4.

Introduction to
microcontroller
Computer Science- II
Maharashtra Board
 Marks Distribution

2
 What is Microcontroller ?
Complete microprocessor system.
• A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system, consisting of
limited amount of ROM or EPROM, RAM and I/O ports, built on a single
integrated circuit.
• Microcontroller is infact a microcomputer, but it is called so because it is
used to perform control functions.
• The designer of a microcontroller identify all the needs to build a simple
microprocessor system and puts as many as possible in a single IC.
• For example, a microcontroller must include full or nearly full
implementation of a standard microprocessor, ROM or EPROM, RAM,
parallel I/O ports, timer, a clock, serial ports.
• A microcontroller is more complex than a microprocessor because it
consists of many I/O components.
• e.g. Intel's 8048, 8051.
 Define microcontroller.

• A microcontroller is a complete system, consisting of microprocessor

system limited amount of ROM, RAM and parallel I/O ports, built on a
single integrated circuit.
 State any four advantages of the same over microprocessor
Microcontroller vs Microprocessor

Advantages of microcontroller over microprocessor-based system:

• The cost of microcontroller is less than a microprocessor-based system.

• A microcontroller has more I/O components than a microprocessor-
based system.
• Microcontrollers can be used in wide variety of intelligent products such
as in personal computers key-boards.
• Microprocessor-based systems cannot be used in such intelligent
products.
• Many low cost products such as electronic toys, electric drills,
microwave ovens, VCRs are based on microcontrollers.
• This is not the case with microprocessor-based system.
 Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
Feature Microcontroller (MCU) Microprocessor (MPU)
A compact chip that includes a
A processing unit that requires external memory and peripherals to
Definition CPU, memory, and I/O
function.
peripherals on a single chip.
CPU, RAM, ROM (Flash), I/O
Only CPU; requires external RAM, ROM, and peripherals for
Components ports, Timers, Serial interfaces,
complete operation.
all in one chip.
Built-in RAM and ROM (flash
Memory memory) for storing programs Needs external RAM, ROM, and storage.
and data.
Low power consumption
Power Consumption (suitable for battery-powered High power consumption.
devices).
Processing Speed Lower Higher
Used in embedded systems
Used in computers & general-purpose computing (laptops,
Application Type (specific tasks like motor control,
servers, gaming).
sensors, automation).
Small and compact (integrated
Size Larger (requires multiple components on a motherboard).
in a single chip).
Cost Low-cost due to integration. Expensive due to the need for external components.

Examples 8051. 8085

 What are the main features of 8051?

• The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit ALU.

• The 8051 has 4KB (4K x 8 bit) ROM or EPROM.
• The 8051 has 128 byte (128 x 8 bit) RAM.
• It has dual 16-bit timer event counter.
• It has four 8-bit input/output (I/O) ports, named P0, P1, P2, and P3,
making a total of 32 I/O lines.
• It has a 16-bit address bus, allowing it to address up to 64KB of
memory for both program (code) memory and data (RAM) memory
separately.
• It has powerful instruction set, consisting of 111 instructions.
• It has two external interrupts.
• The 8051 has clock upto 12-MHz frequency
• Full-featured serial port.
 Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051
Explain 8051 Microcontroller with the help of diagram
 Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051
1. 8051 has two separate memory spaces:
1. Program Memory (ROM) – Stores program code (instructions).
2. Data Memory (RAM) – Stores variable data that can be read and written.

2. Program Memory (ROM):

1. Used only for storing programs and fixed data.
2. The processor can read but cannot write to this memory.
3. All instructions are fetched from this memory.
4. The built-in ROM is 4KB, but can be expanded up to 64KB.

3. Data Memory (RAM):

1. Used for temporary storage of variables and data.
2. The processor can both read and write to this memory.
3. It cannot execute instructions from this space.
4. Internal RAM is 128 bytes and can be expanded up to 64KB.
 Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051
4. Registers in Data Memory:
4. Some of the internal RAM is used as registers for fast data access.
5. There are 22 special function registers (SFRs) that control timers, serial ports, and
I/O operations.
6. These SFRs are stored in memory addresses from 80H to F8H.
5. Expanding Memory:
4. Program memory can be expanded from 4KB to 64KB.
5. Data memory can also be expanded to 64KB.
6. Common Memory Mode:
4. In this mode, the 8051 uses a single 64KB memory for both program and data.
7. Downloaded Program Mode:
4. The 8051 can load a program via the serial port into memory and execute it.
5. This method is used for updating programs remotely.
 Explain in detail other microcontrollers in 8051 family.

8048, 8049, 8050:

• Intel's first microcontroller was 8048.
• The 8048, 8049 and 8050 all have identical architectures with the
exception of memory size.
• In each case, the memory doubles.
• 8048 supports 1K byte of internal memory.
• 8049 supports 2k bytes of internal memory and 8050 supports 4K bytes of
internal
• 8048 has 64 bytes internal RAM, including 32 bytes of register/memory
location.
• The 8049 and 8050 have a total of 128 and 256 bytes of RAM respectively.
• These microcontrollers are low cost products and hence are very popular.
 Explain in detail other microcontrollers in 8051 family.

8051 :

• 8051 has 4K bytes of onboard ROM and 128 bytes of onboard RAM
• 8051 has a dual 16-bit timer event counter .
• The cost of 8051 is more than that of 8048, 8049, 8050 and less than 8052
 Explain in detail other microcontrollers in 8051 family.

8052 :

• 8052 is a simple expansion of 8051.

• 8052 has 8K bytes of onboard ROM and 256 bytes of onboard RAM
• 8052 allows programmers to write larger programs and that can use more
data.
• The cost of 8052 is more than that of 8051.
• The 8052 also has one extra 16-bit counter-timer.
• This counter-timer gives more flexibility.
 Explain in detail other microcontrollers in 8051 family.

8031 and 8032:

• The alternative versions of 8051 and 8052 are 8031 and 8032.
• These devices do not have any on board ROM.
• It may use external ROM for program memory.
• These are excellent devices for prototyping and low-volume products.
 Explain in detail other microcontrollers in 8051 family.

8052 AH-BASIC:

• Another form of 8052 is 8052 AH-BASIC.

• This special 8052 has BASIC programming language in ROM.
• Using BASIC instructions, a programmer can write instructions for this
8052 rather than assembly language