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Control Systems

A control system is an arrangement of components that regulates itself or another system, consisting of input, system, and output. Control systems are classified into open loop systems, where control action is independent of output, and closed loop systems, where control action depends on output. Examples include man-made systems like electric switches, biological systems like pointing, and hybrid systems like driving a car.

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13 views3 pages

Control Systems

A control system is an arrangement of components that regulates itself or another system, consisting of input, system, and output. Control systems are classified into open loop systems, where control action is independent of output, and closed loop systems, where control action depends on output. Examples include man-made systems like electric switches, biological systems like pointing, and hybrid systems like driving a car.

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CONTROL SYSTEMS

A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a


manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system, or is that means by which any
quantity of interest in a system is maintained or altered in accordance with a desired manner.

Any control system consists of three essential components namely input, system and out
put. The input is the stimulus or excitation applied to a system from an external energy source.
A system is the arrangement of physical components and output is the actual response obtained
from the system. The control system may be one of the following type.
1) man made
2) natural and / or biological and
3) hybrid consisting of man made and natural or biological.

Examples:
1) An electric switch is man made control system, controlling flow of electricity.
input : flipping the switch on/off
system : electric switch
output : flow or no flow of current
2) Pointing a finger at an object is a biological control system.
input : direction of the object with respect to some direction
system : consists of eyes, arm, hand, finger and brain of a man
output : actual pointed direction with respect to same direction
3) Man driving an automobile is a hybrid system.
input : direction or lane
system : drivers hand, eyes, brain and vehicle
output : heading of the automobile.

Classification of Control Systems

Control systems are classified into two general categories based upon the control action which is
responsible to activate the system to produce the output viz.
1) Open loop control system in which the control action is independent of the out put.

2) Closed loop control system in which the control action is some how dependent upon the
output and are generally called as feedback control systems.

Open Loop System is a system in which control action is independent of output. To each
reference input there is a corresponding output which depends upon the system and its operating
conditions. The accuracy of the system depends on the calibration of the system. In the presence
of noise or disturbances open loop control will not perform satisfactorily.
input Actuating signal output
nput
Controller System

EXAMPLE - 1 Rotational Generator


The input to rotational generator is the speed of the prime mover ( e.g steam turbine) in r.p.m.
Assuming the generator is on no load the output may be induced voltage at the output terminals.
Speed of the Induced Voltage
Prime mover
Inputs Rotational Generator
Output

Fig 1-2 Rotational Generator


EXAMPLE – 2 Washing machine
Most ( but not all ) washing machines are operated in the following manner. After the clothes to
be washed have been put into the machine, the soap or detergent, bleach and water are entered in
proper amounts as specified by the manufacturer. The washing time is then set on a timer and the
washer is energized. When the cycle is completed, the machine shuts itself off. In this example
washing time forms input and cleanliness of the clothes is identified as output.
Cleanliness of clothes
Time Washing Machine

Fig 1-3 Washing Machine


EXAMPLE – 3 WATER TANK LEVEL CONTROL
To understand the concept further it is useful to consider an example let it be desired to maintain
the actual water level 'c ' in the tank as close as possible to a desired level ' r '. The desired level
will be called the system input, and the actual level the controlled variable or system output.
Water flows from the tank via a valve Vo , and enters the tank from a supply via a control valve
Vc. The control valve is adjustable manually.
Valve VC
Actual
Water level c
Desired Water
Water in level r WATER
TANK
Valve VO

C Water Fig 1-4 b) Open loop control


out
Fig –1.4 a) Water level control
A closed loop control system is one in which the control action depends on the output. In
closed loop control system the actuating error signal, which is the difference between the input
signal and the feed back signal (out put signal or its function) is fed to the controller.

Error Forward path Controlled


Reference detector Actuating output
/ error
input signal Control System /
elements Plant
controller

Feed back elements


Feed back signal
Fig –1.5: Closed loop control system
EXAMPLE – 1 – THERMAL SYSTEM
To illustrate the concept of closed loop control system, consider the thermal system shown in fig-
6 Here human being acts as a controller. He wants to maintain the temperature of the hot water at
a given value ro C. the thermometer installed in the hot water outlet measures the actual
temperature C0 C. This temperature is the output of the system. If the operator watches the
thermometer and finds that the temperature is higher than the desired value, then he reduce the
amount of steam supply in order to lower the temperature. It is quite possible that that if the
temperature becomes lower than the desired value it becomes necessary to increase the amount
of steam supply. This control action is based on closed loop operation which involves human
being, hand muscle, eyes, thermometer such a system may be called manual feed back system.

Human operator
Thermometer Brain of
Actual
operator (r-c)
Desired hot Water temp
Steam Co C
water. temp Muscles
+ C
Steam Hot water ro c + and Valve

Cold water Thermometer


Drain

Fig 1-6 a) Manual feedback thermal system b) Block diagram

Source : http://elearningatria.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/ece-iv-control-
systems-10es43-notes.pdf

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