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Tutorial Questions

The document contains tutorial questions for a course on the electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials, covering topics such as magnetic induction, superconductivity, dielectric polarization, excitons, and laser applications. It includes definitions, derivations, and calculations related to various physical phenomena and material properties. The questions are structured to assess understanding of fundamental concepts and their applications in materials science.

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7 views

Tutorial Questions

The document contains tutorial questions for a course on the electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials, covering topics such as magnetic induction, superconductivity, dielectric polarization, excitons, and laser applications. It includes definitions, derivations, and calculations related to various physical phenomena and material properties. The questions are structured to assess understanding of fundamental concepts and their applications in materials science.

Uploaded by

yekeentaiwo107
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial Questions

PHY407 (Electrical, Magnetic and Optical Properties of Materials)

1. (a) What is magnetic induction B of a magnetic material.


(b) Show that the magnetic induction B is related to the field intensity H. Based on the
relationship, classify materials into different classes of magnetism.
(c) If an electron of mass Me, describe an orbit of radius r around the nucleus with an angular
momentum L, show that the magnetic moment resulting from this orbital motion is given as:
𝑚 = 𝜇𝐵 𝑛, where 𝜇𝐵 and n are Bohr magneton and quantum number, respectively.
(d) Define the underline terms and hence or otherwise calculate the value of one Bohr
magneton from fundamental constants.
(e) What is Diamagnetism?
(f) Describe the following terms: (i) Paramagnetism (ii) Ferromagnetism
(g) Saturation is achieved for magnetic material at magnetic field intensity 1×107 A/m, at
which the flux density is 1.5 Tesla. If it has a remanence of 1.75 Tesla and a coercivity
of 7.5×106 A/m. From above information, sketch the curve in the appropriate interval.
Ensure you draw to scale and label both axes. (i) What is the name of the curve? (ii)
Define the underlined terms?

2. (a) Explain the following. (i) Superconductivity (ii) Meissner effect in superconductor
(b) What are the differences between a type I and type II superconductors. Mention two
examples each.
𝐵2
(c) Prove that the stabilization energy density for a superconductor is given by: ∆𝑢 = 2µ ,
o

where symbols have their usual meanings. Hence, or otherwise calculate the stabilization
energy ∆𝑢 for aluminium of cross-sectional area of 2×106 mm2 if the critical magnetic flux
needed to destroy superconductivity of aluminium is 30 Weber.

3. (a) Define di-electric polarization of a material? What are the consequences of electronic
polarization in transparent materials?
(b) Explain all factors which account for the di-electric polarization of a material.
(c) Derive the London penetration depth equation.

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(d) Explain the term coherence length.
(e) A laser beam of wavelength 740 nm has coherence time of 4×10-5 s. Calculate the order
of magnitude of its coherence length.

4. (a) Explain the following:


(i) Excitons (ii) Colour centres (iii) luminescence. (iv) Photoconductivity
(b) What is the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence?
(c) Can a material have an index of refraction less than unity? Justify your claim.
(d) what is the distinction between metal, semiconductor and insulator based on their energy
band diagrams.
(e) The electrical conductivity and electron mobility for aluminium are 3.8×107 (Ω-m)-1 and
0.0012 m2/V-s, respectively. Calculate the Hall voltage for an aluminium specimen that is
1.5×10-2 cm thick for a current of 25A and a magnetic field of 0.6 Tesla (imposed in a
direction perpendicular to the current).

5. (a) Mention three (3) important characteristics of laser beam.


(b) Briefly describe four (4) important applications of LASER in industry.
(c) Differentiate between spontaneous emission, induced absorption and stimulated emission.
State characteristics of stimulated emission of radiation.
𝐶
(d) Show that the Curie-Weiss law is of the form:𝜑 = (𝑇−𝜃) , where symbols have their usual
meanings.
(e) i. A single crystal of copper contains a low angle tilt boundary on (0,0,1) with a tilt axis
parallel to (0,1,0) plane. Calculate the tilt angle if the spacing of the dislocation in the
boundary is 3×10-6 m and their Burger’s vector is 0.4×10-9 m.

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