TITLE: SETTING OUT OF WATER DRAINAGE

ALONG KENYATTA TO JUJA ROAD

PRESENTED BY MICHENI MAKENA BLESSING

INDEX NUMBER:

INSTITUTION : ICS TECHNICAL COLLEGE

COURSE : CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN LAND

SURVEY

SUBMITTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF CRAFT
CERTIFICATE IN LAND SURVEY

EXAM SERIES : MARCH 2025

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TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.0 BACKGROUND OF SURVEY ................................................................................................... 2
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................................... 2
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT............................................................................................. 2
1.3 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 ADVANTAGE ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 DISADVANTAGE ................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROJECT ......................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 3
2.1 THE THEORY ABOUT SURVEY .......................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 GEODETIC SURVEY ........................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 PLANE SURVEY .................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 BRANCHES OF SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 3
2.3 SETTING OUT ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 PURPOSE OF SETTING OUT ............................................................................................. 5
2.4 METHODS USED IN SETTING OUT .................................................................................... 5
2.5 TERMS USED IN SETTING OUT .......................................................................................... 6
2.6 DRAINAGE .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.6.1 TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 7
2.7 METHOD OF DRAINAGE EXECUTION .............................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 8
3.0 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE ............................................................................................................... 8
3.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROL POINTS ......................................................................... 8
3.3 SOURCES OF DATA .............................................................................................................. 8
3.4 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................. 8
3.5 FIELD PROCEDURE............................................................................................................... 9

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 3.6 DATA PROCESSING AND C0MPUTATION ....................................................................... 9
3.7 DESIGNING ........................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 11
4.0 RESULT AND FINDING .......................................................................................................... 11
4.1SETTING OUT ........................................................................................................................ 11
4.2 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 11
4.3 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ............................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 13
5.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 13
5.1 RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................................................... 13
5.2 REFERENCE .......................................................................................................................... 13

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project tittle setting out of a water drainage system along Kenyatta to
Juja road is an original work conducted me.

NAME……………………………………

SIGNATURE:…………………………….

DATE:……………………………………

SUPERVISOR

NAME :…………………………………..

SIGNATURE:…………………………….

DATE:……………………………………..

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my family, mentor, peers and my school at large The ICS Technical
College for your unwavering support and encouragement throughout the journey.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this time to thank God for enabling me compete this project, my sincere gratitude and
thanks to my family, lectures, classmates and entire ICS Technical College fraternity for the
moral support, encouragement and financial support.

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ABSTRACT
Setting out is establishment of marks and lines to get the correct, accurate position and levels
of the elements for construction works thus minimizing errors and costly works.

The proposed setting out of water drainage along Kenyatta to Juja road which has poor
drainage which results to lose of human life, damage of properties, destruction of crops and
plants , loss of life stocks.

This project aims at setting out a well-draining channels drawn to effectively remove
standing water and storm water runoff. In doing so more life will be saved and storm water
problem will be sorted.

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CHAPTER 1
1.0 BACKGROUND OF SURVEY
Survey is the science art of making measurements of the relative position of natural and
manmade features.There are 5 branches of survey namely:

1. Hydrographic survey
2. Cadastral survey
3. Engineering survey
4. Topographic survey
5. Geodetic survey

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Due to hooded water at the road during rainy season which hinder movement of people and
vehicles there is need for solution to enhance water management and prevent flooding.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

 To manage excess water.
 To prevent damages of properties.
 To create a well drainage channel.

1.3 SCOPE
The project will be carried out from Kenyatta to Juja road.

1.4 ADVANTAGE
 Improved drainage system to prevent damage of properties.
 Improved drainage system to prevent excess water from causing soil erosion.

1.5 DISADVANTAGE
 Interference with existing structure.
 Complexity and design.
 Costly and time consuming

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROJECT

 To improve drainage system to prevent damages of properties.
 To improve drainage system to prevent excess water from causing soil erosion.
 To improve maintenance and longevity.
 To improve water management

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CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Land survey is the technique, profession and science of determining the terrestrial or three
dimensional position of points and distances and angles between them.

