jκ 2 E a (3)
⎛ j ω T ⎞ ⎛ − αL ⎞
E rd = exp⎜ ⎟ e⎜ ⎟ E rc (4)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
Et = τ 1 Ei − jκ 1 E rd (5)

E d = τ 2 E a − jκ 2 E rb (6)

Where Ei is the input field, E a is the added(control) field, Et is the throughput field, E d is the dropped field,
E ra ...E rd are the fields in the ring at the point a...d , κ 1 is the field coupling coefficient between the input and the
ring, κ 2 is the field coupling coefficient between the ring and the output bus, L is the circumference of the ring
( 2π R ), T is the time taken for one round trip, and α is the power loss in the ring per unit length. We assume that
Lneff
lossless coupling, i.e. τ 1, 2 = 1 − κ 12, 2 , T is the round-trip time; T = . The output power/intensities at the drop
c
port and through port are given by
2
2 − κ 1 κ 2 A1 / 2 Φ1 / 2 τ 2 − τ 1 AΦ (7)
Ed = Ei + Ea
1 − τ 1τ 2 AΦ 1 − τ 1τ 2 AΦ

2
τ 2 − τ 1 AΦ − κ 1 κ 2 A1 / 2 Φ1 / 2
Et
2
= Ei + Ea (8)
1 − τ 1τ 2 AΦ 1 − τ 1τ 2 AΦ

Where A1 / 2 = exp⎜
⎛ − αL ⎞ (the half-round-trip amplitude), A = A2 , ⎛ jωT ⎞ (the half-round-trip
⎟ 1 / 2 Φ 1 / 2 = exp⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
phase contribution), and Φ = Φ 1 / 2 .
2
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The input and control fields at the input and add ports are formed by the dark-bright optical soliton [11,12] as
shown in Eq. (9) – (10).

⎡T ⎤ ⎡⎛ z ⎞ ⎤ (9)
Ein (t ) = A0 sec h ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − iω 0 t ⎥
⎣ T0 ⎦ ⎣⎝ 2 LD ⎠ ⎦
⎡T ⎤ ⎡⎛ z ⎞ ⎤
Ein (t ) = A0 tanh ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − iω0 t ⎥ (10)
T
⎣ 0⎦ 2
⎣⎝ D ⎠L ⎦
Where A and z are optical field amplitude and propagation distance, respectively. T is soliton pulse propagation
time in a frame moving at the group velocity T = t − β1 z ,where β1 and β 2 are the coefficients of thelinear and
second-order terms of Taylor expansion of the propagation constant. LD = T0 / β 2 is the dispersion length of the
2

soliton pulse. T0 in the equation is the initial soliton pulse width, where t is the soliton phase shift time, and the
frequency shift of the soliton is ω 0 . This solution describes a pulse that keeps its temporal width invariance as it
propagates, and thus is called a temporal soliton. When a soliton peak intensity β / Γ T02 is given, then T0 is ( )
known. For the soliton pulse in the nanoring device, a balance should be achieved between the dispersion length
( LD ) and nonlinear length L NL = (1 / Γφ NL ) , where Γ = n2 k 0 , is the length scale over which dispersive or
nonlinear effects make the beam become wider or narrower. For a soliton pulse, there is a balance between
dispersion and nonlinear lengths, hence LD = LNL .

3. Optical Binary To decimal Convertor

The propose scheme all-optical NOT, XOR and XNOR gates is show in Fig.1(c). When the input and control
light pulse trains are input into the first add/drop optical filter (MRR1) using dark soliton (logic ‘0’) or the bright
soliton (logic ‘1’). First, the dark soliton is converted to be dark and bright soliton via the add/drop optical filter,
which they can be seen at the through and drop ports with π phase shift [5] and then it can form inverter gate (NOT
gate), respectively. By using the add/drop optical filter (MRR2 and MRR3), both input signal are generated by the
first stage add/drop optical filter. Next, the input data ”Y” with logic “0” (dark soliton) and logic “1” (bright soliton)
are added into both add ports, the dark-bright soliton conversion with π phase shift is operated again. For large scale
(Fig 1(c)) , results obtained are simultaneously seen by D2 , D3 , T2 , and T3 at the drop and through ports for
optical logic operation.
κ1,τ1

