Core Java

Introduction

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Java History

Java Details
Home : SUN Mc Systems (Oracle Corporation)
Author : James Gosling
Objective : To prepare simple electronic consumer goods.
Project : Green
First Version : JDK 1.0 (1996, Jan-23rd)
Used Version : Some org JDK5.0, Some other JAVA 6, JAVA 7
Latest Version : JAVA7, JAVA8, This April – JAVA 9
Type of Software : Open Source Software
Strong Features : Object-oriented, Platform Independent, Robust, Portable, Dynamic,
Secure.......

Version Code Name Enhancements

1) JDK1.0[Jan,23,1996] OAK Language Introduction
2) JDK1.1[Feb,19,1997] RMI, JDBC, Reflection API, Java Beans,
----
Inner classes
3) JDK1.2[Dec,8,1998] Strictfp, Swing, CORBA, Collection,
Playground
Framework
4) JDK1.3[May,8,2000] Kestrel Updations on RMI, JNDI
5) JDK1.4[Feb,6,2002] Regular Expression, NIO, assert, Keyword,
Merlin
JAXP, ...

Autoboxing, var-arg method,static

6) JDK5.0[Sep,30,2004] Tiger
import, Annotations ,..

7) JAVA SE6[Dec,11,2006] Mustang JDBC4.0,GUI updations, Console

Strings in switch,'_' symbol in literals,try-

8) JAVA SE7[Jul,28,2011] Dolphin
with- resources
Interface improvements, Lambda
Expression, Date-Time API, Updations on
9) JAVA SE8[Mar,18,2014] Spider Collections

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JSHELL, JPMS,Private Methods in

10)JAVA SE9[Sep,20017] ----
Interfaces, ……

Local Variables Type Inference,

11)JAVA SE10[March,2018] ---- GarbageCollector interface, Application
Class Data Sharing,….

HttpClient,Local Variables Syntax for

12)JAVA SE11[Sep,2018] ----
Lambda Parameter,….

13)JAVA SE12[March,2019] ---- Switch Expressions, JVM Constants,….

Text Blocks, Switch Expressions

14)JAVA SE13[Sep,2019] ----
Updations, Dynamic CDS Archieves…..

Pattern Matching For instanceof, Records,

15)JAVA SE14[March,2020] ----
Text Blocks Updations,……

Updations on Text Blocks, Pattern

16)JAVA SE15[Sep,2020] -----
Matching for instanceof operator, ….

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Differences between Java and Others

[C and C++]
1)C and C++ are static programming languages but
JAVA is dynamic programming language:
If any programming language allows memory allocation for primitive data types at
compilation time [Static Time] then that programming language is called as Static
Programming language.
EX: C and C++.

In C and C++ applications, memory will be allocated for primitive data types at
compilation time only, not at runtime.

If any programming language allows memory allocation for primitive data types at
runtime, not at compilation time then that programming language is called as Dynamic
Programming Language.
EX: JAVA

In java applications, memory will be allocated for primitive data types at runtime only, not
at compilation time.

Note: In Java applications, memory will be allocated for primitive data types at the time of
creating objects only, in java applications, objects are created at runtime only.

2)Pre-Processor is required in C and C++, but, Pre-

Processor is not required in Java:
In case of C and C++, the complete predefined library is provided in the form of header
files

EX:
stdio.h
conio.h
math.h
---
----

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If we want to use predefined library in C and C++ applications, we have to include header
files in C and C++ applications, for this, we have to use #include<> statement.

EX:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

If we compile C and C++ applications then Pre-Processor will perform the following
actions.

1) Pre-Processor will recognize all #include<> statement.

2) Pre-Processor will take all the specified header files from #include<> statements.
3) Pre-Processor will check whether the specified header files are existed or not in C
and C++ softwares.
4) If the specified header files are not existed the Pre-Processor will generate some
error messages.
5) If the specified header files are existed then Pre-Processor will load the specified
header files to the memory, this type of loading predefined library at compilation
time is called as "Static Loading".

In C and C++ applications, Pre-Processor is required to recognize #include<> statements

inorder to load header files to the memory.

