PROJECT REPORT

On
REMOTE SENSING AND CONTROLLING OF GREENHOUSE
AGRICULTURE PARAMETER BASED ON IOT
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
from
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI

Submitted by
MANU PRIYA C (1SB20EC046)
NANDINI S (1SB21EC063)
NIKHIL K (1SB21EC065)
VANDANA (1SB21EC097)

Under the guidance of

Prof. SANTOSH KUMAR N

2024-2025
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SRI SAIRAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Sai Leo Nagar, Guddanahalli Post,
Anekal, Bengaluru - 562106
 SRI SAIRAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sai Leo Nagar, Guddanahalli Post,
Anekal, Bengaluru - 562106
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that project work entitled “REMOTE SENSING AND CONTROLLING OF GREENHOUSE
AGRICULTURE PARAMETERS BASED IOT” is a bonafide work carried out by MANU PRIYA
(1SB20EC046), NANDHINI S (1SB21EC063), NIKHIL K (1SB21EC065), VANDHANA (1SB21EC097), in
partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2024 – 2025. It is certified that all corrections,
suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental
library. This project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect to project work
prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Guide HOD Principal

Prof. Santosh Kumar N Dr.A. Poonguzhali Dr.B. Shadaksharappa

Name of the Students USN

MANU PRIYA 1SB20EC046
NANDINI S 1SB21EC063
NIKHIL K 1SB21EC065
VANDANA 1SB21EC097

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby thank the management for providing an opportunity to study in

their esteemed institution.

We are very much thankful to our beloved founder chairman MJF. Lion Leo
Muthu, our chairman and CEO Dr. Saiprakash Leo Muthu and to COO Dr. R.
Arunkumar for their kind encouragement.

We express kind thanks to Dr. B. Shadaksharappa, Principal, Sri Sairam

College of Engineering, Bengaluru and his encouragement towards student’s attitude.

We express our heart full gratitude and humble thanks to Dr. A. Poonguzhali,
HOD, ECE, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Bengaluru for having facilitated us to
complete our project successfully.

Our deepest thanks to project Co-Ordinator Dr. A. Ahila, Department of ECE,

taking part of useful guidance and arranging all facilities.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our internal guide
Prof Santosh Kumar N, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, Sri Sairam College of
Engineering, Bengaluru for guiding and encouraging us throughout project tenure.

We would like to mention our special thanks to all faculty members of

Electronics and Communication department, Sri Sairam College of Engineering,
Bengaluru for their valuable support and guidance.

We finally thank our family and friends who have been encouraging us
constantly and inspiring us throughout, without whom this project has never seen the
light of the day.
 VISION MISSION OF THE COLLEGE

OUR VISION

To emerge as a “centre for excellence” offering Technical Education and

Research opportunities of very high standards to students, develop the
total personality of the individual, and instil high levels of discipline and
strive to set global standards, making our students technologically superior
and ethically strong, who in turn shall contribute to the advancement of
society and human kind.

OUR MISSION

We dedicate and commit ourselves to achieve, sustain and foster

unmatched excellence in Technical Education. To this end, we will
pursue continuous development of infrastructure and enhance state–of–
the–art equipment to provide our students a technological up-to-date
and intellectually inspiring environment of learning, research,
creativity, innovation and professional activity and inculcate in them
ethical and moral values
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

Vision of the Department

Producing competent engineers with innovative ideas to
meet the global needs and standards

Mission of the Department

M1. To produce graduates with technical expertise, professional
attitude & ethical values

M2. To reform the potency of Engineering through exploration-based

learning

M3. To create a passion amongst students for contributing to research

by providing industry-oriented training

M4. To inculcate in the graduates, the thirst for self-learning & guide
them to obtain knowledge in their chosen field
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO Program Educational Objectives Statements

No.

PEO To develop analytical technological skills with a professional

1 attitude in the field of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

PEO To reform self-learning with technical potency in industry- oriented

2 training.

PEO To renew Industrial technologies with professional estimation

3 through attained knowledge in their chosen field.

PEO To inculcate professional effectiveness with self-oriented Industrial

4 ethical revolution
 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO- Specify, design, build and test analog, digital systems for signal
1 processing including multimedia applications, using suitable
Components or simulation tools

PSO- Understand and architect wired and wireless analog and digital
2 communication systems as per specifications and determine their
performance

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member

or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with

the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
changes.
 DECLARATION

We, the students of final years of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal, declare that the entire work titled
“REMOTE SENSING AND CONTROLLING OF GREENHOUSE
AGRICULTURE PARAMETERS BASED ON IOT” embodied in this
project report has been carried out by us during the 7th semester of B.E degree
at SSCE, Bangalore under the esteemed guidance of Dr. A. ARIVARASI, Asst.
Prof, Dept. of ECE, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Bengaluru affiliated
to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi. The work embodied in
this dissertation work is original and it has not been submitted in part of full for
any other degree in any university.

Place:

Date:

TEAM MEMBERS:

MANU PRIYA 1SB21EC046

NANDHINI S 1SB21EC063

NIKHIL K 1SB21EC065

VANDHANA 1SB21EC097
 ABSTRACT

The new era in computer communication is Internet of Things (IoT),

gaining its importance because of wide variety of application in
oriented project developments. The IoT is furnishing people with smart
and remote approach, the remote applications such as smart
agriculture, smart environment, smart security, and smart cities etc.
These are the upcoming technologies now a day, making the things
easy. The IoT has essentially, increased the remote distance control and
variety of interconnected things or devices, which becomes an
interesting aspect. The IoT includes the hardware and internet
connection to the real time application. The main components of IoT
are sensors, actuators, embedded system, and internet connection.
Therefore, we are interested in developing an IoT application for smart
agriculture. The paper proposed a remote sensing of agriculture
parameters and control system to the greenhouse agriculture. The plan
is to control CO2, soil moisture, temperature, and light, based on the
soil moisture the controlling action is accomplished for the greenhouse
windows/doors based on crops once a quarter complete round the year.
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO

NO

1 INTRODUCTION 01 – 02

2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
03 – 14
2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
2.3 OBJECTIVES

3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM
15 – 35
3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM
36 – 44
4.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
4.4 INTERFACING
4.5 WORKING

