Chapter 2

Signal and Linear System Analysis

2.1 Problem Solutions

Problem 2.1

a. For the single-sided spectra, write the signal as

x1 (t) = 10 cos(4 t + =8) + 6 sin(8 t + 3 =4)

= 10 cos(4 t + =8) + 6 cos(8 t + 3 =4 =2)
= 10 cos(4 t + =8) + 6 cos(8 t + =4)
h i
= Re 10ej(4 t+ =8) + 6ej(8 t+ =4)

For the double-sided spectra, write the signal in terms of complex exponentials using Euler’s
theorem:

x1 (t) = 5 exp[j(4 t + =8)] + 5 exp[ j(4 t + =8)]

+3 exp[j(8 t + 3 =4)] + 3 exp[ j(8 t + 3 =4)]

The spectra are plotted in Fig. 2.1.

b. Write the given signal as

h i
x2 (t) = Re 8ej(2 t+ =3)
+ 4ej(6 t+ =4)

to plot the single-sided spectra. For the double-side spectra, write it as

x2 (t) = 4ej(2 t+ =3)

+ 4e j(2 t+ =3)
+ 2ej(6 t+ =4)
+ 2e j(6 t+ =4)

The spectra are plotted in Fig. 2.2.

1
2 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

c. Change the sines to cosines by subtracting =2 from their arguments to get

x3 (t) = 2 cos (4 t + =8 =2) + 12 cos (10 t =2)

= 2 cos (4 t 3 =8) + 12 cos (10 t =2)
h i
= Re 2ej(4 t 3 =8) + 12ej(10 t =2)
= ej(4 t 3 =8)
+e j(4 t 3 =8)
+ 6ej(10 t =2)
+ 6e j(10 t =2)

Spectral plots are given in Fig. 2.3.

d. Use a trig identity to write

3 sin (18 t + =2) = 3 cos (18 t)

and get

x4 (t) = 2 cos (7 t + =4) + 3 cos (18 t)

h i
= Re 2ej(7 t+ =4) + 3ej18 t
= ej(7 t+ =4)
+e j(7 t+ =4)
+ 1:5ej18 t
+ 1:5e j18 t

From this it is seen that the singe-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes
2 and 3 at frequencies of 3.5 and 9 Hz, respectively, and the phase spectrum consists of
a line of height =4 at 3.5 Hz. The double-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of
amplitudes 1, 1, 1.5, and 1.5 at frequencies of 3.5, -3.5, 9, and -9 Hz, respectively. The
double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of heights =4 and =4 at frequencies 3.5
Hz and 3:5 Hz, respectively.

e. Use sin (2 t) = cos (2 t =2) to write

x5 (t) = 5 cos (2 t =2) + 4 cos (5 t + =4)

h i
= Re 5ej(2 t =2)
+ 4ej(5 t+ =4)
= 2:5ej(2 t =2)
+ 2:5e j(2 t =2)
+ 2ej(5 t+ =4)
+ 2e j(5 t+ =4)

From this it is seen that the singe-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes
5 and 4 at frequencies of 1 and 2.5 Hz, respectively, and the phase spectrum consists of
lines of heights =2 and =4 at 1 and 2.5 Hz, respectively. The double-sided amplitude
spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes 2.5, 2.5, 2, and 2 at frequencies of 1, -1, 2.5, and
-2.5 Hz, respectively. The double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of heights =2,
=2, =4, and =4 at frequencies of 1, -1, 2.5, and -2.5 Hz, respectively.
2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 3

Single sided Double sided

6
10
8
4

Amplitude
Amplitude

6
4 2
2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz

0.8
0.5
0.6
Phase, rad

Phase, rad

0.4 0

0.2
-0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz

f. Use sin (10 t + =6) = cos (10 t + =6 =2) = cos (10 t =3) to write

x6 (t) = 3 cos (4 t + =8) + 4 cos (10 t =3)

h i
= Re 3ej(4 t+ =8) + 4ej(10 t =3)
= 1:5ej(4 t+ =8)
+ 1:5e j(4 t+ =8)
+ 2ej10 t =3)
+ 2e j(10 t =3)