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In java , the complete predefined library is provided in the form of classes and interfaces
in packages

EX:
java.io
java.util
java.sql

If we want to use predefined library in java applications then we have to include packages
in java application, for this we have to use "import" statements
EX:
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.sql.*;

If we compile java program then compiler will perform the following actions.

1.Compiler will recognize all the import statements.

2.Compiler will take the specified package names from import statements.
3.Compiler will check whether the specified packages are existed or not in java software.
4.If the specified packages are not existed in java predefined library then compiler will
rise an error "package xxx does not exist".
5.If the specified packages are existed in java predefined library then Compielr will not
rise any error and compiler will not load any package content to the memory.

While executing java program, when JVM[Java Virtual Machine] encounter any class or
interface from the specified package then only JVM will load the required classes and
interfaces to the memory at runtime, loading predefined library at runtime is called as
"Dynamic Loading".

Pre-Processor is not required in JAVA , because, java does not include header files and
#include<> statements, alternativily, JAVA has clases and interfaces in the form of
packages and import statements.

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Q)What are the differences between #include<> statement and

import statement?
1. #include<> statement is available upto C and C++.
import statement is available upto JAVA.

2. #include<> statements are used to include the predefined library which is available in
the form of header files.
import statements are used to include the predefined library which are available in the
form of packages.

3. #include<> statement is providing static loading.

import statement is providing dynamic loading.

4. #include<> statements are recognized by Pre-Processor.

import statements are recognized by both Compiler and JVM.

5. By using Single #include<> statement we are able to include only one header file.

EX:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

By using single import statement we are able to include more than one class or more
than one interface of the same package.

EX: import java.io.*;

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3)C and C++ are platform dependent programming

languages, but, JAVA is platform Independent
programming language.
If any PL allows its applications to perform compilation and execution on the same
Operating System then that PL is called as Platform Dependent PL.
EX: C and C++

If any PL allows its applications to perform Compilation is on one OS and execution is on

another OS then that PL is called as Platform independent PL.
EX: JAVA

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Q)What are the differences between .exe file and .class file?
1. .exe file is available upto C and C++ only.
.class file is available upto Java.

2. .exe file contains directly executable code.

.class file contains bytecode, it is not executable code directly, it is an intermediate
code.

3. .exe file is platform dependent file.

.class file is platform independent file.

4. .exe file is less secured file.

.class file is more secured file.

4)Pointers are existed in C and C++, but, Pointers are

not existed in Java:
In general, in Progaming languages, Variables are able to store data.
EX: int eno = 111;

In C and C++, to manipulate data through memory locations , C and C++ have provided a
type of varable called as "Pointer" variable.

Pointer is a variable in C and C++, it able to store address locations of the data structers,
where Data Structer may be a variable, an array, a struct, or may be another pointer
variable.

Q)What are the differences between pointer variables and referece

variables?
1. Pointer variables are available upto C and C++.
Reference variables are available upto JAVA mainly.

2. Pointer variables are able to refer a block of memory by storing its address locations.

Reference variables are able to refer a block of memory (Object) by storing object
reference values, where Object reference value is hexa decimal form of hashcode,
where hashcode is an unique identity provided by Heap manager.

3. Pointer variables are recognized and initialized at compilation time.

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4. Reference variables are recognized and initialized at runtime.

5)Multiple inheritance is not possible in Java:

If any PL allows to represent data in the form of Objects as per Object Oriented
principles[Features] then that PL is called as Object Oriented PL.

In general, there are 7 Object Oriented principles or Features.

1. Class
2. Object
3. Encapsulation
4. Abstraction
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Message Passing

From the above 7 Object Oriented Features, the following features are most powerfull
features.

1. Encapsulation
2. Abstraction
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism

Inheritance: inheritance is relation[Parent-Child] between classes,it will bring variables

and methods from one class[Super class / Base Class / Parent Class] to another class[Sub
class / Derived Class / Child Class] inorder to reuse.

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The main advantage of Inheritance is "Code Reusability".

Note: In Java, Inheritance is represented in the form of "extends" keyword.

EX:
class Employee{ // Super class
int eno;
String ename;
float esal;
String eaddr;
---
----
}

class Manager extends Employee{// Sub Class

---Reuse Employee class members here-----
----
----
}

class Accountent extends Employee{// Sub class

---Reuse Employee class members here-----
------
------
}

Initially, there are two types of Inheritances.