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 45 – 47

6 CONCLUSION 48 – 49

7 REFERENCES 50 – 51

8 APPENDIX 52 – 53
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

1 PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE 16

2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 16

3 ARDUINO IDE 19

4 ARDUINO UNO 21

5 WATER PUMP 22

6 DC MOTOR 24

7 RELAY 26

8 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 27

9 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 29

10 JUMPER WIRES 30

11 MQ2 32

12 POWER SUPPLY 34

13 12V FAN 35

14 FINAL OUTPUT 47
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Developing plants has turned out to be innovative test in light of the fact that the field and strength of
the plants are vital parameter now a day either for cash crops or food crops. One of the significant
issues in the present agriculture is the less learning of the agriculture parameters, and less information
about the developing innovations. In the past agribusiness structure our people of old avoid the use of
a specific development for specific plant growth, they rather used regular marvel for all plants. The
technological change in the agriculture can develop plants under uncommon normal natural
conditions, also this develops specific plants under specific condition which in turn help to get more
yield and less compost. Presently the advancement of precision agriculture in green house, for plant
development has turned out to be prominent on account of less cost innovations for the agriculturists
to re-arrive yield. The greenhouse is a house like a structure covered with a transparent material,
which can keep up controlled temperature, required moistness level, light infiltration and so on, for the
healthy plant growth. The precision agriculture is a framework which incorporates detecting,
measuring, and responding. It is a technique for recognizing greenhouse climate, at that point
identified data is sent to the cloud and afterward required action taken by the agriculturist in view of
the received data. This can be expert by the present advancement called Internet of Things (IoT), it is
the innovation which is interface with everything or every contraption by techniques for web. The
précised agriculture framework going towards its improvement, in light of the innovative progression
in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that is nothing but an IoT. The irreregular climate conditions for
the plants in greenhouse will influence the development of the plants, and less yield toward the end of
the cultivation. So, that it is necessary to control and monitor the greenhouse parameters, for example,
CO2, soil moisture, temperature, light and so on.
OBJECTIVE:

Greenhouses provide much needed protection, shielding delicate plants from

harsh winds, frost, snow, hail and other elements of nature that can damage
or destroy plant life. But that’s not the only benefit of growing plants in a
greenhouse. Most plants, particularly fruits and vegetables, need warmth,
sunlight and adequate moisture for healthy growth. A greenhouse is the
perfect way to speed up growth, ripen your tomatoes, extend the gardening
season or perhaps grow your vegetables all year long. The objective is to
increase the yield and to provide organic farming.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

REF [1] “Smart Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine

Environment Monitoring: A Survey”.
Year (2014)

This paper presents a state-of-the-art survey of applications of wireless sensor networks in marine
environment monitoring. It first describes fundamentals of WSNs-based marine environment
monitoring, including application areas, a common WSN architecture, a general sensor node
architecture, sensing parameters and sensors, and wireless communication technologies. In a WSN-
based marine environment monitoring system, various kinds of sensors are used to monitor and
measure different physical and chemical parameters such as water temperature, pressure, wind
direction, wind speed, salinity, turbidity, pH, oxygen density, and chlorophyll levels. WSN-based
marine environment monitoring has a broad coverage including a number of application areas: water
quality monitoring, ocean sensing and monitoring, coral reef monitoring, and marine fish farm
monitoring. Different application areas require different WSN system architectures, communication
technologies, and sensing technologies. A water quality monitoring system is usually developed to
monitor water conditions and qualities including temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity and
dissolved oxygen (DO) for ocean bays, lakes, rivers and other water bodies. An ocean sensing and
monitoring system is used to monitor ocean water conditions and other environmental parameters. A
coral reef monitoring system is normally installed to monitor coral reef habitats using an autonomous,
real-time and in-situ wireless sensor network. A marine fish farm monitoring system is developed to
monitor water conditions and qualities including temperature and pH, and accurately quantify the
amount of fecal waste and uneaten feed for a fish farm.

Advantages:
 Its electronic devices must be in a waterproof housing to avoid water damage.

 The monitoring system should have a strong stability against adverse atmospheric conditions.

Disadvantages:

 The battery life issue always affects the system reliability.

REF [2] " Management of Climatic Factors for Successful Silkworm (Bombyx
mori L.) Crop and Higher Silk Production”
(2012)

The proposed system discuss about the role of temperature and humidity on growth and development
of silkworm including recent studies on heat shock protein. Silkworm is one of the most important
domesticated insects, which produces luxuriant silk thread in the form of cocoon by consuming
mulberry leaves during larval period. The growth and development of silkworm is greatly influenced
by environmental conditions. Temperature plays a vital role on the growth of the silkworms. As
silkworms are cold-blooded animals, temperature will have a direct effect on various physiological
activities. In general, the early instar larvae are resistant to high temperature which also helps in
improving survival rate and cocoon characters. Humidity plays a vital role in silkworm rearing and
its role is both direct and indirect. The combined effect of both temperature and humidity largely
determines the satisfactory growth of the silkworms and production of good-quality cocoons. It
directly influences the physiological functions of the silkworm. The young-age silkworms can
withstand to high humidity conditions than later-age worms and under such condition, the growth of
worm is vigorous. Like other animals, silkworms also require fresh air. By respiration of silkworms,
carbon dioxide gas is released in the rearing bed. The effect of temperature on the growth and
development of silkworm has been studied extensively; however, much attention has not been paid
on the effect of temperature on embryonic development. It has been reported that in exothermic
organisms, when rate of development is plotted against temperature, a sigmoidal curve is obtained
with an almost linear correlation in central temperature range. Temperature is a parameter in
developmental cycle, which can be manipulated experimentally, but its effect is very complex for
interpretation.
 Advantages:

 The contribution of genetic and environmental factors on growth and development of silkworm and
its important economic traits.

 The growth and development of silkworm is greatly influenced by environmental conditions

Disadvantages:

 Difficult to maintains

REF [3] “Effect of Rearing Temperature and Humidity on Fecundity

and Fertility of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L”.

June (2017)

In sericulture, it is established fact that several factors contribute in the growth and
development of silkworm for the production of quality eggs. Temperature and humidity
are key environmental factors that influence the physiology of insects. The range of
adaptations to changing environments and maintenance of homeostasis is a complex
and dynamic display of species inherent potential to keep internal changes within
tolerable limits under wide fluctuations in their surroundings. The silkworm is sensitive
to environmental fluctuations and unable to survive

naturally due to continuous domestication since the dawn of sericulture. The larvae of
eleven silkworm lines (M-101, M-103, M-104, M-107, Pak-1, Pak-2, Pak-3, Pak-4,
PFI-1, PFI-2 and S-1) were reared. The eggs were incubated at optimum conditions of
temperature, relative humidity and light/darkness ratio (12hr: 12hr). The eggs were
spread on sheets in single layer to ensure uniform conditions for all the eggs and at pin
head stage complete darkness was provided (black boxed) to ensure uniform hatching.
The rearing rooms and all the appliances were washed, cleaned

and disinfected by using standard methods.

 Advantages:

 The study suggests that fecundity and egg fertility can be enhanced by avoiding
temperature and humidity fluctuations during larval rearing.

Disadvantages:

 Needed update features

Example Use Case:

Imagine a smart greenhouse growing tomatoes. The WSN detects that the temperature
inside the greenhouse is rising above optimal levels. The system automatically triggers
ventilation fans and adjusts the shading. Simultaneously, soil moisture levels are
monitored, and the irrigation system only activates when necessary, ensuring water is
not wasted. The farmer receives real-time data on their mobile phone, alerting them to
any issues like CO2 levels or soil pH imbalances, and they can remotely adjust settings
if needed.
In conclusion, the integration of wireless sensor networks and IoT into greenhouse
monitoring systems offers numerous advantages in terms of automation, efficiency, and
sustainability. By continuously monitoring and controlling environmental parameters,
greenhouse operators can optimize growth conditions and reduce resource
consumption, leading to higher productivity and lower operational costs.

