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Calculus 6

The document outlines the process for finding stationary points of a function, specifically identifying a saddle point at (3,0) using gradient and second derivative tests. It also discusses maximizing a volume function under a constraint, concluding that the maximum volume is 1000 when x, y, and z are all equal to 10. Finally, it describes the derivation of the tangent plane to an ellipsoid, providing the equation for the tangent plane in terms of its parameters.

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sigrid.s.lind
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3 views2 pages

Calculus 6

The document outlines the process for finding stationary points of a function, specifically identifying a saddle point at (3,0) using gradient and second derivative tests. It also discusses maximizing a volume function under a constraint, concluding that the maximum volume is 1000 when x, y, and z are all equal to 10. Finally, it describes the derivation of the tangent plane to an ellipsoid, providing the equation for the tangent plane in terms of its parameters.

Uploaded by

sigrid.s.lind
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mandatory assignment 6

Sigrid Lind
December 2024

1.
To compute the stationary points, I will start by computing the gradient:

∇f (x, y) = (fx (x, y), fy (x, y)) (1)


fx (x, y) = 2x + 4y − 6 (2)
fy (x, y) = 4x + 6y − 12 (3)
(x,y) is a stationary point if ∇f (x, y) = (0, 0) . So we need to find x and y such that fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) is
both equal to zero. This is the same as solving this system of linear equations:

2x + 4y − 6 = 0 (4)

4x + 6y − 12 = 0 (5)
This seems trivial, so I will just show what I got:

y=0 (6)

x=3 (7)
The stationary point is therefore (3,0). I will use the 2nd derivative test to figure out whether it’s a maximum,
minimum or a saddle point.
a = fxx (3, 0) = 2 (8)
b = fxy (3, 0) = 4 (9)
c = fyy (3, 0) = 6 (10)
2 2
ac − b = 2 · 6 − 4 = −4 (11)
Since the determinant of the symmetric matrix is negative, the functions only stationary point is a saddle
point.

2.
This is the volume function:
V (x, y, z) = xyz (12)
This is the constraint:
g(x, y, z) = x + y + z = 30 (13)
The gradients for V and g are both quite simple to compute:

∇V = (yz, xz, xy) (14)

∇g = (1, 1, 1) (15)

1
We want to find a point the gradient of V is a scaled version of the gradient of g:

∇V = λ∇g (16)

yz = xz = xy = λ (17)
yz = xz ⇒ y = x (18)
yz = xy ⇒ z = x (19)
And now I use the constraint:

x + y + z = x + x + x = 30 ⇒ x = y = z = 10 (20)

The maximum volume must therefore be:

xyz = 10 · 10 · 10 = 1000 (21)

3.
F (x, y, z) = a(x − d)2 + b(y − e)2 + c(z − f )2 = k (22)
y and z is considered constants when finding the partial derivative of x, so the the two other terms than the
first disappears when we take the derivative.

a(x − d)2 = a(x2 + d2 − 2xd) = ax2 + 2axd (23)

Fx = 2ax − 2ad = 2a(x − d) (24)


Using the exact same method but with different letters, we get the other partial derivatives. The gradient is
therefore:
∇F = (2a(x − d), 2b(y − e), 2c(z − f )) (25)
The tangent plane to the surface at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the ellipsoid is given by the equation:
 
x − x0
∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) ·  y − y0  = 0
z − z0

Substitute  
2a(x0 − d)
∇F (x0 , y0 , z0 ) =  2b(y0 − e) 
2c(z0 − f )
into the equation:

2a(x0 − d)(x − x0 ) + 2b(y0 − e)(y − y0 ) + 2c(z0 − f )(z − z0 ) = 0

Simplify, and the tangent plane to the ellipsoid F (x, y, z) = k at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is::

a(x0 − d)(x − x0 ) + b(y0 − e)(y − y0 ) + c(z0 − f )(z − z0 ) = 0

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