The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it. It also used in transport,
communications, mapping and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

It’s an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.

Cardinal principle of surveying is ‘working from the whole to the part and never from part to
whole’ It states that any survey operation of whatever extense there should be control frame
work set out on a large scale involving a number of measurements. This control frame works
to which all future survey are fixed.

2.1 THE THEORY ABOUT SURVEY

Survey is divided into two groups namely:

1. Geodetic survey
2. Plane survey

2.1.1 GEODETIC SURVEY

In this case the areas surveyed must be large, earths must be taken into consideration.
It uses a small scale of (1:100,000)
It’s carried out over an area exceeding 250km2

2.1.2 PLANE SURVEY

Plane survey is the science of measuring and presenting nature and artificial features on the
ground.
Represent flat surface and covers a small area of up to 2500km2
Plane survey is conducted by state agencies like irrigation and railway department.

2.2 BRANCHES OF SURVEY

There are 4 branches of survey namely
I.Hydrographic survey
II.Cadastral survey
III.Engineering survey

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 IV.Topographic survey

1. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY

Hydrographic survey is conducted to measure depth of water near the shore line, identity
obstacles near the shore and determine the variation of the shore line during high and low
tides.Hydroraphic survey is conducted according to
I.The water levels attained to low and high tides should be noted and so should the scouring
effect of the waves.
II.The velocity of water current is measured by current meter or subsurface float.

2. CADASTRAL SURVEY
Cadastral survey are made for the purpose of delineating of property boundaries and the
compilation of data required for the registration of tittles to land survey is the link between
ground boundaries in the land registries. If the boundary exists as in the case of adjudication
surveys, the surveyor picks the boundaries to be included in a plan to be referred to during
registration of the parcel.

3. ENGNEERING SURVEY
Engineering survey is an important disciplinary that serves construction projects such as
buildings, highway tunnels for transport system and utility systems, bridges and harbors.
Engineering survey is carried out for the following activities;
 Measurement of heights, horizontal and vertical distance of roads, railways and
building to be constructed.
 The volume of soil to be cut and filled in the road.
 Determination of distance areas and volume covered by place to put under
construction.

4. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
Topographical surveying is conducted to determine the position, both on plan and elevation,
of the natural and artificial features of a locality for the purpose of delineating them by means
of conventional signs upon a topographical map.

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 2.3 SETTING OUT
Setting out is the process of marking and establishing precise locations, alignment and levels
on the ground for the proposed construction or engineering works

It involves transferring the design dimension and measurements from plans or drawings to
the actual s

2.3.1 PURPOSE OF SETTING OUT

I.To ensure accurate placement of element in a construction project reducing errors and
rework.
II.To assist in effective management of utilization of land resources by accurately mapping out
areas for various use.
III.To help in adhering to legal requirements and regulations by ensuring that construction and
land use comply with zoning laws and land use regulations.
IV.To ensure the land boundaries are clearly defined and accurately marked, preventing disputes
with neighboring properties.
V.To provide precise guidelines for construction, ensuring that buildings, roads and other
structures are positioned correctly according to plans. .

2.4 METHODS USED IN SETTING OUT

I.Chain and tape method
Uses a chain or tape measure to measure distances and a 3-4-5 triangle to establish right
angles and is best for small projects with simple geometries.
II.Baseline method
A method that establishes a baseline, usually a straight line, between two fixed points on the
site.
III.Rope method
A method used to set out a line that’s perpendicular to the baseline from a point that’s not on
the baseline
IV.Builders square
A commonly used tool for setting out corners. To use a builder’s square, establish a baseline,
then set the square along the baseline and adjust it until its plumb.

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 V.3-4-5 method

A method for setting out a right angle. To use this method, measure three meters from point
A along a straight line to point B.