Advantages:
• IOT-Based Smart Gloves: Bridges communication gaps effectively. Promotes inclusivity and
professional growth for disabled individuals
• Gesture Recognition Using 1D-CNN: High accuracy (97.96%) and real-time response. Portable and
efficient due to smartphone integration.
• Indian Sign Language System: Supports culturally relevant communication using Indian sign
language. Cost-effective hardware implementation

Disadvantages:
• IOT-Based Smart Gloves: Limited gesture vocabulary. Dependence on specific hardware and sensors.
• Gesture Recognition Using 1D-CNN: Requires pre-trained models for specific gestures. Dependence
on smartphone infrastructure and Bluetooth connectivity.

REF [4] “REMOTE SENSING OF GREENHOUSE PARAMETERS

BASED ON IOT”
April (2023).

Technological advancement of computer communication correspondence is Internet of Things (IoT).

The IoT technology is allowing people with smart and remote approach, because the IoT has basically
expanded the remote distance control and assortment of interconnected things or gadgets, which turns
into a real time applications such as smart security, smart environment, smart cities, etc. the
fundamental parts of IoT are sensors, actuators, embedded frame work, and internet connection.
Therefore, we are interested to build IoT application for smart agriculture. This proposed paper
illustrates a remote sensing and controlling of greenhouse parameters such as CO2, temperature, and
light for the crop quarter complete round the year. The goal is to increase the yield and provide
organic farming

Advantages: It handles automatically.

Disadvantages: There is Limited sensor

REF [5] “Controlling of Greenhouse Parameters based on IoT and Remote

Sensing”
YEAR (2019).

The new milestone in computer communication is Internet of Things (IoT), gaining importance
because of wide variety of application in project developments. The IoT is furnishing people with , the
remote applications such as smart agriculture, smart environment, smart security, and smart cities etc.
The IoT has essentially, increased the remote distance control and variety of interconnected things or
devices, which becomes an interesting aspect.This paper discuss about an IoT application for smart
agriculture. The paper proposed a remote sensing of agriculture parameters and control system to the
 greenhouse agriculture. The plan is to control CO2, soil moisture, temperature, and light, based on the
soil moisture the controlling action is accomplished for the greenhouse windows/doors based on crops
once a quarter complete round the year. The objective is to increase the yield and to provide organic
farming. The result shows the remote controlling of greenhouse parameters.

Advantages:

 The task of irrigation can be automated with the help of IoT.

Disadvantages:

 Need of High speed internet.

REF [6] “Smart Greenhouse Monitoring using Internet of Things”

Year (2018).

Internet of Things is one of the most important technologies of the 21st century. Smart green House
system is basically a system in which various sensors are used for controlling and monitoring various
parameters inside a greenhouse such as temperature, pressure, humidity, soil moisture, ph sensors etc.
And green house is basically a place or we can call it an environment where plants like vegetables and
flower and grown and they are usually covered with glass or ''translucent plastic roofs". The purpose
of this project is to design an easy, easy to install, user-friendly to monitor and trace the values of
parameters such as temperature, humidity, natural sunlight which are continually monitored and
controlled with an aim to optimize them for getting maximum possible plant increase and yield.

Advantages:

 Easy to use
 Easy to implement

Disadvantages:

This system is only automate we cannot actuate the system manually

REF [7] “Greenhouse Monitoring and Control Based on IOT Using WSN”
April (2018).

This paper presents a monitoring and control system for greenhouse through Internet of Things(IOT).
The system will monitor the various environmental conditions such as humidity, soil moisture,
temperature, presence of fire, etc. If any condition crosses certain limits, a message will be sent to the
registered number through GSM module. The microcontroller will automatically turn on the motor if
the soil moisture is less than a particular value. A color sensor will sense the color of the leaves and
send message. The prototype was tested under various combinations of inputs in our laboratory and
the experimental results were found as expected.

Advantages:

 This project are build greenhouse with automatic monitoring and controlling system.

 The advantages of this project is automatically control environmental conditions within greenhouse
allowing any type of plants to be grown all year around.

Disadvantages:

Needed some update features.

REF [8] “IOT Based Smart Greenhouse”

February 2021.
 In this era of digitization and automation, the life of human beings is getting simpler as almost
everything is automatic, replacing the old manual systems. Nowadays as internet has become an
integral part of day to day life, all the devices also need be brought on the network. This is basically
the motive of Internet of Things. Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the promising technologies which
can be used for connecting, controlling and managing intelligent objects which are connected to the
Internet using various protocols and means. This paper discusses about IoT and how it can be used for
realizing smart greenhouse parameters monitoring system using Raspberry pi 3 (microprocessor) and
various sensors connected over the internet. The various parameters are monitored and the data can be
sent to different devices like PC, smartphones, etc.

Advantages: It can control automatically

Disadvantages: This project is High cost

REF [9] “IOT Based Smart Greenhouse Automation Using Arduino” Year
(2017).

Greenhouse Automation System is the technical approach in which the farmers in the rural areas will
be benefitted by automatic monitoring and control of greenhouse environment. It replaces the direct
supervision of the human. In this paper the different papers have been reviewed and developed the
proposed system based on the limitation in the present monitoring system. It also focuses on the
Generic Architecture which can be applied for many other Automation Application. Greenhouse is a
building where plants are grown in a controlled manner. Nowadays due to urbanization and lack of
land availability there is a great need to construct the Greenhouses which will be reserved mainly for
growing crops. With the advancement of technology we can control and monitor the multiple
Greenhouses using IOT from the central location wirelessly.

Advantages:

 Total automation of greenhouses nurseries / bio tech parks.

 Can be used domestically.

Disadvantages:

 It can be costly in construction

 • Complex System: Integration of multiple components like UV sensors, flex sensors, GSM, and
Raspberry Pi increases system complexity, which may affect maintenance and troubleshooting.
• Power Consumption: The combination of Raspberry Pi, sensors, and communication modules may
lead to higher energy requirements, necessitating frequent recharging or external power sources.

REF [10] “Smart Green House using IOT and Cloud Computing”
Year (2018).

Smart Green House android app is succeed to observe and managing the microclimatic environment
inside a Green House. From the green house easily get soil moisture, humidity and temperature
sensor value to android app , according to sensors values and we set predefined threshold values for
each sensor ,depending on sensor readings we are going to control using water sprayer , cooling fan ,
rooftop and focus light and just press the button in android app we can make on/off motors and it
also has datasheet of all horticulture plantation and season wise precaution material for monitoring
and controlling. The intention of this project is to design a simple, easy to install, user friendly to
monitor and record the values of temperature, humidity, soil-moisture and sunlight of the natural
environment that are continuously modified and controlled in order optimize them to achieve
maximum plant growth and yield. The result shows that the situation specified in sensor‘s database
and system in actually is proper. The achieved test result concludes that the system is working
properly

Advantages:

 Easy to use, install, operate & troubleshoot.