From this it is seen that the singe-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes
3 and 4 at frequencies of 2 and 5 Hz, respectively, and the phase spectrum consists of
lines of heights =8 and =3 at 2 and 5 Hz, respectively. The double-sided amplitude
spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes 1.5, 1.5, 2, and 2 at frequencies of 2, -2, 5, and -5
Hz, respectively. The double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of heights =8, =8,
=3, and =3 at frequencies of 2, -2, 5, and -5 Hz, respectively.
4 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Single sided Double sided

5
8
4
6
Amplitude

Amplitude
3
4 2
2 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
f, Hz f, Hz

1
1
0.5
Phase, rad

Phase, rad

0.5 0

-0.5

0 -1
0 1 2 3 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
f, Hz f, Hz
2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 5

Single sided Double sided

6
10
Amplitude

Amplitude
4
5
2

0 0
0 2 4 6 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz

0
1
Phase, rad

Phase, rad

-0.5
0
-1
-1
-1.5
0 2 4 6 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz
6 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Problem 2.2
By noting the amplitudes and phases of the various frequency components from the plots,
the result is

x(t) = 4ej(8 t+ =2)

+ 4e j(8 t+ =2)
+ 2ej(4 t =4)
+ 2e j(4 t =4)

= 8 cos (8 t + =2) + 4 cos (4 t =4)

= 8 sin (8 t) + 4 cos (4 t =4)

Problem 2.3

a. Not periodic because f1 = 1= Hz and f2 = 3 Hz are not commensurable.

b. Periodic. To …nd the period, note that

6 30
= 3 = n1 f0 and = 15 = n2 f0
2 2
Therefore
15 n2
=
3 n1
Hence, take n1 = 1, n2 = 5; and f0 = 3 Hz (we want the largest possible value for f0 with
n1 and n2 integer-valued).

c. Periodic. Using a similar procedure as used in (b), we …nd that n1 = 4, n2 = 21; and
f0 = 0:5 Hz.

d. Periodic. Using a similar procedure as used in (b), we …nd that n1 = 4, n2 = 7;

n3 = 11; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

e. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 17, n2 = 18; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

f. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 2, n2 = 3; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

g. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 7, n2 = 11; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

h. Not periodic. The frequencies of the separate terms are incommensurable.

i. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 19, n2 = 21; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

j. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 6, n2 = 7; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 7

Problem 2.4

a. The single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of a single line of amplitude 5 at 6 Hz

and the phase spectrum consists of a single line of height =6 rad at 6 Hz. The
double-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitude 2.5 at frequencies 6
Hz. The double -sided phase spectrum consists of a line of height =6 at -6 Hz and
a line of height =6 at 6 Hz.

b. Write the signal as

x2 (t) = 3 cos(12 t =2) + 4 cos(16 t)

From this it is seen that the single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of heights 3
and 4 at frequencies 6 and 8 Hz, respectively, and the single-sided phase spectrum consists
of a line of height =2 radians at frequency 6 Hz (the phase at 8 Hz is 0). The double-
sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 1.5 and 2 at frequencies of 6 and 8 Hz,
respectively, and lines of height 1.5 and 2 at frequencies 6 and 8 Hz, respectively. The
double-sided phase spectrum consists of a line of height =2 radians at frequency 6 Hz
and a line of height =2 radians at frequency 6 Hz.

c. Use the trig identity cos x cos y = 0:5 cos (x + y) + 0:5 cos (x y) to write

x3 (t) = 2 cos 20 t + 2 cos 4 t

From this we see that the single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 2 at 2
and 10 Hz, and the single-sided phase spectrum is 0 at these frequencies. The double-sided
amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 1 at frequencies of 10, 2, 2, and 10 Hz.
The double-sided phase spectrum is 0.

d. Use trig identies to get

x4 (t) = 4 sin (2 t) [1 + cos (10 t)]

= 4 sin (2 t) 2 sin (8 t + ) + 2 sin (12 t)
= 4 cos (2 t =2) + 2 cos (8 t + =2) + 2 cos (12 t =2)
h i
= Re 4ej(2 t =2)
+ 2ej(8 t+ =2) + 2ej(12 t =2)
= 2ej(2 t =2)
+ 2e j(2 t =2)
+ ej(8 t+ =2)
+e j(8 t+ =2)
+ ej(12 t =2)
+e j(12 t =2)

