PYTHON

Python Terms
Variable
Function
Module
Statement
Comment
Definition
Keyword
Class
Script
Command
String
Literals
String Literals
Suites

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1. Python Overview
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python
is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other
languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.

Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text
processing to WWW browsers to games.

1.1. History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.

Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68,
SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.

Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU General
Public License (GPL).

Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van
Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.

1.2. Python Features

Python's features include −
 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax.
This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform
compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive
testing and debugging of snippets of code.

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Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same
interface on all platforms.
Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules
enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to
many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the
X Window system of Unix.
Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell
scripting.

Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are
listed below −

 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large
applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
 It supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

2. Basic Syntax

2.1. First Python Program

Let us execute programs in different modes of programming.

2.1.1. Interactive Mode Programming

Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as a parameter brings up the following
prompt −

$ python
Python 2.4.3 (#1, Nov 11 2010, 13:34:43)
[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter −
>>> print "Hello, Python!"

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If you are running new version of Python, then you would need to use print statement with
parenthesis as in print ("Hello, Python!");. However in Python version 2.4.3, this produces
the following result −

Hello, Python!

2.1.2. Script Mode Programming

Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins execution of the script and continues
until the script is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.

Let us write a simple Python program in a script. Python files have extension .py. Type the
following source code in a test.py file −

print "Hello, Python!"

We assume that you have Python interpreter set in PATH variable. Now, try to run this
program as follows −

$ python test.py
This produces the following result −
Hello, Python!
Let us try another way to execute a Python script. Here is the modified test.py file −
#!/usr/bin/python
print "Hello, Python!"

We assume that you have Python interpreter available in /usr/bin directory. Now, try to run
this program as follows −

$ chmod +x test.py # This is to make file executable

$./test.py
This produces the following result −
Hello, Python!

2.2. Python Identifiers

A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other
object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero
or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. Python
is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different
identifiers in only.

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Here are naming conventions for Python identifiers −
Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates that the identifier is private.
Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strongly private identifier.
If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name.

2.3. Reserved Words

The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and you cannot use
them as constant or variable or any other identifier names. All the Python keywords contain
lowercase letters only.

and exec not

assert finally or
break for pass
class from print
continue global raise
def if return
del import try
elif in while
else is with
except lambda yield

and exec not

assert finally or
break for pass
class from print
continue global raise
def if return
del import try
elif in while
else is with
except lambda yield
Python provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function definitions or flow
control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation, which is rigidly enforced.

The number of spaces in the indentation is variable, but all statements within the block must
be indented the same amount. For example −

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if True:
print "True"
else:
print "False"
However, the following block generates an error −
if True:
print "Answer"
print "True"
else:
print "Answer"
print "False"
Thus, in Python all the continuous lines indented with same number of spaces would form a
block. The following example has various statement blocks −
Note − Do not try to understand the logic at this point of time. Just make sure you
understood various blocks even if they are without braces.
#!/usr/bin/python

import sys
try:
# open file stream
file = open(file_name, "w")
except IOError:
print "There was an error writing to", file_name
sys.exit()
print "Enter '", file_finish,
print "' When finished"
while file_text != file_finish:
file_text = raw_input("Enter text: ")
if file_text == file_finish:
# close the file
file.close
break

file.write(file_text)
file.write("\n")

file.close()

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file_name = raw_input("Enter filename: ")
if len(file_name) == 0:
print "Next time please enter something"
sys.exit()

try:
file = open(file_name, "r")
except IOError:
print "There was an error reading file"
sys.exit()
file_text = file.read()
file.close()
print file_text

2.4. Multi-Line Statements

Statements in Python typically end with a new line. Python does, however, allow the use of
the line continuation character (\) to denote that the line should continue. For example −

total = item_one + \
item_two + \
item_three

Statements contained within the [], {}, or () brackets do not need to use the line continuation
character. For example −
days = ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday',
'Thursday', 'Friday']

2.5. Quotation in Python

Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals, as
long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.

The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example, all the
following are legal −

word = 'word'
sentence = "This is a sentence."
paragraph = """This is a paragraph. It is
made up of multiple lines and sentences."""

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2.6. Comments in Python
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment. All characters after the #
and up to the end of the physical line are part of the comment and the Python interpreter
ignores them.

#!/usr/bin/python
# First comment
print "Hello, Python!" # second comment
This produces the following result −
Hello, Python!

You can type a comment on the same line after a statement or expression −
name = "Madisetti" # This is again comment

You can comment multiple lines as follows −

# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.