 Useful for small scale farmers &green house owners

Disadvantages:

 The water and electric bills will more than likely rise to heat and cool the inhabitants of the
greenhouse
 2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 The increasing global population and the growing demand for food have led to
the need for more efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. Greenhouse
farming, which offers controlled environments to optimize crop growth, is an
emerging solution. However, managing and maintaining optimal conditions for
crops inside a greenhouse requires continuous monitoring of various
environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light
intensity, and carbon dioxide levels. These parameters directly impact crop
growth and productivity.
 In traditional greenhouse farming, farmers rely on manual monitoring and intervention, which is
time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to human error. Additionally, the lack of real-time data
makes it difficult for farmers to respond swiftly to changing conditions or to predict future trends,
often resulting in suboptimal growth conditions and reduced crop yield.

Proposed Solution:

 This project aims to design and implement a system for the remote sensing and controlling of
greenhouse agriculture parameters using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The system will
consist of a network of sensors placed in the greenhouse to continuously monitor key environmental
factors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and air quality. The data from these
sensors will be transmitted to a central server or cloud-based platform, where it can be analyzed in
real-time.
 Farmers will be able to remotely monitor the greenhouse conditions via a web or mobile application.
Based on the collected data, the system will also include an automated control mechanism that
adjusts key environmental parameters, such as controlling temperature, humidity, or irrigation, based
on predefined thresholds or machine learning algorithms. This will ensure that crops grow under the
optimal conditions while reducing resource wastage and labor costs.

Key Objectives:

Remote Monitoring:
 To design a system that allows farmers to remotely monitor the greenhouse parameters via IoT
sensors and a user-friendly interface.

Automated Control:
 To develop an automated mechanism that adjusts environmental conditions based on real-time
sensor data.

Data Analysis:
 To implement a data analytics platform that helps farmers make informed decisions about crop
management and resource utilization.
 Energy Efficiency: To optimize the use of energy and resources such as water, light, and heat
through intelligent control systems, contributing to sustainability in agriculture.

Expected Outcome:

 Real-time access to greenhouse conditions, enabling timely interventions and optimizations.

 Improved crop yield and quality due to precise control of environmental factors.
 Reduced resource consumption, leading to more sustainable greenhouse operations.
 Reduction in manual labor and human error in monitoring and adjusting parameters.
 This IoT-based system will not only enhance productivity but also provide a scalable solution to
modernize greenhouse farming practices, making them more efficient, automated, and data-driven.
 2.3 OBJECTIVES

 A greenhouse is the perfect way to speed up growth, ripen your tomatoes, extend the gardening season
or perhaps grow your vegetables all year long. The objective is to increase the yield and to provide
organic farming.
 Greenhouses provide much needed protection, shielding delicate plants from harsh winds, frost,
snow, hail and other elements of nature that can damage or destroy plant life.

 but that's not the only benefit of growing plants in a greenhouse. Most plants, particularly fruits and
vegetables, need warmth, sunlight and adequate moisture for healthy growth..

 A greenhouse is the perfect way to speed up growth, ripen your tomatoes, extend the gardening season
or perhaps grow your vegetables all year long. The objective is to increase the yield and to provide
organic farming.

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM

3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 The proposed system aims to optimize the management of greenhouse
conditions using IoT technologies, which involve the integration of sensors,
actuators, and cloud computing. Here's a detailed breakdown of the
proposed system architecture and its components:

1 . System Architecture Overview

 The system will be built on the following key components:

 IoT Sensors (for real-time environmental data collection)
 Actuators (for controlling environmental conditions)
 Central Control Unit (processing data from sensors and sending commands to actuators)
 Cloud Server (for remote monitoring and data storage)
 User Interface (mobile or web-based app for user interaction)
 Data Analytics Engine (for decision-making based on historical data)

2. Components of the System

 A. IoT Sensors
 These sensors will continuously monitor various environmental parameters within the greenhouse.
Common sensors include:
 Temperature Sensor (e.g., DHT22, LM35)
 Humidity Sensor (e.g., DHT11, AM2302)
 Soil Moisture Sensor (e.g., capacitive soil moisture sensors)
 Light Intensity Sensor (e.g., LDR - Light Dependent Resistor)
 CO2 Sensor (for monitoring carbon dioxide levels in the greenhouse)
 pH Sensor (to measure soil or water pH for optimal nutrient uptake)
 Air Quality Sensor (to monitor the level of harmful gases or particulate matter)
 B. Actuators
 The system will use actuators to control the greenhouse environment based on the data provided by
the sensors. Examples of actuators include:
 Automated Irrigation System: Controlled based on soil moisture readings to optimize water use.
 Fans & Humidifiers: Adjusting the temperature and humidity by turning on/off fans or
humidifiers based on sensor readings.
 LED Grow Lights: Adjusting light intensity or duration for optimal plant growth.
 Ventilation System: Opening or closing vents to regulate temperature and airflow in the
greenhouse.
 Heating System: Adjusting temperature when necessary to maintain optimal growing conditions.
 C. Central Control Unit
 Microcontroller/Development Board: The brain of the system, such as Raspberry Pi or
Arduino, will collect data from sensors and send commands to actuators.
 Connectivity Module: A Wi-Fi or GSM module (e.g., ESP8266, ESP32) will transmit sensor data
to the cloud server.
 Edge Computing: In case of low latency, certain processing could happen on the edge (on the
microcontroller), where simple thresholds or machine learning models are used to make real-time
decisions.
 D. Cloud Platform and Server
 Data Storage: Sensor data is uploaded to a cloud server, such as AWS, Google Cloud, or
Microsoft Azure. This data is stored in databases like MySQL or MongoDB for future retrieval.
 Real-time Monitoring: The cloud server facilitates remote monitoring of greenhouse parameters,
providing access to real-time data via a user-friendly interface.
 Data Analytics: Historical sensor data can be analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies.
Machine learning models or data analytics can predict future conditions, optimize irrigation
schedules, and suggest environmental changes.
 Notification System: The cloud server can send alerts via email or SMS when a parameter exceeds
a predefined threshold (e.g., temperature too high, humidity too low).
 E. User Interface
 Mobile App or Web Portal: A user-friendly interface allows greenhouse operators to monitor
environmental conditions remotely. The app provides:
 Real-time status of temperature, humidity, soil moisture, etc.
 Alerts/Notifications for abnormal conditions (e.g., temperature rise, low moisture).
 Control Panel to turn on/off actuators like fans, lights, or irrigation systems.
 Reports for analyzing historical data and trends.
 F. Data Analytics Engine
 Predictive Models: By applying machine learning algorithms (such as linear regression, decision
trees, or neural networks), the system can predict environmental changes and automate responses.
For example:
 Predict the next irrigation cycle based on soil moisture trends.
 Adjust temperature and humidity automatically based on weather forecasts and historical data.
 Optimization Algorithms: The system can recommend energy-efficient actions, such as adjusting
light usage or ventilation to minimize electricity consumption.

