Python Programming for Beginners - Sections 1 and 2
1. Introduction to Python
1.1 What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language known for
its simplicity and readability. It supports multiple paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.
1.2 Features of Python
- Simple and Easy to Learn: Python's syntax is beginner-friendly.
- Interpreted Language: No need for compilation; runs line-by-line.
- Dynamic Typing: No need to declare variable types explicitly.
- Extensive Libraries: Offers modules for various tasks like web development, data analysis,
machine learning, and more.
1.3 Installing Python
1. Download Python from https://www.python.org/downloads/.
2. Install it on your system (ensure you check the 'Add Python to PATH' option).
3. Verify installation:
python --version
1.4 Running Python
- Interactive Mode: Run `python` in the terminal.
- Script Mode: Save code in `.py` files and run with `python filename.py`.
- Use IDEs like PyCharm or Visual Studio Code for better development experience.
Example Code:
# Hello World Program
print("Hello, World!")
2. Python Basics
2.1 Variables and Data Types
Variables store data. In Python, you can create variables to store values. Python supports
various data types, such as integers, floats, strings, and booleans.
1
Where;
Integers (whole numbers): x = 5
Floats (decimal numbers): y = 3.14
Strings (text): name = "John"
Booleans (True/False): flag = True
Syntax
# Variable declaration
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
is_active =True # Boolean
Example Code:
Example 01
# Variable Declaration
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
# Output
print(x, y, name)
Example 02
age = 25
height = 5.9
name = "Alice"
is_student = False
# Output
print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)
print("Height:", height)
print("Is student:", is_student)
Input and Output
Input: The input() function is used to get data from the user.
Output: The print() function is used to display output.
2
Syntax
# Input
user_name = input("Enter your name: ")
# Output
print("Hello,", user_name)
Example Code:
# Example: Greeting User
user_name = input("What is your name? ")
print("Welcome,", user_name, "to Python programming!")
# Input and Output Example
user_input = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + user_input)
# Example: Basic Calculator
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Sum, ", a + b)
Comments
In Python, comments are written using the # symbol. Comments are not executed by the
Python interpreter.
# This is a comment
print("This will be printed.")
Comments are ignored by the Python interpreter and are used for documentation.
Syntax
# Single-line comment
"""
Multi-line comment
"""
Example Code:
# This program calculates the sum of two numbers
a = 10
b = 20
print("Sum:", a + b) # Output: Sum: 30
3
2.2 Operators
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. Python supports
various operators:
- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %, ** (exponentiation), // (floor division)
- Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
- Logical Operators: and, or, not
- Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, etc.
- Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
Example:
a =10
b =20
# Arithmetic Operators
print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Multiplication:", a * b)
# Comparison Operators
print("Equal:", a == b)
print("Greater than:", a > b)
# Logical Operators
print("Logical AND:", a > 5 and b > 15)
print("Logical OR:", a > 15 or b > 15)
Summary Questions
1. What is the output of the following code: x = 5; print(x + 10)?
2. What are the different data types in Python? Give examples.
3. Write a Python program that takes two numbers as input and prints their product.
Answers:
1. 15
2. Integer (e.g., x = 5), Float (e.g., y = 3.14), String (e.g., name = "John"), Boolean (e.g.,
is_active = True).
3.
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Product:", a * b)
4
GPT- 4o mini - Expanded Full Tutorial
Certainly! Below is the for each section in a comprehensive format, including detailed
syntax, codes, examples, and summary questions with answers.
---
Python Programming for Beginners
---
1. Introduction to Python
1.1 What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language known for
its simplicity and readability. It supports multiple paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.
1.2 Features of Python
Simple and Easy to Learn: Python's syntax is beginner-friendly.
Interpreted Language: No need for compilation; runs line-by-line.
Dynamic Typing: No need to declare variable types explicitly.
5
Extensive Libraries: Offers modules for various tasks like web development, data analysis,
machine learning, and more.
1.3 Installing Python
1. Download Python from python.org.
2. Install it on your system (ensure you check the "Add Python to PATH" option).
3. Verify installation:
python --version
1.4 Running Python
Interactive Mode: Run python in the terminal.
Script Mode: Save code in .py files and run with python filename.py.
Use IDEs like PyCharm or Visual Studio Code for better development experience.
6
2. Basic
3. 3. Control Structures
3.1. Conditional Statements
Control the flow of execution based on conditions.
