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Ch8 - Internet

The document explains the distinction between the Internet and the World Wide Web, defining the Internet as a network infrastructure and the WWW as a collection of accessible web pages. It covers essential internet terms such as web pages, websites, web servers, web browsers, DNS, URLs, protocols, and cookies, detailing their functions and operations. Additionally, it describes the differences between session and persistent cookies, including their storage and usage.

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7 views8 pages

Ch8 - Internet

The document explains the distinction between the Internet and the World Wide Web, defining the Internet as a network infrastructure and the WWW as a collection of accessible web pages. It covers essential internet terms such as web pages, websites, web servers, web browsers, DNS, URLs, protocols, and cookies, detailing their functions and operations. Additionally, it describes the differences between session and persistent cookies, including their storage and usage.

Uploaded by

imsoepicccs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8

Internet
Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

1. Internet vs WWW
Internet
Definition:

• Worldwide collection of interconnected networks


• Relies on physical infrastructure that allows devices to connect to other networks
and devices

WWW (World Wide Web)


Definition:

• The collective name for all the web pages available


• Part of the internet that users can access using a web browser

Differences between WWW and the Internet:


• WWW is a collection of web pages whilst the internet is the infrastructure
• WWW is part of the internet // WWW is a service on the internet

2. General Internet Terms


2.1 Web page
Definition:
A web document written in HTML.

2.2 Website
Definition:
A collection of related web pages.

2.3 Hypertext mark-up language


Definition:
• A mark-up language used to create web pages
• Uses tags to format content

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Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

2.4 Web server


Definition and main purpose:
• A computer that stores web pages
• It receives requests from clients and returns the requested web page

2.5 Web browser


Definition and main purpose:
• Software used to display web pages..
• .. by rendering HTML

Other functions:
• Provides an address bar
• Provides navigation tools
• Allows the use of multiple tabs
• Stores bookmarks and favorites
• Stores user history
• Stores cookies
• Makes use of hyperlinks that allow navigation between websites and web pages
• Sends URL to DNS
• Checking digital certificates
• Allows files to be downloaded from the internet

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Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

Definition and main purpose of DNS:


A server that stores URLs and their matching IP addresses.

Steps to open a website // Operation of HTTP:


1 The user types the URL into the web browser
2 The web browser sends the URL to DNS
3 The DNS searches for the matching IP address
4 If the DNS cannot find the IP address it sends the URL to the next DNS
5 If found, the DNS returns the IP address to the web browser
6 The web browser sends a request to the web server
7 The web server sends the data for the web page back to the web browser
8 Web browser renders the HTML data to display the web page

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Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

2.6 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)


Definition:
• A unique text-based address for a web page
• It can contain the protocol, the domain name, and the filename

Structure:
protocol://www.domain name/filename

• Protocol: Usually http or https


• Domain Name:
§ Name of the website
§ domain type (.com, .org, .co, .net, .gov)
§ sometimes a country code is given (.uk, .us)
• Filename

Example:

Protocol (Part 1): http://


Domain Name (Part 2): cie.org.uk
Filename (Part 3): index.htm

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Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

2.7 Protocol
Definition:
Set of rules agreed by the sender and the receiver when data is transferred between devices.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)


Definition:
The main protocol that controls the transmission of data to and from web servers.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)


Definition:
• It’s a protocol used to control the transmission of data to and from web servers
• It uses encryption
• It uses SSL

2.8 Cookies
Definition:
• Small text files ..
• ..that are created and sent by a web server
• ..and stored on a user’s computer by the web browser
• There are two types: Session cookies and Persistent cookies

Cookies are used to:


• Store user preferences to customize the experience
• Store login details to speed up login times
• Store payment details
• Store items in an online shopping basket
• Store recent purchases
• Store progress in online games/quizzes

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Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

Session Cookie
Definition:

• A cookie that is stored temporarily on a computer


• It is deleted when the browser is closed or the website session ends
• Stored in temporary memory

Persistent Cookie
Definition:
• A cookie that is stored permanently on the user’s hard drive
• It is only deleted by the user or when the cookie expires
• Stored on the user’s secondary storage

The following diagram shows how different types of cookies are stored during the first
visit to a website:

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Ch.8: Internet Eng. Omar El Safty

How persistent cookies can be used to automatically enter banking details/passwords


on a website:
1 The web server sends a cookie file to the user’s web browser
2 The user’s login/payment details are stored in an encrypted text file
3 A persistent cookie file is stored by the web browser on the user’s secondary storage
4 When the user revisits the website, the web server requests the cookie file
5 The web browser then sends the cookie file back to the web server to enter the
details automatically

Differences between session and persistent cookies:


• Session cookies are stored temporarily on a computer, while persistent cookies are
stored permanently on a computer
• Session cookies are stored in RAM, whereas persistent cookies are stored on the hard
drive/secondary storage
• A session cookie is deleted when the web browser is closed or the website session
ends, whereas a persistent cookie is only deleted by the user or when the cookie
expires

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