From this we see that the single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of heights 4,
2, and 2 at frequencies 1, 4, and 6 Hz, respectively and the single-sided phase spectrum is
=2 radians at 1 and 6 Hz and =2 radians at 4 Hz. The double-sided amplitude spectrum
8 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

consists of lines of height 2 at frequencies of 1 and 1 Hz and of height 1 at frequencies of

4, -4, 6, and -6 Hz. The double-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at -1, 4, and -6 Hz and
=2 radians at 1, -4, and 6 Hz.

e. Clearly, from the form of the cosine sum, the single-sided amplitude spectrum has
lines of heights 1 and 7 at frequencies of 3 and 15 Hz, respectively. The single-sided
phase spectrum is zero. The double-sided amplitude spectrum has lines of heights 0.5,
0.5, 3.5, and 3.5 at frequencies of 3, -3, 15, and -15 Hz, respectfully. The double-sided
phase spectrum is zero.

f. The single-sided amplitude spectrum has lines of heights 1 and 9 at frequencies of

2 and 10.5 Hz, respectively. The single-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at
10.5 Hz and 0 otherwise. The double-sided amplitude spectrum has lines of heights
0.5, 0.5, 4.5, and 4.5 at frequencies of 2, -2, 10.5, and -10.5 Hz, respectfully. The
double-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at -10.5 Hz and =2 radians at 10.5 Hz
and 0 otherwise.

g. Convert the sine to a cosine by subtracting =2 from its argument. It then follows
that the single-sided amplitude spectrum is 2, 1, and 6 at frequencies of 2, 3, and
8.5 Hz and 0 otherwise. The single-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at 8.5 Hz
and 0 otherwise. The double-sided amplitude spectrum is 1, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 3, and 3
at frequencies of 2, 2, 3, 3 8:5, and 8.5 Hz, respectively, and 0 otherwise. The
double-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at a frequency of 8:5 Hz and =2
radians at a frequency of 8.5 Hz. It is 0 otherwise.

Problem 2.5

a. This function has area

Z1 2
1 sin( t= )
Area = dt
( t= )
1
Z1 2
sin( u)
= du = 1
( u)
1

where a tabulated integral has been used for sinc2 u. A sketch shows that no matter how
small is, the area is still 1. With ! 0; the central lobe of the function becomes narrower
and higher. Thus, in the limit, it approximates a delta function.
2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 65

b (t) = A exp (j! 0 t j =2) = jA exp (j! 0 t), take the product, inte-
c. For this case x
grate over time to get
Z T Z T
1 1
lim b (t) dt = lim
x (t) x [A exp (j! 0 t)] [jA exp (j! 0 t)] dt
T !1 2T T T !1 2T T
Z
jA2 T
= lim exp (j2! 0 t) dt = 0
T !1 2T T

by periodicity of the integrand

Problem 2.73
a. Note that F [jb
x(t)] = j [ jsgn (f )] X (f ). Hence
2 1 2 1
x1 (t) = x (t) + jb x (t) ! X1 (f ) = X (f ) + j [ jsgn (f )] X (f )
3 3 3 3
2 1
= + sgn (f ) X (f )
3 3
1
= 3 X (f ) ; f < 0
X (f ) ; f > 0

b. It follows that
3 3
x2 (t) = x (t) + jb x (t) exp (j2 f0 t)
4 4
3
) X2 (f ) = [1 + sgn (f f0 )] X (f f0 )
4
0; f < f0
= 3
2 X (f f0 ) ; f > f0

c. This case has the same spectrum as part (a), except that it is shifted right by W Hz.
That is,
2 1
x3 (t) = x (t) + jb
x (t) exp (j2 W t)
3 3
2 1
! X3 (f ) = + sgn (f W ) X (f W)
3 3
d. For this signal
2 1
x4 (t) = x (t)
jb
x (t) exp (j W t)
3 3
2 1
! X4 (f ) = sgn (f W=2) X (f W=2)
3 3