Syntax
if condition:
# Code block
elif condition:
# Code block
else:
# Code block
Example
# Example: Check if a number is positive, negative, or zero
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 0:
print("Positive")
elif num < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")
If-Else Statements
The if statement is used to test a condition, and depending on whether it is true or false,
different blocks of code are executed.
Syntax:
if condition:
# code block
else:
# code block
Example Code:
# Example: Check Even or Odd
7
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
Loops: For and While
Used for repetitive tasks.
For Loop: Loops over a sequence (like a list or range) and executes a block of code for each
element.
While Loop: Loops as long as the specified condition is true.
For Loop Syntax:
for i in range(5):
print(i)
For Loop Syntax
for i in range(start, end, step):
# Code block
While Loop Syntax:
while condition:
# code block
Example Code:
# Example: Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a For Loop
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)
# Example: Print numbers from 1 to 5 using a While Loop
count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1
# Example: Factorial using a While Loop
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1
8
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)
3.2. Break and Continue
Break: Exit the loop.
Continue: Skip the current iteration.
Example
# Example: Skip even numbers
for i in range(1, 6):
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
print(i)
---
Break and Continue
Break: Exits the loop prematurely.
Continue: Skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next one.
Example Code:
# Break Example: Stop loop when number is 5
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
Summary Questions
1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)
2. Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
9
factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)
Summary Questions
1. Write a program to check if a number is even or odd.
2. Write a program to print the sum of numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.
Answers: 1.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
2. total = 0
for i in range(1, 11):
total += i
print("Sum:", total)
---
4. 4. Functions
4.1 Defining Functions
Functions help modularize code and avoid repetition.
Syntax
10
def function_name(parameters):
# Code block
return value
Example
# Function to add two numbers
def add(a, b):
return a + b
print("Sum:", add(5, 10))
---
4.2 Parameters and Return Values
Functions can accept arguments and return values.
Example
# Example: Calculate square of a number
def square(num):
return num ** 2
11
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("Square:", square(number))
---
Summary Questions
1. Write a function to calculate the area of a rectangle.
2. What is the purpose of the return statement?
Answers: 1.
def rectangle_area(length, width):
return length * width
2. The return statement sends the result of a function back to the caller.
---
12
The document has been truncated for demonstration purposes.
I can complete the remaining sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP) with the
same level of detail. Let me know if
Wow 😲 an amazing!, i'd like you to continue and complete the remaining sections
(Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP) with the same level of detail!
continue and complete the remaining sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP)
with the same level of detail!
13
GPT- 4o
Hi there, Can you Provide me a full "python Programming for Beginners"
Course tutorials with detailed syntax, codes, examples and sample summary
questions and answers for each topics
Certainly! Below is a structured course outline for "Python Programming for Beginners." It
includes detailed topics, syntax explanations, code examples, and a summary with sample
questions and answers for each section.
---
Python Programming For Beginners
Course Outline
1. 1. Introduction to Python
1.1. What is Python?
1.2. Features of Python
1.3. Installing Python (Windows, macOS, Linux)
1.4. Running Python: Python Shell vs. IDEs (e.g., PyCharm, VSCode)
Example Code
# Hello World Program
print("Hello, World!")
Summary Questions
1. What are three key features of Python?
2. Write a Python program to print "Welcome to Python!"
Answers:
1. Easy to learn, interpreted language, and versatile.
2.
print("Welcome to Python!")
2. 2. Python Basics
2.1. Variables and Data Types
2.2. Input and Output
2.3. Comments
14
Syntax
# Variable Declaration
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
# Input
user_input = input("Enter your name: ")
# Output
print("Hello, " + user_input)
Example Code
# Example: Basic Calculator
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Sum:", a + b)
Summary Questions
1. What is the output of the following code: x = 5; print(x + 10)?
2. Write a Python program that takes two numbers as input and prints their product.
Answers:
1. 15
2.
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Product:", a * b)
3. 3. Control Structures
If-Else Statements
Loops: for and while
Break and Continue
Syntax
# If-Else
if condition:
# code block
else:
15
# code block
# For Loop
for i in range(5):
print(i)
# While Loop
while condition:
# code block
Example Code
# Example: Check Even or Odd
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
Summary Questions
1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.
2. Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.
Answers: 1.