1. Single Inheritance
2. Multiple Inheritance

On the basis of the above two types of inheritances, three more Inheritances are defined.
3. Multi Level inheritance.
4. Hierarchical Inheritance.
5. Hybrid Inheritance.

1. Single Inheritance: It is a relation between classes, where it will bring variables

and methods from only one super class to one or more no of sub classes.

Java does support Single Inheritance.

2. Multiple Inheritance: It is arelation between classes, where it will bring

variables and methods from more than one super class to
one or more no of sub classes.

Java does not support Multiple Inheritance.

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If we declare same variable with different values and same method with different
implementatiuon in both the super classes and if we access that common variable and
method at sub class then which super class variable and method will be accessed is big
confusion for the compiler and JVM, JAVA is simple pl, it will not allow any confusion
oriented features, so JAVA does not allow Multiple Inheritances.

Note: Java define "extends" keyword in such a way to allow only ne super class name , not
to allow more than one super class name.

class A extends B{ } ---> Valid

class A extends C{ } --> Valid.
class A extends B, C { } ---> invalid.

6)Destructors are required in C++, but, Destructors

are not required in JAVA:
If any PL allows to represent data in the form of Objects as per Object oriented Features
then that PL is called as "Object Oriented Programming Language".

In Object oriented Programming Languages, it is minimum to represent data in the form of

objects , to repersent data in the form of objects , first, we have to create objects and at
end of the program we have to destroy that objects.

In Object Oriented PLs, two operations we have to perform frequently.

1. Creating Objects
2. Destroying Objects

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To create Objects in Object Oriented Programming Languages, Object oriented

Programming Languages have given a feature called as "Constructor".

To Destroy objects in Object Oriented Programming Languages, Object Oriented

Programming Languages have a given a seperate feature called as "Destructor".

In Java, to destroy objects automatically , JAVA has provided an internal component called
as "Garbage Collector", it will destroy unused objects in Java applications.

In Java, Garbage Collector is respnsible for Destroying objects, Developer is not

responsible to destroy objects, so Developers are not required to use Destructors", so
that, Destructors are not reqwuired in JAVA.

In C++, Developers are responsible to destroy Objects, because, in C++ Garbage Collector
kind of component is not existed, Therefore Developers must use "Destructors" todestroy
objects.

7) Operator Overloading is not supported in Java:

When a PL represents data in the form of Objects then that PL is called as an Object
Oriented Programming Language.

In Object Oriented Programming Languages , while rpresenting data in the forom of

Objects we have to follow a set of conventions called as "Object oriented Features".

1. Class
2. Object
3. Encapsulation
4. Abstraction
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Message Passing

From the above list of Object oriented Features the following features are the most
powerfull features.

1. Encapsulation
2. Abstration
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism

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Polymorphism:
--> "Polymorphism" is a Greak word, where Poly means Many and Morphism means
Structers / Forms.
--> If one thing is existed in more than one form then it is called as "Polymorphism".
--> The main advantage of Polymorphism is "Flexibility".
--> There are two types of Polymorphisms.
1. Static Polymorphism
2. Dynamic Polymorphism

1. Static Polymorphism:
--> If the Polymorphism is existed at compilation time then it is called as Static
Polymorphism.
EX: Overlooading

2. Dynamic Polymorphism:
--> If the Polymorphism is existed at runtime then that Polymorphism is called as Dynamic
Polymorphism.
EX: Overridding

Overloading:
--> There are two types of overloadings.
1. Method Overloading
2. Operator Overloading

1. Method Overloading:
--> If we declare more than one method / Function with the same name and with different
parameter list then it is
called as Method Overloading.
EX:
---
class A{
void add(int i, int j){
---implementation integer addition----
}
void add(float f1, float f2){
---implementation for Float Addition----
}
void add(String str1, String str2){
---Concatination on two String values----
}
}

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2. Operator Overloading:
--> If we declare any operator with more than one functionality then it is called as
Operator Overloading.