Following triple-quoted string is also ignored by Python interpreter and can be used as a
multiline comments:

'''
This is a multiline
comment.

'''

2.7. Using Blank Lines

A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line and
Python totally ignores it.

In an interactive interpreter session, you must enter an empty physical line to terminate a
multiline statement.

2.8. Waiting for the User

The following line of the program displays the prompt, the statement saying “Press the enter
key to exit”, and waits for the user to take action −
#!/usr/bin/python

raw_input("\n\nPress the enter key to exit.")

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Here, "\n\n" is used to create two new lines before displaying the actual line. Once the user
presses the key, the program ends. This is a nice trick to keep a console window open until
the user is done with an application.

2.9. Multiple Statements on a Single Line

The semicolon ( ; ) allows multiple statements on the single line given that neither statement
starts a new code block. Here is a sample snip using the semicolon −

import sys; x = 'foo'; sys.stdout.write(x + '\n')

2.10. Multiple Statement Groups as Suites

A group of individual statements, which make a single code block are called suites in Python.
Compound or complex statements, such as if, while, def, and class require a header line and a
suite.

Header lines begin the statement (with the keyword) and terminate with a colon ( : ) and are
followed by one or more lines which make up the suite. For example −

if expression :
suite

elif expression :
suite

else :
suite

2.11. Command Line Arguments

Many programs can be run to provide you with some basic information about how they
should be run. Python enables you to do this with -h −

$ python -h

usage: python [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ...

Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):

-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)

-d : debug output from parser (also PYTHONDEBUG=x)

-E : ignore environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
-h : print this help message and exit

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[ etc. ]

You can also program your script in such a way that it should accept various options.
Command Line Arguments is an advanced topic and should be studied a bit later once you
have gone through rest of the Python concepts.

3. Variables
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when
you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what can
be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables,
you can store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.

3.1. Assigning Values to Variables

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space. The declaration
happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to
assign values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the operand to the
right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable. For example −

#!/usr/bin/python
counter = 100 # An integer assignment
miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string
print counter
print miles
print name

Here, 100, 1000.0 and "John" are the values assigned to counter, miles, and name variables,
respectively. This produces the following result −

100
1000.0
John

3.2. Multiple Assignment

Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables simultaneously. For example −

a=b=c=1

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Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all three variables are assigned to the
same memory location. You can also assign multiple objects to multiple variables. For
example −

a,b,c = 1,2,"john"

Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a and b respectively,
and one string object with the value "john" is assigned to the variable c.

3.3. Standard Data Types

The data stored in memory can be of many types. For example, a person's age is stored as a
numeric value and his or her address is stored as alphanumeric characters. Python has
various standard data types that are used to define the operations possible on them and the
storage method for each of them.

Python has five standard data types −

 Numbers
 String
 List
 Tuple
 Dictionary

3.3.1. Python Numbers

Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are created when you assign a
value to them. For example −

var1 = 1
var2 = 10

You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the del statement. The syntax
of the del statement is −

del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]

You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del statement. For example −

del var
del var_a, var_b

Python supports four different numerical types −

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· int (signed integers)
· long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal and hexadecimal)
· float (floating point real values)
· complex (complex numbers)

Examples

Here are some examples of numbers −

int long float complex

10 51924361L 0.0 3.14j
100 -0x19323L 15.20 45.j
-786 0122L -21.9 9.322e-36j
0xDEFABCECB 32.3+e18 .876j
080
DAECBFBAEl
535633629843L -90. -.6545+0J
0490
-052318172735L -32.54e100 3e+26J
-0x260
-4721885298529L 70.2-E12 4.53e-7j
0x69
recommended that you use only an uppercase L to avoid confusion with the number 1.
Python displays long integers with an uppercase L.
A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floating-point numbers denoted by x +
yj, where x and y are the real numbers and j is the imaginary unit.

3.3.2. Python Strings

Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the quotation
marks. Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes. Subsets of strings can be
taken using the slice operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the
string and working their way from -1 at the end.

The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the asterisk (*) is the repetition
operator. For example −

#!/usr/bin/python

str = 'Hello World!'

print str # Prints complete string
print str[0] # Prints first character of the string
print str[2:5] # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th

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print str[2:] # Prints string starting from 3rd character
print str * 2 # Prints string two times
print str + "TEST" # Prints concatenated string

This will produce the following result −

Hello World!
H
llo
llo World!
Hello World!Hello World!
Hello World!TEST

3.3.3. Python Lists

Lists are the most versatile of Python's compound data types. A list contains items separated
by commas and enclosed within square brackets ([]). To some extent, lists are similar to
arrays in C. One difference between them is that all the items belonging to a list can be of
different data type.