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)
2.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)
4. 4. Functions
4.1. Defining Functions
4.2. Parameters and Return Values
4.3. Scope of Variables
Syntax
# Function Definition
16
def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return value
# Function Call
result = function_name(arguments)
Example Code
# Example: Calculate Area of a Circle
def area_of_circle(radius):
return 3.14 * radius ** 2
radius = float(input("Enter radius: "))
print("Area:", area_of_circle(radius))
Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?
2. Write a function to calculate the square of a number.
Answers:
1. To send the output of a function to the calling code.
2.
def square(num):
return num ** 2
5. 5. Data Structures
5.1. Lists
5.2. Tuples
5.3. Dictionaries
5.4. Sets
Syntax
# List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Tuple
coordinates = (10, 20)
# Dictionary
student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}
# Set
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}
Example Code
# Example: Find Average of Numbers in a List
17
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
print("Average:", average)
Summary Questions
1. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?
2. Write a program to count the frequency of elements in a list.
Answers:
1. Lists are mutable, whereas tuples are immutable.
2.
from collections import Counter
numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
frequency = Counter(numbers)
print(frequency)
6. 6. File Handling
6.1. Reading and Writing Files
6.2. File Modes (r, w, a)
6.3. Exception Handling with Files
Syntax
# Writing to a File
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")
# Reading from a File
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
Example Code
# Example: Count Words in a File
filename = "example.txt"
with open(filename, "r") as file:
content = file.read()
words = content.split()
print("Number of words:", len(words))
Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the with statement in file handling?
2. Write a Python program to append a line to a file.
Answers:
1. It ensures that the file is properly closed after its suite finishes.
2.
18
with open("example.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("\nNew Line")
7. 7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
7.1. Classes and Objects
7.2. Constructors
7.3. Inheritance
Syntax
# Class Definition
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name}.")
# Object Creation
person = Person("John", 30)
person.greet()
Example Code
# Example: Bank Account
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance=0):
self.balance = balance
def deposit(self, amount):
self.balance += amount
def withdraw(self, amount):
if amount <= self.balance:
self.balance -= amount
else:
print("Insufficient balance!")
account = BankAccount()
account.deposit(100)
account.withdraw(50)
print("Balance:", account.balance)
Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the __init__ method in a class?
19
2. Write a class to represent a rectangle and calculate its area.
Answers:
1. It initializes an object’s attributes.
2.
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, length, width):
self.length = length
self.width = width
def area(self):
return self.length * self.width
This outline covers the essentials for a beginner-level Python course. Let me know if you'd
like to expand on any specific section!
20
EXPANDED
Can you expand all Sections full tutorials and regenerate it with all the above,
codes, syntax, examples, summary questions and answers for each sections
Certainly! Below is an expanded full tutorial for a "Python Programming for Beginners"
course. Each section includes detailed explanations, code examples, and summary questions
with answers.
---
Python Programming for Beginners
1. 1. Introduction to Python
1.1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in
1991. It is known for its simplicity and readability, making it an excellent choice for
beginners. Python is versatile, widely used in web development, data science, automation,
machine learning, and more.
1.2. Features of Python
Easy to Learn: Python has a simple syntax that closely resembles the English language.
Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line-by-line, making it easier to debug.
Portable: Python code can run on different platforms without modification.
Large Standard Library: Python comes with many built-in modules and packages for various
applications.
Object-Oriented: Python supports object-oriented programming, making it ideal for large
applications.
21
1.3. Installing Python
To install Python on your computer, follow these steps:
Windows: Download the installer from python.org, run the executable, and ensure to check
the box that adds Python to your PATH.
macOS/Linux: Python is often pre-installed on these systems. You can check by typing
python3 --version in the terminal. If not installed, you can install it via brew install python
(macOS) or sudo apt install python3 (Linux).
1.4. Running Python
You can run Python code in two main ways:
1. Python Shell: Open your terminal/command prompt and type python to start the
interactive Python shell.
2. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Use tools like PyCharm, VSCode, or
Jupyter Notebook for more advanced coding with features like debugging and project
management.
Hello World Program
# Hello World Program
print("Hello, World!")
Explanation: This program simply prints the message "Hello, World!" to the screen.
2. 2. Python Basics
2.1. Variables and Data Types
In Python, you can create variables to store values. Python supports various data types
including:
Integers (whole numbers): x = 5
Floats (decimal numbers): y = 3.14
Strings (text): name = "John"
Booleans (True/False): flag = True
Example Code:
# Variable Declaration
x = 10 # Integer
22
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
# Output
print(x, y, name)
2.2. Input and Output
Input: The input() function is used to get data from the user.