EX:
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = a + b; // + is for Arithmetic Addition.
System.out.println(c); //30

String str1 = "abc";

String str2 = "def";
String str3 = str1 + str2;// + is for String concatination
System.out.println(str3);//abcdef

In Java Operator overloading is not possible , because,

1. Operator overloading is a rarely used feature in Java application development.
2. It is a bit confusion oriented feature when we define more no of operations for more no
of operators.

Note: As per JAVA internal requirement, JAVA has defined some of the predefined
operators as overloaded Operators with fixed functionalities, but, JAVA has not given any
env to define operator overloading explicitly at developer level.
EX: +, *, %,..

8)C and C++ are following Call By Value and Call by

reference parameter passing mechanisms, but, JAVA
is following only call by value parameter passing
mechanism:
In any PL, if we pass primitive data[int, long, float, double, boolean, char,...] as parameter
to methods or functions then the parameter passing mechanism is "Call By Value".

In any PL, if we pass address locations as parameters to the methods then the parameter
passing mechanism is "Call By Reference" Parameter Passing Mechanism.

In C and C++, if we pass pointer variables as parameters to the methods or functions then
the parameter passing mechanism is "Call By Reference", because, Pointer variables are
able to store address locations.

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In Java, if we pass reference variable as parameter to the methods or functions then the
parameter passing mechanism is "Call By Value" only, because, in JAVA, reference
variables are not storing address locations, reference variables are able to store Object
reference value, where Object reference value is hexa decimal form of Hashcode, where
Hashcode is an integer value provided by Heap manager as an unique identity for each
and every object.

9.In C and C++ , integers will take only 2 bytes of

memory and characters will take 1 byte of memory,
but, in JAVA integers will take 4 bytes of memory and
characters will take 2 bytes of memory:
In C and C++, memory allocation for primitive data types is not fixed, it is variable and it is
depending on the Operating System which we used.

In Java, memory allocation for the primitive data types is fixed irrespective of the
Operating System which we used.

1. byte ----------> 1 byte

2. short ----------> 2 bytes
3. int ------------> 4 bytes
4. long -----------> 8 bytes
5. float ----------> 4 bytes
6. double ---------> 8 bytes
7. char -----------> 2 bytes
8. boolean --------> 1 bit

Q) In C and C++, to store character value one byte of memory is

sufficient, then , what is the requirement for java to assign 2 bytes
of memory for character data?
In C and C++, all characters are repesented in the form of ASCII values, where to store any
ASCII value 1 byte of memory is sufficient.

In Java, all characters are represented in the form of UNICODE values, where to store
UNICODE values one byte of memory is not sufficient, we must provide 2 bytes of memroy
for characters.

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Q) What is UNICODE and what is the adv of UNICODE

rerpesentation in Java?
Ans:
----
UNICODE is one of the character reprsentation in Programming Languages, It able to
rerpesent all the alphabet from all the natural languages like English, Hindi, Italian,
Chinees,......and it able to provide very good Internationalization support in Java
applications.

Q) What is Internationlization in Java?

Ans:
-----
Internationalization is a service in Java, it enables Java applications to take input data in a
particulr local language and to provide output data in the same local language.

--> I have a software product, it has customers all over India, All Indians are able to
understasnd English, so i provided all the product Services in the form of English. One fine
day, i found Customers from Japan, Germany, Itly,..... and these customers are not good in
English and they are not undestanding my product services .

Solutions
1. Can i prepare a seperate Product for each and every customer language ---> Not
Suggestible.
2. Single product, but, it has to understand Customer Locality and it has to give services as
per customer locality
in customer understandable language.

To achieve 2 requirement we have to use "Internationalization".

Dersigning Java applications as per Local Conventions is called as "Internationalization".

Note: Java isa able to provide very good Internationalization support because of
UNICODE representation only.

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Java Features
To show the nature of java programming language, JAVA has provided the following
features.

1) Simple
2) Object Oriented
3) Platform independent
4) Arch Nuetral
5) Portable
6) Robust
7) Secure
8) Dynamic
9) Distributed
10) Multi Threadded
11) Interpretive
12) High Performance

1) Simple:
Java is simple programming language, because,
1) Java applications will take less memory and less execution time.
2) Java has removed all most all the confusion oriented features like pointers,
multiple inheritance,.....
3) Java is using all the simplified syntaxes from C and C++.