3 . Communication Architecture

 Sensor-to-Actuator Communication: IoT sensors and actuators communicate via wireless

communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, or Bluetooth.
 Cloud Communication: Data from sensors is transmitted to the cloud server via Wi-Fi (using
MQTT or HTTP protocols). The cloud processes this data and sends control signals to actuators
based on user preferences or automated decisions.
 User-to-System Communication: Users access the data and control the system via a mobile app or
web portal. Real-time feedback is provided to the user, enabling them to monitor the greenhouse
conditions anytime and from anywhere.

4 . System Workflow
 Data Collection: Sensors in the greenhouse continuously collect data on environmental parameters
(temperature, humidity, light, etc.).
 Data Transmission: The data is transmitted wirelessly to the cloud server via a microcontroller.
 Real-time Monitoring: Users can view real-time data and monitor greenhouse conditions through
a mobile app or web portal.
 Data Analysis & Control: Based on sensor readings and historical data, the system analyzes trends
and takes appropriate actions to adjust parameters automatically (e.g., turn on irrigation, adjust fan
speed).
 Feedback to User: If any parameter exceeds set thresholds, the system sends alerts to
the user. The user can then take manual actions or allow the system to correct the issue.

5. System Benefits

 Remote Monitoring: Allows greenhouse managers to monitor and control parameters remotely,
ensuring optimal conditions even when not on-site.
 Automation: Automated adjustments of environmental conditions based on real-time data reduce
the need for manual intervention.
 Data-Driven Decisions: Historical data analysis helps in making informed decisions regarding
crop growth and resource utilization.
 Resource Efficiency: Optimizes resource use, such as water and energy, through intelligent control
of irrigation, lighting, and heating systems.
 Sustainability: Reduces the environmental footprint of greenhouse farming by minimizing
resource wastage and maximizing crop yield.

6. Challenges and Considerations

 Network Reliability: Ensuring a reliable wireless network in remote areas for consistent data
transmission.
 Power Consumption: IoT devices and sensors should be designed to consume low power for long-
term sustainability.
 System Security: Ensuring data privacy and securing communication between devices and the
cloud to prevent unauthorized access or attacks.

Block diagram
 Figure 1: Block diagram of Proposed System

(1) Humidity Sensor.

The humidity sensor in the IoT-based system for greenhouse agriculture acts as a
crucial component for maintaining an optimal growing environment. By continuously
monitoring and controlling the humidity levels, it ensures that plants grow under the
best possible conditions, while also optimizing resources like water and energy. The
integration of sensors with actuators and real-time cloud monitoring enables precise
control and automation of greenhouse parameters, leading to higher efficiency,
productivity, and sustainability in agricultural practices.

(2)Temperature Sensor :

The temperature sensor is a key component in an IoT-based greenhouse management

system. It continuously monitors the temperature, transmits the data to a central system,
and enables automated control actions to keep the greenhouse environment stable. This
leads to better crop growth, efficient resource use, and the ability to manage the
greenhouse remotely, contributing to a more sustainable and productive farming
system.

(3)Mq9 Sensor :

The MQ-9 gas sensor plays a critical role in an IoT-based greenhouse management
system by continuously monitoring hazardous gases. It detects the presence of gases
like carbon monoxide, methane, and LPG and provides real-time data that can be
used to automate control systems, such as ventilation and air purification. The
system’s ability to provide alerts and trigger safety protocols ensures that the
greenhouse environment remains safe and optimal for both plants and workers.

(4)Servo Motor :

In an IoT-based greenhouse system, the servo motor plays a vital role in automating
environmental control. It adjusts the position of ventilation windows, shading
systems, or other mechanical devices based on sensor inputs, ensuring optimal
conditions for plant growth. The feedback loop and PWM control allow for precise
and accurate positioning of the servo motor, which is crucial for tasks like
maintaining temperature, humidity, and light levels.
By integrating servo motors into the IoT system, greenhouse operators can ensure that
the plants are provided with the best possible growing conditions while also enabling
remote monitoring and control. This enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability
of greenhouse operations.

(5) Micro Controller :

In an IoT-based greenhouse agriculture system, the

microcontroller is the central hub that collects sensor data,
processes it, and controls actuators to maintain the desired
environmental parameters. The microcontroller enables automation,
remote monitoring, and real-time control, making it possible to
maintain optimal conditions for plant growth. By using wireless
communication, scheduling, and feedback loops, the system ensures
a smart, efficient, and sustainable greenhouse operation.
Ultimately, the microcontroller allows for precision agriculture, improving crop yield,
reducing resource consumption, and providing a higher level of control and monitoring
in modern greenhouse management.

(6) Control Window/Upper Lid :

• Controlling the upper lid is based on the in house mq9 sensor is fitted with the
microcontroller board. When co2 will be high then upper lid should be open
automatically

(7) Control Sprayer :

The control sprayer in an IoT-based greenhouse system plays a vital role in ensuring
that plants receive the right amount of water, nutrients, or pesticides based on
environmental conditions. By using data from environmental sensors (temperature,
humidity, soil moisture), the microcontroller makes real-time decisions to activate the
sprayer only when needed. The system can be automated for convenience, controlled
remotely through mobile or web applications, and optimized for energy and resource
efficiency.
Overall, the control sprayer provides an effective, automated, and intelligent solution
for maintaining healthy plant growth in a greenhouse while reducing the need for
manual intervention and ensuring optimal use of resources.

Controlling exhaust fan

• The greenhouse is fitted with a DHT11 sensor that can sense the humidity level.
Inside the Greenhouse sensor is connected with the microcontroller and the
microcontroller board reads level using the analog pins. The sensor operates at 5 volt,
if the gas level reaches the threshold it triggers the exhaust fan so that the unwanted gas
can go out of the greenhouse. The exhaust fan operates at AC current circuit so it is
connected with relay.

CONTROL ALGORITHM :

The control algorithm for a Remote Sensing and Controlling System in

greenhouse agriculture based on IoT revolves around maintaining optimal
environmental conditions for plant growth. This is done by continuously
monitoring environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, soil moisture,
light intensity, etc.) and automatically controlling actuators (fans, pumps,
windows, sprayers, etc.) based on predefined thresholds.
The control algorithm works in a closed-loop system, where sensor data is used to make decisions
and actuators are used to change the environment to achieve the desired conditions. Here is a step-
by-step breakdown of the control algorithm:

1. Inputs: Sensor Data Collection

 The algorithm starts by collecting real-time data from various sensors placed in the greenhouse:
 Temperature Sensor (e.g., DHT22, LM35): Monitors the temperature inside the greenhouse.
 Humidity Sensor (e.g., DHT11, DHT22): Monitors the humidity levels.
 Soil Moisture Sensor: Monitors the moisture content in the soil to ensure adequate irrigation.
 Light Sensor (e.g., LDR): Measures the light intensity for plants, helping in controlling the amount
of artificial light or shading.
 Gas Sensors (e.g., MQ9): Detects harmful gases like CO2, methane, or carbon monoxide for plant
safety.
 pH Sensor: Measures the pH level of the soil for plant health.
These sensors send real-time data to a microcontroller (such as Arduino, ESP32, Raspberry Pi) or
cloud platform for processing.