κ2,τ2

(a) (b)
X
X.Y
Decimal Output ports

X.Y
X

X.Y

X.Y

(C)
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of a simultaneous optical logic
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From Fig 1(c), when the optical pulse train X,Y is fed into MRR2 from input and add ports, respectively, in
which the optical pulse trains that appear at the through and drop ports of MRR2 will be X .Y and X .Y ,
respectively, whereas the aforementioned assumption is provided. The symbol represents the logic operation AND
here.
From Fig. 1(c), when the optical pulse train X,Y is fed into MRR3 from input and add ports, respectively, in
which the optical pulse trains that appear at the through and drop ports of MRR3 will be X .Y and X .Y ,
respectively.
From Fig. 1(c), for generated all-optical XOR/XNOR logic gates can be easily done with beam splitters (B.S) or
mirror-beam splitters-beam combiner combination (B.C). The beam splitters to be used here are not polarizing, and
reflect (and transmit) 50% of the light that is incident, for all polarizations of the incident light. This interconnection
can also be done with fiber couplers.
In simulation, the add/drop optical filter parameters are fixed for all coupling coefficients to be
−1
κ s = 0.05, Rad = 300 nm, Aeff = 0.25 μm 2 [14], α = 0.05dBmm for all add/drop optical filters in the system.
Results of the simultaneous optical logic XOR and XNOR logic gate are generated by using dark-bright soliton
conversion with wavelength center at λ0 = 1.50μm, pulse width 35fs and the input data logic “0” (dark soliton)
and logic “1” (bright soliton). In Fig. 2, simulation result of the simultaneous output optical logic gate is seen.
Case 1: The D3 presents the status logic “1” (bright) when the input data logic “00” is added, the obtained output
optical logic is “0001” [see Fig.2(a)]. Then we can use D3 to represent the decimal number “0”, when it shows the
status logic “1”.
Case 2: The T3 presents the status logic “1” (bright) when the input data logic “01” is added, the output optical
logic “0010” is formed [see Fig. 2(b)]. Then we can use T3 to represent the decimal number “1”, when it shows the
status logic “1”.
Case 3: The T2 presents the status logic “1” (bright) when the output optical logic gate input is “10” added, the
output optical logic is “1000”, if it is formed [see Fig. 2(c)]. Then we can use T2 to represent decimal number “2”,
when it shows status logic “1”.
Case 4: The D2 presents the status logic “1” (bright) when the output optical logic input data logic “11” is
added, we found that the output optical logic “0100” is obtained [see Fig 2(d)]. Then we can use D2 to represent the
decimal number “3”, when it shows the status logic “1”.
An all-optical 2 bit binary to decimal is concluded in Table 1. We found that the output data logic in the drop
port, D2 , D3 are optical logic XNOR gates, whereas the output data logic in the through ports, T2 and T3 are
optical logic XOR gates.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 2 shows the output logic gates when the input logic states are
(a) ‘DD’, (b) ‘DB’, (c) ‘BD’ and (d) ‘BB’, respectively.
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4. Conclusion

In this paper we propose the advantage the operation of all-optical binary to decimal converter with the input data
logic “0” (dark soliton) and logic “1” (bright soliton) by using the dark-bright soliton conversion. In this scheme is a
simple and flexible scheme for performed logic switching system, which can be extended and implemented for any
higher number of input digits by proper incorporation of dark-bright soliton conversion control base optical
switches.

5. Acknowledgement

We would like to give our acknowledge to the AUN/SEED-Net for the fully financial support to Mr. Xaythavy
LOUANGVILAY in higher education at International College, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok 10520, Thailand.

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