2) Object Oriented:
Java is an object oriented programming language, because, JAVA is able to store data
in the form of Objects only.

3) Platform Independent:
Java is platform independent programming Language, because, Java allows its
applications to compile on one operating system and to execute on another operating
system.

4) Arch Nuetral:
Java is an Arch Nuetral Programming language, because, Java allows its applications to
compile on one H/W Arch and to execute on another H/W Arch.

5) Portable:
Java is a portable programming language, because, JAVA is able to run its applications
under all the operating systems and under all the H/W Systems.

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6) Robust:
Java is Robust programming language, because,

1) Java is having very good memory management system in the form of heap memory
Management SYstem, it is a dynamic memory management system, it allocates
and deallocates memory for the objects at runtime.

2) JAVA is having very good Exception Handling mechanisms, because, Java has
provided very good predefined library to represent and handle almost all the
frequently generated exceptions in java applications.

7) Secure:
Java is very good Secure programming language, because,

1) JAVA has provided an implicit component inside JVM in the form of "Security
Manager" to provide implicit security.

2) JAVA has provided a seperate middleware service in the form of JAAS [Java
Authetication And Autherization Service] inorder to provide web security.

3) Java has provided very good predefined implementations for almost all well known
network security alg.

8) Dynamic:
If any programming language allows memory allocation for primitive data types at
RUNTIME then that programming language is called as Dynamic Programming
Language.

JAVA is a dynamic programming language, because, JAVA allows memory allocation

for primitive data types at RUNTIME.

9) Distributed:
By using JAVA we are able to prepare two types of applications

1) Standalone Applications
2) Distributed Applications

1) Standalone Applications:
If we design any java application with out using client-Server arch then that java
application is called as Standalone application.

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2) Distributed Applications:
If we design any java application on the basis of client-server arch then that java
application is called as Distributed application.
To prepare Distributed applications, JAVA has provided a seperate module that is
"J2EE/JAVA EE".

10) Multi Threadded:

Thread is a flow of execution to perform a particular task.

There are 2 thread models

1) Single Thread Model
2) Multi Thread Model

1) Single Thread Model:

It able to allow only one thread to execute the complete application,it follows
sequential execution, it will take more execution time, it will reduce application
performance.

2) Multi Thread Model:

It able to allow more than one thread to execute application, It follows parallel
execution, it will reduce execution time, it will improve application performance.

JAVA is following Multi Thread Model, JAVA is able to provide very good environment
to create and execute more than one thread at a time, due to this reason, JAVA is
Multi threaded Programming Language.

11) Interpretive:
JAVA is both compilative programming language and Interpretive programming
language.

1) To check developers mistakes in java applications and to translate java program

from High level representations to low level representation we need to compile
java programs
2) To execute java programs , we need an interpretor inside JVM.

12) High Performance:

JAVA is high performance programming language due to its rich set of features like
Platform independent, Arch Nuetral, Portable, Robust, Dynamic,......

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JAVA Naming Conventions

Java is a case sensitive programming language, where in java applications, there is a
seperate recognization for lower case letters and for upper case letters.

To use lower case letters and Upper case letters seperatly in java applications, JAVA has
provided the following conventions.

All class names , abstract class names, interface names and enum names must be started
with upper case letter and the sub sequent symbols must also be upper case letters.

EX:
String
StringBuffer
InputStreamReader

All java variables must be started with lower case letters, but, the subsequent symbols
must be upper case letters.
EX:
in, out, err
pageContext, bodyContent

All java methods must start with lower case letter , but, the sub sequent symbols must be
upper case letters
EX:
concat(--)
forName(--)
getInputStream()

4.All java Constant variables must be provided in Upper Case letters.

EX:
MIN_PRIORITY
NORM_PRIORITY
MAX_PRIOITY

5.All java package names must be provided in lower case letters

EX:
java.util
java.lang.reflect
javax.servlet.jsp.tagext

Note: All the above conventions are mandatory for predefined library, they are optional
form User defined library, but, suggestible.