2. Control Algorithm Structure

The algorithm follows these primary steps:
Step 1: Data Collection and Preprocessing
 Sensors collect real-time data about the environment inside the greenhouse.
 The data is sent to the microcontroller or cloud platform for processing.
 If necessary, data preprocessing (e.g., smoothing, averaging) is done to reduce noise.
Step 2: Threshold Comparison
 The algorithm compares the real-time sensor data to predefined threshold values for each
parameter (temperature, humidity, moisture, etc.).
 These threshold values are programmed based on the optimal conditions for the plants being grown
in the greenhouse.
o For example:
 Temperature: 20°C to 30°C (ideal for most crops)
 Humidity: 60% to 80%
 Soil Moisture: 40% to 60%
 Light Intensity: 400 to 800 lux (for photosynthesis)
 pH Level: 6 to 7 (neutral for most crops)
Step 3: Decision-Making Logic (Control Rules)
 Based on the comparison, the algorithm decides which actuator to control to bring the
environmental parameters back to their desired range. Here's a simplified version of the decision-
making process for each parameter:
 Temperature Control:
o If the temperature exceeds the threshold (e.g., >30°C), activate cooling mechanisms (e.g., fans,
ventilation windows) to reduce the temperature.
o If the temperature is below the threshold (e.g., <20°C), activate heating systems (e.g., heaters or
heat lamps).
 Humidity Control:
o If humidity is too high (e.g., >80%), activate ventilation or dehumidifiers to reduce moisture.
o If humidity is too low (e.g., <50%), activate humidifiers or mist sprayers to increase moisture.
 Soil Moisture Control:
o If the soil moisture level is too low (e.g., <40%), activate the irrigation system (e.g., water pump,
sprinklers).
o If soil moisture is too high (e.g., >70%), the irrigation system will remain off.
 Light Control:
o If light intensity is too low (e.g., <400 lux), activate artificial grow lights to provide adequate
lighting for plant growth.
o If light intensity is high, activate shading systems or adjust ventilation to regulate the temperature
and light exposure.
 Sprayer Control:
o Based on temperature, humidity, and time schedule, activate the sprayer for irrigation, nutrient
spraying, or pesticide application.
 Gas Control:
o If harmful gases like CO2 exceed threshold levels, activate ventilation systems or air purifiers to
maintain safe air quality.

3. Actuator Control
The decision made in Step 3 results in a control signal being sent to the corresponding actuators (via
GPIO pins or relays on the microcontroller). The actuators adjust the physical environment within
the greenhouse:
 Fans: Turned on/off to adjust temperature or humidity.
 Water Pumps: Turned on/off for irrigation.
 Sprayers: Triggered for nutrient or pesticide application.
 Ventilation Windows: Opened or closed for temperature and humidity control.
 Artificial Lights: Turned on/off based on light intensity.
 Heaters: Activated if temperature falls below the lower threshold.

4. Feedback Loop and Data Logging

To ensure proper functioning, the system incorporates a feedback loop where the actuators’ actions
are monitored to verify if the environment has reached the desired conditions. Feedback ensures that
the system reacts appropriately, preventing over-correction or waste of resources.
 For example, after activating the water pump, the soil moisture sensor is monitored to ensure the
soil reaches the target moisture level. If not, the irrigation system continues running until the desired
level is achieved.
 The system also records the environmental data (temperature, humidity, soil moisture, etc.) for data
logging and further analysis.

5. Automation and Scheduling

The control system can also be scheduled to perform certain tasks at specific times or intervals,
independent of sensor readings:
 Time-based Control: For example, watering might be scheduled early in the morning when the
temperature is lower, or lights might be turned on at specific hours for plants that require consistent
lighting.
 Seasonal Adjustments: Thresholds for temperature, humidity, or light can be adjusted based on the
season (e.g., different temperature ranges in winter vs. summer).
This ensures that the system runs automatically and doesn’t require constant manual adjustments.

6. Remote Monitoring and Control

In an IoT-based greenhouse system, the control algorithm can be integrated with a cloud platform
that enables remote monitoring and control:
 The system sends sensor data to a cloud server where it is stored and analyzed in real-time.
 Mobile apps or web dashboards allow users to:
o Monitor the status of the greenhouse.
o View sensor data (e.g., temperature, humidity, soil moisture).
o Receive alerts if conditions fall outside of optimal ranges.
o Manually override control and activate specific systems (e.g., turn on lights, open windows, etc.).

7. Optimization and AI-Based Control (Advanced)

In more advanced systems, AI and machine learning algorithms can be used to optimize the
control system. These algorithms can learn from historical data to predict future environmental
needs and fine-tune the system for maximum efficiency:
 Predictive Control: Machine learning models could predict when the temperature or humidity will
rise based on weather forecasts and adjust controls accordingly.
 Energy Efficiency: AI-based systems can optimize energy consumption by determining the most
efficient times to activate systems (e.g., heating or cooling).

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Arduino IDE-Embedded C:
Arduino uno:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software platform used to write and
upload code to Arduino boards. Arduino programming is done using a simplified version of C/C+
+. It abstracts many low-level details, making it user-friendly. Arduino provides many built-in
functions for common tasks such as reading analog/digital inputs, controlling pins, and serial
communication. Arduino has a vast collection of libraries that simplify interfacing with various
sensors, displays, and communication protocols. Arduino IDE supports a variety of Arduino
boards and even other third-party boards. You can select the target board before uploading your
code. Once the code is written, it's uploaded to the Arduino board through a USB connection. The
Arduino IDE takes care of compiling the code and transferring it to the microcontroller

Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is an open source IDE that allows users to
write code and upload it to any Arduino board. Arduino IDE is written in Java and is compatible
with Windows, macOS and Linux operating systems.

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text
editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a series of menu. An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software
application that helps programmers develop software code efficiently. It increases developer
productivity by combining capabilities such as software editing, building, testing, and packaging
in an easy-to-use application. Arduino boards can operate satisfactorily on power that is available
from the USB port. It provides 5V DC voltage and can be sourced from the port from a PC, wall
socket adapter or portable power bank.

All the statements must end with a semicolon. Comments follow a // or begin with /* and end
with Void loop ( ) and Void setup ( ) are two mandatory functions. The setup section of the code is
simply run once when the Arduino board is first turned on or reset.

Programming and controlling the microcontroller is made possible by a smooth interface between
the Arduino Nano and the Arduino IDE. The first step is to install the Arduino IDE, a flexible and
easy-to-use program, on a suitable operating system like Windows, macOS, or Linux. A Mini-B
USB cable is used to connect the Arduino Nano to the computer after installation, guaranteeing
that it can transmit data and power. The Nano will be ready for programming when the power
LED illuminates after it has been connected.

