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Syntax

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3 views

Syntax

Uploaded by

lebaokhanh0603
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Determiners

Determiners serve to provide information involving definiteness and quantity of nouns.

1. Articles: a, an, the


2. Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
3. Possessives: my, your, his, her
4. Quantifiers: every, some, many, a few
5. Numerals: one, two, three, four

Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries provide a verb with the information about tense, aspect, and modality.

- Auxiliaries that express tense and aspect include be, do, and have
- Those that express modality are called modal verbs, which include can, may, will, should, have to,…

EX: John is swimming.

John had swum.

John may swim

Prepositions

Prepositions are used to express the relationship between two entities, usually in terms of space and time.

EX:

“The girl is in the bedroom”

 the preposition in describes the location of the girl with respect to the bedroom.

“the man arrived the office before 10”

 the preposition before expresses the time of the man's arrival to the office.

Prepositions typically occur with nouns or noun phrases, creating prepositional phrases.

2 functions:

1. Can be used to narrow down the reference of nouns, that is, they function as modifiers of nouns.
2. Can also be used to narrow down the reference of verbs; in these cases, they act as modifiers of
verbs
Can you hand me the pillow on the chair?

 the preceding noun pillow

She sat on the chair

 modifies the verb sat

Conjunctions

Conjunctions function to connect words, phrases, and clauses.

They can be divided into two subtypes:

1. Coordinating conjunctions (or coordinators) are used to join expressions of the same grammatical
status

EX:

- Cats (n) and dogs (n)


- play basketball (verb phrase) or watch a movie (verb phrase)

2. Subordinating conjunctions (or subordinators) link a subordinate clause and a main clause.

EX:

She was disappointed because she failed the driving test.

 subordinator “because” is used to introduce a subordinate clause and connect it with a main clause.

Liz watched her favorite program after she finished homework.

 subordinator “after” is used to introduce a subordinate clause and connect it with a main clause.

Degree words

Degree words are a subtype of adverbs that indicate a gradation, or a degree of the properties denoted by
adjectives or adverbs.

These degree-specifying words usually precede adjectives and adverbs, such as: very, too, so, rather, quite,
and almost.

EX:

Very amusing

Quite simple
Qualifiers

Qualifiers are also a subtype of adverbs. They typically occur with verbs to indicate how often an event
takes place, such as: always, usually, sometimes, often, never, etc.

EX:

He always comes to class on time.

He has never seen such a beautiful painting.

Pronouns

are words whose reference is determined by an element in the context in which they are used. They are
divided into several subtypes, which differ in forms and functions.

1. Personal pronouns represent interlocutors and people involved in a conversation, either the speaker
(the first person), the addressee (the second person), or some third party (the third person): I, you,
she, them, etc.

In English, some of the personal pronouns have different forms when they function as subject and as
object in a sentence

Ex: I versus me

She versus her

2. Reflexive pronouns have the same referent as a noun phrase in the same clause: myself, yourself,
herself, etc.

Ex: The way to prove yourself is to better yourself.

3. Reciprocal pronouns express the meaning of mutual relationship: each other (2ng) and one another
(3ng trở lên)

Ex: They always envy one another.

4. Demonstrative pronouns refer to things near or far with regard to the speaker and/or the
addressee: this, these, that, and those

Ex: This is a very good book.

5. Indefinite pronouns have non-specific referents: one, someone, something, everything, etc.
Ex: Tomorrow, everyone must wear uniforms to perform the opening ceremony of the new school year.

6. Relative pronouns appear in a relative clause and have the same referent as the noun modified by
the clause

Ex: That is the woman who called me yesterday

He was the director of the movie which won most awards.

7. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions:

Ex: Who called?

What did he say?

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