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EX:
1)String str=new String("abc"); ----> Valid
2)string str=new string("abc");-----> Invalid
3)class Employee{ ----> Valid and Suggestible
---
}

4)class student{ ---> valid, but, not suggestible

---
}

Java Programming Format

To prepare basic Java application we have to use the following Structer.

1) Comment Section
2) Package Section
3) Import Section
4) Classes/Interfaces Section
5) Main Class Section

1.Comment Section:
Before starting implementation part, it is convention to provide some description about
our implementation, here to provide description about our implementation we have to
use Comment Section. Description includes author name, Objective, project details,
module details, client details,......

To provide the above specified description in comment section, we will use comments.

There are 3 types of comments.

1) Single Line Comments

2) Multi Line Comments
3) Documentation Comments.

1.Single Line Comment:

It allows the description with in a single line.

Syntax:
// --- description------

2.Multi Line Comment:

It allows description in more than one line

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Syntax:
/*
---
--description-----
----
*/

3.Documentation Comment.
It allows description in more than one page.

Syntax:
/*
*----
*----
---
---
*----
*/

Note: We will use documentation comments to prepare API kind of documentations, but,
it is not suggestible.

API kind of documentation:

It is a document in the form of .txt file or .doc file or .pdf file or .html it includes the
complete declarative information about our programming elements like variables,
methods, classes,..... which we have used in our java file.

EX: Employee.java

1) public class Employee extends Person implements Serializable, Cloneable {

2) puiblc String eid;
3) public String ename;
4) public float esal;
5) public String eaddr;
6) public Employee (String eid, String ename, float esal, String eaddr) {
7) }
8) public Employee (String eid, String ename, float esal) {
9) }
10) public Employee (String eid, String ename) {
11) }
12) public void add(String eid, String ename, float esal, String eaddr) {
13) ----
14) }
15) public String search(String eid) {
16) return "success";
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17) }
18) publc void delete(String eid) {
19) ---
20) }
21) }

Employee.txt[html/pdf]

Class : Name: Employee

Super Class: Person
Interfaces: Serializable, Cloneable
Variables: 1) Name: eid
DataType: String
Access Mod: public

2)Name: ename
Data Type: String
Access Mod: public
----
----
Methods: 1)Name: add
Return type: void
access mod: public
parameters: eid, ename, esal, eaddr
------
Constructors: 1)Employee
----
To simpify API documentation for JAVA applications, JAVA has provided an implicit
command , that is, "javadoc".

EX: D:\javaapps\ Employee.java

1) public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable, Cloneable {

2) public String eid;
3) public String ename;
4) public float esal;
5) public String eaddr;
6) public Employee(String eid, String ename, float esal, String eaddr) {
7) }
8) public Employee(String eid, String ename, float esal) {
9) }
10) public Employee(String eid, String ename) {
11) }
12) public void add(String eid, String ename, float esal, String eaddr) {
13) }
14) public String search(String eid) {
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15) return "success";

16) }
17) public void delete(String eid) {
18) }
19) }

On Command Prompt:
D:\javaapps>javadoc Employee.java
--- Generating xxx.html files----

To provide description[Metadata] in java programs, JDK5.0 version has provided a new

feature that is "Annotations".

Q)In java applications, to provide description we have already

comments then what is the requirement to use Annotations?
If we provide description along with comments in java program then "Lexical Analysis"
phase will remove comments and their descriotion which we provided in java program as
part of Compilation.
As per the requirement,if we want to make available our description upto .java file, upto
.class file and upto RUNTIME of our applications there we have to use "Annotations".

Note: If we provide metadata with comments then we are unable to access that metadata
programatically, but, if we provide metadata with Annotations then we are able to access
that metadata through java program.

Q)In java applications, to provide metadata at RUNTIME we are

able to use XML documents then what is the requirement to use
"Annotations".
If we use XMl documents to provide description then we are able to get the following
problems.

1) We have to learn XML tech.

2) Every time we have to check whether XML documents are located properly or not.
3) Every time, we have to check whether XML documents are formatted properly or not.
4) Every time we have to check whether we are using right parsing mechanisms or not
to read data from XML documents.

To overcome all the above problems we need a java alternative , that is, Annotations.

Note: IN JAVA/J2EE applicatinos, we can utilize Annotations as an alternative to XML

documents.