2.5 TERMS USED IN SETTING OUT

I.Grade-The incline or decline of the ground.
II.Outfall-The point where water exists a drainage system, such as a storm drain, a river or a
designated area.
III.Catch basin-A surface level drainage system that collects surface water and debris.
IV.French drain-A trench filled with gravel and containing a perforated pipe designed to
redirect from one area to another, often used in areas where water accumulates around
foundations.
V.Swale-A shallow, vegetated ditch designed to direct or manage water flow.
VI.Datum-A reference point used to measure elevations or horizontal distances.
VII.Benchmark-A fixed point of known elevation used as a reference for measuring vertical
distances and during surveying and setting out.
VIII.Control point-Known reference points that help to guide the accurate positioning of structures
or elements on site.
IX.Grid lines-Imaginary or marked lines that form a grid over a site.
X.Offset-Horizontal distance used to establish a parallel line or reference point.
XI.Site plan-A detailed drawing or map showing the layout of buildings, roads, boundaries and
other features on a construction site.
XII.Theodolite-A precision instrument used for measuring angles in both horizontal and vertical
planes.

2.6 DRAINAGE
Drainage is the practice of removing unwanted water so as to facilitate other activities like
construction, reducing crop stress, reducing soil salinity and avoiding flooding. Factors that
determine necessity of drainage system in waterlogged areas are:

1. Topography

2. Method and type of foundation

3. Soil type

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 4. Level of water body

5. Precipitation

2.6.1 TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. FRENCH DRAIN

French drain include a permeable drainage pipe surrounded by a filter cloth and buried with
gravel .However some sources show only a French filled with gravel without a drainage pipe.
French drain are applicable outside of external walls of buildings to prevent water from
accessing the foundation. French are 1.5 feet deep and 10-12 inches wide.

2. PIPED DRAIN

Normally associated with urban situation and is used in conjunction with gullies and kerbs.It
may also be used in some rural embankment situation where its deemed important that water
from the road and hard shoulder should not be allowed drain onto embankment.
This system consists of perforated pipes placed at the bottom of narrow trench and back filled
with a filter material such as coarse sand. It’s generally used along the toes of cut and fills
slopes. The trench should be below the ground water surface and dug into a lower, more
impervious soil layer to intercept groundwater. The drains may be made of metal, concrete,
clay, asbestos-cement or bituminous fiber and should be 15 centimeter in a diameter or larger
This system requires regular maintenance.

3. OPEN DRAIN
This method is used to carry away surface water and can also pick up some subsoil water.
Open drains facilitate the early visual detection of blockages but their use may be restricted
by the lack of space and safety consideration around homes.

2.7 METHOD OF DRAINAGE EXECUTION

I.Surface drainage-In this method the major focus is on getting rid of water from the top of
surface past.
II.Subsurface drainage-Used to remove excess water from the soil at the roof level.
III. Slope drainage
IV.Downspouts and Gutters

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 CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter gives information how my project was achieved. It entail all the methods and
works which were undertaken during the execution of the project.

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE
I did reconnaissance before actual work from Kenyatta road to Juja town along the tarmac
road. I obtained where to establish control points and proposed line.

3.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROL POINTS

I ensured that my control points are well established to ensure that the drainage system is
aligned, level and functioning according to its design. I used visible marker such as spray
point to mark the established control point on the ground. The marker guided during the
drainage system installation.

3.3 SOURCES OF DATA

In drainage setting out, here are some sources of data used

I.Gathering of critical information

II.Topographical survey data.
III.Established fixed reference point.
IV.Use of survey equipment’s.
V.Construction drawings.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

Data collection in drainage setting out involved gathering critical information required for
proper design, installation and alignment drainage system. The following instruments were
used;

I.Total station-Used for precise measurement of angles and distances layout.

II.GPs-Used for determining exact coordinate and elevation especially I in large or complex
sites.
III.Theodolite-Used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles ensuring precise alignment.
IV.Tape measure-Used for quick check of distance.
V.Survey flag, stakes and spraying paints-Used for marking positions on site.

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 3.5 FIELD PROCEDURE
In the field procedure for drainage setting out, the following steps were used to ensure
accurate positioning and alignment of drainage system.