Output: The print() function is used to display output.
Example Code:
# Input and Output Example
user_input = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + user_input)
Comments
In Python, comments are written using the # symbol. Comments are not executed by the
Python interpreter.
# This is a comment
print("This will be printed.")
Summary Questions
1. What are three key features of Python?
Easy to learn
Interpreted language
Portable
2. Write a Python program to print "Welcome to Python!"
print("Welcome to Python!")
---
23
3. 3. Control Structures
3.1. If-Else Statements
The if statement is used to test a condition, and depending on whether it is true or false,
different blocks of code are executed.
Syntax:
if condition:
# code block
else:
# code block
Example Code:
# Example: Check Even or Odd
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
3.2. Loops: For and While
For Loop: Loops over a sequence (like a list or range) and executes a block of code for each
element.
While Loop: Loops as long as the specified condition is true.
For Loop Syntax:
for i in range(5):
print(i)
While Loop Syntax:
while condition:
# code block
Example Code:
24
# Example: Numbers from 1 to 10 using a For Loop
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)
# Example: Factorial using a While Loop
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)
3.3. Break and Continue
Break: Exits the loop prematurely.
Continue: Skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next one.
Example Code:
# Break Example: Stop loop when number is 5
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
3.4. Summary Questions
1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)
2. Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)
25
---
4. 4. Functions
4.1. Defining Functions
Functions allow you to group code into reusable blocks. You can define a function using the
def keyword.
Syntax:
def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return value
Example Code:
# Example: Calculate Area of a Circle
def area_of_circle(radius):
return 3.14 * radius ** 2
radius = float(input("Enter radius: "))
print("Area:", area_of_circle(radius))
4.2. Parameters and Return Values
Parameters: Variables passed into a function to provide input data.
Return: A function can return a value back to the caller.
Example Code:
# Example: Sum of Two Numbers
def add(a, b):
return a + b
result = add(5, 10)
print("Sum:", result)
26
4.3. Scope of Variables
Variables defined inside a function are local to that function, while variables defined outside
any function are global.
x = 10 # Global variable
def example():
x = 5 # Local variable
print(x)
example()
print(x) # Global variable
Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?
It sends the output of a function back to the calling code.
2. Write a function to calculate the square of a number.
def square(num):
return num ** 2
---
5. 5. Data Structures
Lists
A list is a mutable collection that can store multiple items in a single variable.
Syntax:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
27
Example Code:
# Example: Find Average of Numbers in a List
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
print("Average:", average)
Tuples
Tuples are similar to lists, but they are immutable, meaning their contents cannot be
changed.
coordinates = (10, 20)
Dictionaries
Dictionaries store data in key-value pairs.
Syntax:
student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}
Example Code:
# Example: Access Values in a Dictionary
student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}
print(student["name"]) # Output: John
28
Sets
Sets are unordered collections of unique elements.
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}
Summary Questions
1. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?
Lists are mutable (can be modified), while tuples are immutable.
2. Write a program to count the frequency of elements in a list.
from collections import Counter
numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
frequency = Counter(numbers)
print(frequency)
---
29
6. 6. File Handling
Reading and Writing Files
Python allows you to open, read, write, and close files.
Syntax:
# Writing to a File
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")
# Reading from a File
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file
Let’s continue and complete the remaining sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and
Object-Oriented Programming) with the same detailed format:
---
Wow 😲 an amazing!, i'd like you to continue and complete the remaining
sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP) with the same level of
detail!
30
7. 5. Data Structures (Expanded)
7.1. Lists
A list is a collection that is ordered and mutable (modifiable). Lists can store multiple data
types.
7.2. Common List Operations
# Creating a List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Accessing Elements
print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
# Adding Elements
fruits.append("orange") # Adds "orange" to the end
# Removing Elements
fruits.remove("banana") # Removes "banana"
# Slicing a List
print(fruits[0:2]) # Output: ['apple', 'cherry']
Example Code:
# Example: Reversing a List
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers.reverse()
print("Reversed List:", numbers) # Output: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
---
7.3. Tuples
A tuple is an immutable (unchangeable) collection. It is used when you want data to remain
constant.
