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EXPERIMENT NO 1 Xi

The document outlines an experiment using Vernier calipers to measure the diameter of a small spherical or cylindrical body. It includes the aim, required apparatus, principles of measurement, detailed procedural steps, precautions, sources of error, and a format for recording observations. The experiment emphasizes the importance of accurate readings and accounting for zero errors to ensure precise measurements.

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32 views3 pages

EXPERIMENT NO 1 Xi

The document outlines an experiment using Vernier calipers to measure the diameter of a small spherical or cylindrical body. It includes the aim, required apparatus, principles of measurement, detailed procedural steps, precautions, sources of error, and a format for recording observations. The experiment emphasizes the importance of accurate readings and accounting for zero errors to ensure precise measurements.

Uploaded by

yagemo5277
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO 1

VERNIER CALIPERS

AIM

TO measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body,using vernier caliper

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Vernier Callipers, Spherical body, such as a pendulum bob or a glass marble,

PRINCIPLE

The difference in the magnitude of one main scale division (M.S.D.) and one vernier scale
division (V.S.D.) is called the least count of the instrument, as it is the smallest distance that can
be measured using the instrument. n V.S.D. = (n – 1) M.S.D.

PROCEDURE

. 1. Keep the jaws of Vernier Callipers closed. Observe the zero mark of the main scale. It must
perfectly coincide with that of the vernier scale. If this is not so, account for the zero error for all
observations to be made while using the instrument.
2. Look for the division on the vernier scale that coincides with a division of main scale. Use a
magnifying glass, if available and note the number of divisions on the Vernier scale that
coincides with the one on the main scale. Position your eye directly over the division mark so as
to avoid any parallax error.
3. Gently loosen the screw to release the movable jaw. Slide it enough to hold the
sphere/cylindrical body gently (without any undue pressure) in between the lower jaws The
jaws should be perfectly perpendicular to the diameter of the body. Now, gently tighten the
screw so as to clamp the instrument in this position to the body.
4. Carefully note the position of the zero mark of the vernier scale against the main scale.
Usually, it will not perfectly coincide with any of the small divisions on the main scale. Record
the main scale division just to the left of the zero mark of the vernier scale.
5. Start looking for the exact coincidence of a vernier scale division with that of a main scale
division in the vernier window from left end (zero) to the right. Note its number (say) N, carefully.
6. Multiply 'N' by least count of the instrument and add the product to the main scale reading
noted in step 4. Ensure that the product is converted into proper units (usually cm) for addition
to be valid.
7. Repeat steps 3-6 to obtain the diameter of the body at different positions on its curved
surface. Take three sets of reading in each case.
8. Record the observations in the tabular form [Table E 1.1(a)] with proper units. Apply zero
correction, if need be.
9. Find the arithmetic mean of the corrected readings of the diameter of the body. Express the
results in suitable units with appropriate numbers of significant figures.
RESULT

Diameter of the spherical/ cylindrical body, D = ... × 10–2m

PRECAUTIONS

1. If the vernier scale is not sliding smoothly over the main scale, apply machine oil/grease
. 2. Screw the vernier tightly without exerting undue pressure to avoid any damage to the
threads of the screw.
3. Keep the eye directly over the division mark to avoid any error due to parallax.
4. Note down each observation with correct significant figures and units.

SOURCES OF ERROR

Any measurement made using Vernier Callipers is likely to be incorrect if-


(i) the zero error in the instrument placed is not accounted for; and
(ii) the Vernier Callipers are not in a proper position with respect to the body, avoiding gaps or
undue pressure or both.
Left side
OBSERVATIONS

(i) Least count of Vernier Callipers (Vernier Constant)


1 main scale division (MSD) = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
Number of vernier scale divisions, N = 10
10 vernier scale divisions = 9 main scale divisions
1 vernier scale division = 0.9 main scale division
Vernier constant = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division
= (1– 0.9) main scale divisions = 0.1 main scale division
Vernier constant (VC ) = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
Alternatively, 1MSD Vernier constant = 1 mm
N = 10
Vernier constant (VC ) = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
Zero error =
Zero correction =

S. No. Main Scale reading, M Number of Vernier scale Measured


(cm/mm) coinciding reading, V = N × diameter, M + V
vernier division, VC (cm/mm) (cm/mm)
N

CALCULATION

Measurement of diameter of the sphere/ cylindrical body


Mean measured diameter =

diameter of the given body, D = Do – ( ± e) = ... × 10–2

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