By going to Tools > Board and selecting Arduino Nano, the user in the Arduino IDE chooses the
appropriate board and port. It may be necessary to provide the proper processor, such as the
ATmega328P (Old Bootloader), for more recent Nano models. Next, under Tools > Port, choose
the appropriate COM port linked to the Nano. Within the editor of the IDE, developers have the
option of writing their own program or loading pre-existing sketches. One popular tool for testing
the connection is the Blink sketch, which may be found under File > Examples.

The IDE's Library Manager must be used to install the necessary libraries if other hardware
components, like flex sensors or LCD screens, are being used. The Verify button is used to check
the code for faults after it has been created or altered, and the transfer button is used to transfer it
to the Nano. The program runs on the Arduino Nano after a successful upload, and real-time data
can be monitored or debugged using the Serial Monitor in the IDE
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
ARDUINO UNO :

Figure : 2

DHT 11

This DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor features a calibrated digital signal output with the
temperature and humidity sensor capability. It is integrated with a high-performance 8-bit
microcontroller. Its technology ensures the high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This
sensor includes a resistive element and a sensor for wet NTC temperature measuring devices. It
has excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and high performance.

Each DHT11 sensors features extremely accurate calibration of humidity calibration chamber.
The calibration coefficients stored in the OTP program memory, internal sensors detect signals in
 the process, we should call these calibration coefficients. The single-wire serial interface system
is integrated to become quick and easy. Small size, low power, signal transmission distance up to
20 meters, enabling a variety of applications and even the most demanding ones. The product is
4-pin single row pin package. Convenient connection, special packages can be provided
according to users need.

Figure : 3

 Relay:

5V Relay Module 10A

This small Relay Board works from a 5V signal. It uses a transistor to switch the relay on so can
be connected directly to a microcontroller pin.

Switches up to 10Amps. Rated at up to 250V

Features

 Comes fully assembled

 Supports any microcontroller or TTL signal. 3.3V and 5V supported.

 Relay current consumption at 5V is 75mA

 Red LED On Indicator

 On-board switching transistor.

 On-board back EMF protection.

 Easy 1 wire drive. High for on, low for off.

 Size 34mm long x 27mm wide x 17mm high

 4 Mounting holes

Soil Moisture Sensor Working and Applications :

The moisture of the soil plays an essential role in the irrigation field as well as in gardens for
plants. As nutrients in the soil provide the food to the plants for their growth. Supplying water to
the plants is also essential to change the temperature of the plants. The temperature of the plant
can be changed with water using the method like transpiration. And plant root systems are also
developed better when rising within moist soil. Extreme soil moisture levels can guide to
anaerobic situations that can encourage the plant’s growth as well as soil pathogens. This article
discusses an overview of the soil moisture sensor, working and it’s applications.

What is a Soil Moisture Sensor?

The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water
within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating, drying,
as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not directly
with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise
interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content.

The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may
change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity.
The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as
mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology.

Figure : 4

These sensors normally used to check volumetric water content, and another group of sensors
calculates a new property of moisture within soils named water potential. Generally, these sensors
are named as soil water potential sensors which include gypsum blocks and tensiometer.

Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration :

The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins

 Figure : 5

 VCC pin is used for power

 A0 pin is an analog output

 D0 pin is a digital output

 GND pin is a Ground

This module also includes a potentiometer that will fix the threshold value, & the value can be
evaluated by the comparator-LM393. The LED will turn on/off based on the threshold value.

Working Principle

This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil (dielectric
permittivity). The working of this sensor can be done by inserting this sensor into the earth and
the status of the water content in the soil can be reported in the form of a percent.
 This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses like environmental
science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany, and horticulture.

Specifications:

The specification of this sensor includes the following.

 The required voltage for working is 5V

 The required current for working is <20mA

 Type of interface is analog

 The required working temperature of this sensor is 10°C~30°C

Soil Moisture Sensor Applications

The applications of moisture sensor include the following.

 Agriculture

 Landscape irrigation

 Research

 Simple sensors for gardeners

This is all about the soil moisture sensor. From the above information, finally, we can conclude
that this sensor is used to gauge the soil’s volumetric water content, which makes it perfect to
make experiments in the science field like agricultural science, soil science, horticulture,
environmental science, biology, and botany.
JUMPER WIRES :

Figure 6: Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are insulated conductors that are used to link devices in an electronic circuit or
components on a breadboard, either permanently or temporarily. Because they make it simple to
make changes and adjustments without soldering, they are a vital tool for circuit testing and
prototyping. Depending on the connector pins at each end, jumper wires can be classified as
male-to-male, male-to-female, or female-to-female. Usually composed of flexible wire with metal
connectors and plastic insulation, they guarantee dependable and reusable connections. Jumper
wires, which link power, ground, and signal lines between modules, sensors, and components, are
frequently used with breadboards and microcontrollers such as Arduino to make circuit assembly
simpler. When building a circuit, its color-coded insulation—black for earth, red for electricity,
etc.—helps keep things organized and lowers mistakes. For both novices and experts in
electronics, jumper wires are essential because they are robust and adaptable, facilitating rapid
and effective prototyping and experimentation.
CONCLUSION:

IoT is widely used in connecting devices and used to gather information. The system is designed
to remotely monitor the greenhouse parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, and light, this
information can be collected by the farmers with the help of cloud account and internet
connection. There is also controlling action taken automatically that is greenhouse windows/
doors roll on/off based on the soil moisture levels. Thus, the system will help the farmers to avoid
physical visit to the field, and increase the yield with the maintenance of précised parameters such
as soil moisture, temperature, and light in the greenhouse with the help of IoT.

Based on the ATmega328P microcontroller, the Arduino Nano is a small, light, and
multipurpose microcontroller board. It was created for electronics projects and embedded
devices, and it works especially well in applications with limited space. Because of its much
smaller form footprint and comparable capabilities to the Arduino Uno, the Nano is perfect for
projects that need to be portable and integrated into confined locations.

The Arduino Nano can communicate with a variety of sensors, actuators, and modules thanks to
its 14 digital input/output pins—six of which enable PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)—and 8
analogue input pins. With a clock speed of 16 MHz, it guarantees effective signal processing
and task execution. Although the board runs at 5V, it can accept external power supply with
voltages between 6V and 12V, providing power management flexibility. Additionally, it has a
small USB connector for power and programming, which makes connecting easier.

One of the Nano's standout features is its support for multiple communication protocols,
including UART, I2C, and SPI, enabling seamless integration with external devices like
displays, SD card readers, and communication modules. Its compatibility with the Arduino IDE
makes programming straightforward, even for beginners. Additionally, the Nano’s bread board
friendly design allows easy prototyping without additional hardware.
Whether used in robotics, IOT devices, or wearable electronics, the Arduino Nano combines
powerful features, low power consumption, and compact design, making it a favourite among
hobbyists and professionals for a wide range of applications.