Syntax and Example:
coordinates = (10, 20, 30)
# Accessing Tuple Elements
print(coordinates[0]) # Output: 10
31
# Tuples are immutable
# coordinates[0] = 15 # This will raise an error
---
7.4. Dictionaries
A dictionary stores data in key-value pairs and is mutable. Keys must be unique.
Common Dictionary Operations:
# Creating a Dictionary
student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "grade": "A"}
# Accessing Values
print(student["name"]) # Output: Alice
# Adding a Key-Value Pair
student["major"] = "Computer Science"
# Removing a Key-Value Pair
del student["age"]
# Iterating Through a Dictionary
for key, value in student.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
Example Code:
# Example: Counting Occurrences of Words
sentence = "this is a test this is only a test"
words = sentence.split()
word_count = {}
for word in words:
word_count[word] = word_count.get(word, 0) + 1
print(word_count)
32
---
7.5. Sets
A set is an unordered collection of unique elements. Sets are useful for removing duplicates
and performing mathematical operations like union and intersection.
Common Set Operations:
# Creating a Set
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}
# Adding Elements
unique_numbers.add(5)
# Removing Elements
unique_numbers.remove(3)
# Set Operations
set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
print(set1.union(set2)) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
print(set1.intersection(set2)) # Output: {3}
Example Code:
# Example: Remove Duplicates from a List
numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5]
unique_numbers = list(set(numbers))
print("Unique Numbers:", unique_numbers)
7.6. Summary Questions:
1. What is the difference between a list and a set?
Lists are ordered and can contain duplicates, while sets are unordered and contain unique
elements.
33
2. Write a Python program to merge two dictionaries.
dict1 = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
dict2 = {"c": 3, "d": 4}
merged = {**dict1, **dict2}
print("Merged Dictionary:", merged)
---
8. 6. File Handling (Expanded)
8.1. File Modes
Mode Description
r Read-only Mode
w Write Mode (overwrite)
a Append Mode (adds content)
r+ Read and Write Mode
---
8.2. Reading and Writing Files
Writing to a File:
# Writing to a File
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("This is a sample text.")
Reading from a File:
# Reading from a File
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
---
Appending to a File
# Appending to a File
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with open("example.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("\nAdding another line.")
---
Example Code:
# Example: Count Lines in a File
filename = "example.txt"
with open(filename, "r") as file:
lines = file.readlines()
print("Number of lines:", len(lines))
---
8.3. Exception Handling with Files
File operations can raise errors (e.g., file not found). Use try and except to handle such cases
gracefully.
try:
with open("nonexistent.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!")
---
Summary Questions:
1. What does the with statement do in file handling?
It ensures the file is properly closed after its block is executed.
2. Write a Python program to count the number of words in a file.
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with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
words = content.split()
print("Word Count:", len(words))
---
9. 7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) (Expanded)
9.1. Classes and Objects
A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and an object is an instance of a class.
Defining a Class:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old.")
Creating an Object:
person = Person("Alice", 30)
person.greet() # Output: Hello, my name is Alice and I am 30 years old.
---
9.2. Constructors
The __init__ method is a special method called when an object is created. It initializes the
object's attributes.
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius
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def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2
---
9.3. Inheritance
Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.
Example Code:
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("I am an animal")
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("I bark")
dog = Dog()
dog.speak() # Output: I bark
---
9.4. Encapsulation
Encapsulation restricts access to some components of an object. Prefix variables with _
(protected) or __ (private).
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self):
self.__balance = 0 # Private attribute
def deposit(self, amount):
self.__balance += amount
def get_balance(self):
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return self.__balance
---
9.5. Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows methods in different classes to have the same name but behave
differently.
Example Code:
class Shape:
def area(self):
pass
class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
def area(self):
return self.width * self.height
---
Summary Questions:
1. What is the purpose of the __init__ method?
It initializes an object’s attributes when it is created.
2. Write a class to represent a rectangle and calculate its perimeter.
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, length, width):
self.length = length
self.width = width
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def perimeter(self):
return 2 * (self.length + self.width)
rect = Rectangle(5, 10)
print("Perimeter:", rect.perimeter())
---
With this, the course is complete. Let me know if you want additional sections, examples, or
exercises!
Wow 😲, Very good , an amazing!, i'd like you to create a downloadable zip file for Section 1
maintaining quality as above
With this, the course is complete. Let me know if you want additional sections, examples
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