The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:]) with indexes
starting at 0 in the beginning of the list and working their way to end -1. The plus (+) sign is
the list concatenation operator, and the asterisk (*) is the repetition operator. For example −

#!/usr/bin/python

list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]

tinylist = [123, 'john']
print list # Prints complete list
print list[0] # Prints first element of the list
print list[1:3] # Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
print list[2:] # Prints elements starting from 3rd element
print tinylist * 2 # Prints list two times
print list + tinylist # Prints concatenated lists

This produce the following result −

['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2]

abcd

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[786, 2.23]

[2.23, 'john', 70.2]

[123, 'john', 123, 'john']

['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123, 'john']

3.3.4. Python Tuples

A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number
of values separated by commas. Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within
parentheses.

The main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists are enclosed in brackets ( [ ] ) and
their elements and size can be changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ) and
cannot be updated. Tuples can be thought of as read-only lists. For example −

#!/usr/bin/python

tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )

tinytuple = (123, 'john')

print tuple # Prints the complete tuple

print tuple[0] # Prints first element of the tuple
print tuple[1:3] # Prints elements of the tuple starting from 2nd till 3rd
print tuple[2:] # Prints elements of the tuple starting from 3rd element
print tinytuple * 2 # Prints the contents of the tuple twice
print tuple + tinytuple # Prints concatenated tuples
This produce the following result −

('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2)

abcd
(786, 2.23)
(2.23, 'john', 70.2)
(123, 'john', 123, 'john')
('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123, 'john')

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The following code is invalid with tuple, because we attempted to update a tuple, which is
not allowed. Similar case is possible with lists −

#!/usr/bin/python

tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )

list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]

tuple[2] = 1000 # Invalid syntax with tuple

list[2] = 1000 # Valid syntax with list

3.3.5. Python Dictionary

Python's dictionaries are kind of hash table type. They work like associative arrays or hashes
found in Perl and consist of key-value pairs. A dictionary key can be almost any Python type,
but are usually numbers or strings. Values, on the other hand, can be any arbitrary Python
object.

Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ }) and values can be assigned and accessed using
square braces ([]). For example −

#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {}

dict['one'] = "This is one"

dict[2] = "This is two"

tinydict = {'name': 'john','code':6734, 'dept': 'sales'}

print dict['one'] # Prints value for 'one' key

print dict[2] # Prints value for 2 key

print tinydict # Prints complete dictionary

print tinydict.keys() # Prints all the keys

print tinydict.values() # Prints all the values

This produce the following result −

This is one

This is two

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{'dept': 'sales', 'code': 6734, 'name': 'john'}

['dept', 'code', 'name']

['sales', 6734, 'john']

Dictionaries have no concept of order among elements. It is incorrect to say that the
elements are "out of order"; they are simply unordered.

3.4. Data Type Conversion

Sometimes, you may need to perform conversions between the built-in types. To convert
between types, you simply use the type name as a function.

There are several built-in functions to perform conversion from one data type to another.
These functions return a new object representing the converted value.

No. Function & Description

int(x [,base])
1
Converts x to an integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.
long(x [,base] )
2
Converts x to a long integer. base specifies the base if x is a string.
float(x)
3
Converts x to a floating-point number.
complex(real [,imag])
4
Creates a complex number.
str(x)
5
Converts object x to a string representation.
repr(x)
6
Converts object x to an expression string.
eval(str)
7
Evaluates a string and returns an object.
tuple(s)
8
Converts s to a tuple.
list(s)
9
Converts s to a list.
set(s)
10
Converts s to a set.

dict(d)
11
Creates a dictionary. d must be a sequence of (key,value) tuples.
frozenset(s)
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Converts s to a frozen set.
chr(x)
13
Converts an integer to a character.
unichr(x)
14
Converts an integer to a Unicode character.
ord(x)
15
Converts a single character to its integer value.
hex(x)
16
Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.
oct(x)
17
Converts an integer to an octal string.

Basic Operators
Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.
Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.

Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators
Let us have a look on all operators one by one.
Python Arithmetic Operators
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −
Operator Description Example
+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a – b = -10

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns b%a=0
remainder
** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10 to the power 20

// Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is 9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -
the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are 11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

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Operator Description Example
removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is
floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative
infinity) −

Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits
after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is
floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity) −
Example: 9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

3.5. Python Comparison Operators

These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation among
them. They are also called Relational operators.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side c = a + b assigns value of a + b into
operand c
+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and assign c += a is equivalent to c = c + a
the result to left operand
-= Subtract AND It subtracts right operand from the left operand and c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a
assign the result to left operand
*= Multiply AND It multiplies right operand with the left operand and c *= a is equivalent to c = c * a
assign the result to left operand
/= Divide AND It divides left operand with the right operand and c /= a is equivalent to c = c / a
assign the result to left operand
%= Modulus AND It takes modulus using two operands and assign the c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
result to left operand
**= Exponent AND Performs exponential (power) calculation on c **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a
operators and assign value to the left operand
//= Floor Division It performs floor division on operators and assign c //= a is equivalent to c = c // a
value to the left operand

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=
Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand
c = a + b assigns value of a + b into c

+= Add AND
It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand
c += a is equivalent to c = c + a
-= Subtract AND
It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand
c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a

*= Multiply AND
It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand
c *= a is equivalent to c = c * a

/= Divide AND
It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand
c /= a is equivalent to c = c / a

%= Modulus AND
It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand
c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a

**= Exponent AND

Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operand
c **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a

//= Floor Division

It performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left operand
c //= a is equivalent to c = c // a

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation. Assume if a = 60; and b =
13; Now in the binary format their values will be 0011 1100 and 0000 1101 respectively.
Following table lists out the bitwise operators supported by Python language with an
example each in those, we use the above two variables (a and b) as operands −

a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101

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-----------------
a&b = 0000 1100

a|b = 0011 1101

a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language

Operator Description Example

Operator copies a bit to the result if it (a & b) (means 0000 1100)
& Binary AND exists in both operands
It copies a bit if it exists in either (a | b) = 61 (means 0011
| Binary OR operand. 1101)
It copies the bit if it is set in one (a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011
^ Binary XOR operand but not both. 0001)
It is unary and has the effect of (~a ) = -61 (means 1100
~ Binary Ones 'flipping' bits. 0011 in 2's complement
Complement form due to a signed
binary number.
The left operands value is moved left a << 2 = 240 (means 1111
<< Binary Left Shift by the number of bits specified by the 0000)
right operand.
The left operands value is moved right a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000
>> Binary Right Shift by the number of bits specified by the 1111)
right operand.

^ Binary XOR

It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.

(a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011 0001)

~ Binary Ones Complement

It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.

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(~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.

<< Binary Left Shift

The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

a << 2 = 240 (means 1111 0000)

>> Binary Right Shift

The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000 1111)

Python Logical Operators

There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume variable a holds
10 and variable b holds 20 then

Operator Description Example

If both the operands are true then (a and b) is true.
and Logical AND condition becomes true.
If any of the two operands are non- (a or b) is true.
or Logical OR zero then condition becomes true.
Used to reverse the logical state of its Not(a and b) is false.
not Logical NOT operand.

and Logical AND

If both the operands are true then condition becomes true.

(a and b) is true.

or Logical OR

If any of the two operands are non-zero then condition becomes true.

(a or b) is true.

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not Logical NOT

Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.

Not(a and b) is false.

Python Membership Operators

Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or
tuples. There are two membership operators as explained
below −

Operator Description Example

in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the x in y, here in results in a
specified sequence and false otherwise. 1 if x is a member of
sequence y.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in x not in y, here not in
the specified sequence and false otherwise. results in a 1 if x is not a
member of sequence y.
Python Identity
Operators.

in

Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.

x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a member of sequence y.

not in

Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.

x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if x is not a member of sequence y.

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two Identity
operators explained below −

Operator Description Example

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is Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the x is y, here is results in 1 if
operator point to the same object and false otherwise. id(x) equals id(y).
is not Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the x is not y, here is not results
operator point to the same object and true otherwise. in 1 if id(x) is not equal to
id(y).

Python Operators Precedence

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.

No. Operator & Description

1 **
Exponentiation (raise to the power)
2 ~+-
Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and
-@)
3 * / % //
Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
4 +-
Addition and subtraction
5 >> <<
Right and left bitwise shift
6 &
Bitwise 'AND'
7 ^|
Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
8 <= < > >=
Comparison operators
9 <> == !=
Equality operators
10 = %= /= //= -= += *= **=
Assignment operators
11 is is not
Identity operators
12 in not in
Membership operators
13 not or and
Logical operators

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