JUMPER WIRES

Figure 10: Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are insulated conductors that are used to link devices in an electronic circuit or
components on a breadboard, either permanently or temporarily. Because they make it simple to
make changes and adjustments without soldering, they are a vital tool for circuit testing and
prototyping. Depending on the connector pins at each end, jumper wires can be classified as
male-to-male, male-to-female, or female-to-female. Usually composed of flexible wire with
metal connectors and plastic insulation, they guarantee dependable and reusable connections.
Jumper wires, which link power, ground, and signal lines between modules, sensors, and
components, are frequently used with breadboards and microcontrollers such as Arduino to
make circuit assembly simpler. When building a circuit, its color-coded insulation—black for
earth, red for electricity, etc.—helps keep things organized and lowers mistakes. For both
 novices and experts in electronics, jumper wires are essential because they are robust and
adaptable, facilitating rapid and effective prototyping and experimentation.

Role of Jumper Wires:

• Connecting Flex Sensors to Arduino Nano

• Analog pins (A0–A4) read the sensor values.

• A pull-down resistor (10KΩ) is used to stabilize readings.

• Wiring the 16x2 LCD with I2C

• SDA (A4) and SCL (A5) wires establish communication.

• Power (VCC to 5V, GND to GND) ensures the display functions.

• Interfacing DFPlayer Mini (Speaker & SD Card Reader)

• TX (D10) and RX (D11) allow communication.

• Speaker terminals (SPK1 & SPK2) deliver sound output.

• Powering the Circuit

• 5V and GND wires distribute power to all modules.

• A portable battery pack supplies power to the syst

POWER SUPPLY
 Figure 12: Power Supply

Any electronic system must have a power source because it provides the electrical energy
required to run circuits and other devices. It transforms electrical energy into the proper
voltage, current, and form needed by the linked components from a source like a battery or
mains electricity. Power supply can be broadly divided into two categories: direct current (DC)
and alternating current (AC). DC is the most popular form for electronic projects that use
microcontrollers like Arduino. There are two types of power supplies: regulated and
unregulated. For delicate electronic devices, regulated power sources guarantee a steady output
voltage independent of input fluctuations or load changes. To protect linked components, they
could have features like current and overvoltage protection. Typical examples for portable
applications and prototypes include battery packs, USB power sources, and adapter-based
supply. In projects, the power supply needs to be in line with the system's voltage and current
specifications. For example, sensors, monitors, and other peripherals attached to Arduino
boards, which typically run at 5V or 3.3V, depend on the same supply. An essential component
of any circuit design, a dependable power supply guarantees steady operation and guards
against system failures brought on by power variations.
 CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

1. IoT-based Smart Agriculture: Toward an Efficient and Sustainable

Agricultural System
 Authors: S. A. R. Zaidi, M. F. A. Razak, et al.
 Published In: Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), 2017
 Summary: This paper discusses the use of IoT for smart agriculture systems,
including greenhouse management, focusing on sensors and actuators for
monitoring temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and other vital parameters.

2. IoT-based Smart Greenhouse System for Remote Monitoring and

Controlling
 Authors: M. R. Islam, M. A. Karim, et al.
 Published In: International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and
Applications (IJACSA), 2018
 Summary: This paper describes an IoT-based system to remotely monitor
and control parameters such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture in a
greenhouse environment, utilizing various sensors and communication
technologies.

3. Development of a Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System Using

IoT
 Authors: S. S. Sajjad, A. N. M. M. Rahman, et al.
 Published In: IEEE Access, 2020
 Summary: This article presents the development of a smart greenhouse
monitoring system using IoT technology for controlling environmental
parameters like temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture. The
system also features real-time remote access.

4. Smart Greenhouse System for Remote Monitoring and Control Based

on IoT
 Authors: T. S. D. V. R. K. Surya, M. S. R. S. S. R. Prasad
 Published In: International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT), 2019
 Summary: The paper introduces a smart greenhouse system based on IoT for
remote monitoring and controlling various factors like temperature,
humidity, and soil moisture. It provides solutions for automatic irrigation
and environmental control.

5. A Review on IoT-Based Smart Greenhouse Management System

 Authors: V. G. Arvind, R. P. G. Krishnan
 Published In: Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2020
 Summary: This review paper analyzes various IoT technologies used in
greenhouse management systems, examining the integration of sensors for
real-time data collection, automated control, and remote monitoring.
6. IoT-Based Agricultural Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System
 Authors: S. K. Panda, P. C. Jha, et al.
 Published In: International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
2018
 Summary: The research presents an IoT-based approach for monitoring
environmental parameters such as soil moisture, air temperature, and light
intensity within greenhouses, and automatic control for irrigation and
climate adjustments.

7. Application of IoT in Agriculture: A Survey

 Authors: D. S. Kumar, M. C. V. P. Kumar, et al.
 Published In: International Journal of Computer Applications, 2018
 Summary: This paper provides a comprehensive survey of IoT applications
in agriculture, including smart greenhouses, highlighting sensor networks,
automated systems, and remote control for efficient agricultural practices.

8. Wireless IoT-based Greenhouse Automation System

 Authors: B. P. K. Reddy, R. K. Jindal, et al.
 Published In: International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile
Computing, 2017
 Summary: This study introduces a wireless IoT-based automation system for
controlling greenhouse conditions, emphasizing wireless communication for
real-time monitoring of environmental factors.
 CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX

#include "DHT.h"

#define DHT11_PIN 3

DHT dht11(DHT11_PIN, DHT11);

#define mqpin A3

#define moisture1 A0

#define moisture2 A1

int sensorValue1 = 0;

int sensorValue2 = 0;

#define relay1 8

#define relay2 9

#define relay3 10

void setup() {

pinMode(DHT11_PIN,INPUT);
 pinMode(mqpin,INPUT);

pinMode(moisture1,INPUT);

pinMode(moisture2,INPUT);

pinMode(relay1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(relay2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(relay3,OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

dht11.begin();

digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);

void loop() {

float mqvalue = analogRead(mqpin);

//Serial.println("MQ "+String(mqvalue));

float humi = dht11.readHumidity();

float tempC = dht11.readTemperature();

float tempF = dht11.readTemperature(true);

if (isnan(humi) || isnan(tempC) || isnan(tempF)) {

Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT11 sensor!");

 }

Else

digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);

delay(1000);

sensorValue1 = analogRead(moisture1);

if (sensorValue1 >950) {

digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);

Serial.println("relay2 ON");

delay(3000);

digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);

}else {

digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);

sensorValue2 = analogRead(moisture2);

if (sensorValue2 >950) {

digitalWrite(relay3,LOW);

Serial.print("relay3 ON");

delay(3000);
 digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);

Else

digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);

String data =String(mqvalue)

+"#"+String(sensorValue1)+"#"+String(sensorValue2)+"#"+String(temp
C)+"#"+String(humi);

Serial.println(data);

delay(1000);