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 Core Java

XML Based Tech Annotation Based Tech [XML documents Optional]

1) 1.Upto JDK1.4 1) JDK5.0 and above
2) 2.Upto JDBC3.0 2) JDBC4.0
3) 3.Servlets2.5 3) Servlets3.0
4) 4.Struts1.x 4) Struts2.x
5) 5.JSF1.x 5) JSF2.x
6) 6.EJBs2.x 6) EJBs3.x
7) 7.Spring2.x 7) Spring3.x
----- -----

2)Package Section:
1.Package is the collection of related classes and interfaces as a single unit.
2.Package is a folder contains .class files representing related classes and interfaces.

Packages are able to provide some advantages in java applications

1) Modularity
2) Abstraction
3) Security
4) Reusability
5) Sharability

There are two types of packages in java

1) Predefined Packages
2) User defined Packages

1.Predefined Packages:
These packages are provided by Java programming language along with java software.

EX: java.io
java.util
java.sql
----
----

2.User defined Packages:

These packages are defined by the developers as per their application requirements.
Syntax:
package package_Name;
where package name may be
1.directly a single name
2.sub package names with . operator

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 Core Java

EX:
package p1;
package p1.p2.p3;

If we want to use package declaration statement in java files then we have to use the
following two condition.
1.Package declaration statement must be the first statement in java file after the
comment section.
2.Package name must be unique, it must not be sharable and it must not be duplicated.

Q)Is it possible to declare more than one package statement

with in a single Java file?
No, it is not possible to declare more than one package declaration statement with in a
single java file, because, package declaration statement must be first statement, in java
files only one package declaration statement must be provided as first statement.

abc.java

package p1;---> Valid

package p2;---> Invalid
package p3;---> INvalid
--
---
To provide package names, JAVA has given a convention like to include our company
domain name in reverse in package names.

EX: www.durgasoft.com
durgasoft.com
com.durgasoft
package com.durgasoft.icici.transactions.deposit;
com.durgasoft---> company domain name in reverse.
icici ----------> project name/ client name
transactions----> module name
deposit---------> sub module

3.Import Section:
The main intention of "import" statement is to make available classes and interfaces of a
particular package into the present JAVA file inorder to use in present java file.

Syntax 1:
import package_Name.*;
--> It able to import all the classes and interfaces of the specified package into the present
java file.

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EX: import java.io.*;

Syntax 2:
import package_Name.Member_Name;
--> It able to import only the specified member from the specified package into the
present java file.

EX: import java.io.BufferedReader;

Q)Is it possible to write more than one "import" statement with in

a single Java file?
Yes, In a single java file, we are able to provide atmost one package declaration
statement, but, we are able to provide any no of import statements.

abc.java

package p1;
//package p2;-----> Error
//package p3;-----> Error
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;--> No Error
import java.sql.*;---> No Error
---
----
---

Q)Is it possible to use classes and interfaces of a particular package

with out importing that package?
Yes, it is possible to use classes and interfaces of a particular package in the present java
file with out importing the respective package, but, just by using fully qualified names of
the classes.

Note: Specifying class names or interface names along with their respective package
names is called as "Fully Qualified Names".

EX: java.io.BufferedReader
java.util.ArrayList
java.sql.Connection

A java program with import statement:

import java.io.*;
---
---
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

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----
----

A Java program with out import statement:

java.io.BufferedReader br=new java.io.BufferedReader(new
java.io.InputStreamReader(System.in));

4.Classes/Interfaces Section:
The main intention of classes and interfaces is to repersent all real world entities in the
form of coding part.
EX: Account, Employee, Product, Customer, Student,......

Note: No restrictions for no of classes in a java file or in a java application, depending on

the application requirement, we are able to write any no of classes and interfaces in java
applications.

5.Main Class Section:

Main Class is a java class ,it includes main() method.

The main intention of main() method is,

1.To manage application logic which we want to execute by JVM directly we have to use
main() method.
2.To define starting point and ending point to the application execution we have to use
main() method.

Syntax:
public static void main(String[] args){
----instructions----
}

Note:main() method is a conventional method with fixed prototype and with user defined
implementation part.

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