The process include;

I.Design and preparation review which involved review of designs plans and establishment of
datum and benchmarks.
II.Site inspection and preliminary survey which involved site walk through and identifying
obstructions.
III.Establishment of control points.
IV.Marking alignment and setting out positions which involved manhole and junction marking.
V.Excavation and trench preparation which involved excavating trenches and monitoring depth
and slope.
VI.Manhole and structure installation which involved manhole setting and structure
construction.
VII. Backfilling and compaction which involved backfilling trench and final checking.
VIII.Final survey and verification of elevations.
IX.Documentation and As-built drawings which involved As-built documentation and quality
control checks.

3.6 DATA PROCESSING AND C0MPUTATION

Data processing and computation in drainage setting out involved taking the field collected
data, applying relevant design parameters and using it to ensure the drainage system is set out
accurately in terms of alignment, level and slope.

The following are steps involved in data processing and computation for drainage setting out;

I.Data collection from the field.

II.Processing raw survey data by establishing coordinate systems, field data input into software
and georeferencing.
III.Design validation.
IV.Drainage system computation.
V.Data excavation and construction.
VI.As-built data processing.
VII.Reporting and final calculation.
VIII.Software tool, computation and data processing

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IX.Verification and final adjustments.

3.7 DESIGNING
Design setting out of a drainage system involved several steps to ensure the system operate
efficiently, adheres to local regulations and align with engineering requirements.

The following data was collected from the field.

CHAINAG REMARK
E B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL RL S
0 0.164 100
20 0.427 0.263 99.737
40 1.58 1.153 98.584
60 2.023 0.443 98.141
80 2.458 0.435 97.706
100 0.284 3.014 0.556 97.15 C.P
120 1.055 0.771 96.379
140 1.468 0.413 95.966
160 0.158 1.682 0.214 95.752 C.P
180 1.677 1.519 94.233
200 2.685 1.008 93.225
220 2.992 0.307 92.918
240 3.286 3.255 0.263 92.655 C.P
260 1.458 1.828 94.483
280 2.953 0.192 1.266 95.749 C.P
300 3.255 1.55 1.403 97.152 C.P

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CHAPTER 4
4.0 RESULT AND FINDING
In drainage setting out and findings refers to the conclusion measurements and data derived
from the field activities , computation and design verifications that ensure the drainage
system is properly installed and functions as intended. These findings help confirm that the
drainage system align with the design and regulatory standards.

The following is a profile obtained from my drainage setting out project.

4.1SETTING OUT
Setting out refers to the process of transferring design or a plan of a project such as building,
roads, drainage system or any other structure onto the ground at the construction site.

4.2 ANALYSIS
The data obtained from the field was edited to remove erroneous information and saved in
excel as (DRAINAGE Levels) .A copy of the data was exported to the AUTOCAD where

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 points were plotted to form a plan .Contours features and marginal information were overlaid
to generate a topographical map.

4.3 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The major problems encountered during the project were the following.

I.Obstructions from both human and vehicles while collecting data.

II.Harsh weather condition such as rains which affected physical ground conditions.
III.The area had a lot of obstacles since it had a lot of grass and other structure which made it
difficult to take measurements.

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 CHAPTER 5
5.0 CONCLUSION
The research carried out was standard enough and hence the results achieved were
satisfactory .The exercise has been a learning site, which has impacted knowledge and skills
that are necessary for facing the outside world and the job market especially.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION
I.Redesign and replacement of the entire drainage system with French drains so as to pass the
runoff as quickly as possible especially to the main basins to which the main drainages
discharge in the area.
II.Addition of other drainage system all around Juja not to over overload the proposed drainage
system in the area.
III.Maintenance practices should be given priorities; this includes removal and cleaning up of
the drains. This can be achieved by increasing budgetary allocation for maintenance.
IV.Encouraging rain water harvesting technologies by building water coaction tanks for water
storage within the industrial area thus reducing on the amount of water that goes as surface
runoff in the area hence reducing peak flows drastically.
V.Discourage encroachment of reserve areas for flood prone lands thus leaving enough room
for plant and machinery for maintenance and repair.

5.2 REFERENCE
I. Lecturers hand out and notes.
II. Survey manual of Kenya
III. Survey for Engineers by JUREN Third Edition.

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