Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Faculty of Applied Science

14.1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

59. z = sin(xy) (a) C (b) II
ˆ This function is periodic in both x and y, equal 0 along the x- and y-axes.
ˆ xy grows most rapidly along x = y and x = −y, so that the function is
symmetric and oscillates fastest along these plane.
60. z = ex cosy (a) A (b) IV
ˆ This function consists of cosine curves periodic in the y-axis with amplitude
that increases as x increases.
61. z = sin (x − y) (a) F (b) I
ˆ This function is periodic in both and but is constant along the lines y = x+k.
62. z = sin x − sin y (a) E (b) III
ˆ This function consists of 2 independent sine terms.
ˆ The function create an alternating grid pattern.
63. z = (1 − x2 )(1 − y 2 ) (a) B (b) VI
ˆ This function is 0 along the lines x = ±1 and y = ±1.
ˆ The trace in the xz-plane is the parabola z = 1 − x2 and the trace in the
yz-plane is the parabola z = 1 − y 2 .
x−y
64. z = (a) D (b) V
1 + x2 + y 2
ˆ This function is not periodic.
ˆ Has opposite value about x = −y plane, and equal constant 0 along x = y
plane.
2 +y 2
75.f (x, y) = ecx
2
ˆ c = 0: The graph is the cylindrical surface z = ey
ˆ c > 0: The vertical trace above the y-axis remains fixed while the sides of
the surface in the x-direction curl upward. The level curves of the surface
are ellipses centered at the origin.
ˆ c < 0: The sides of the surface in the x-direction curl downward and approach
the xy-plane. As c decreases, the surface becomes flatter in the x-direction
and the surface’s approach to the curve in the trace x = 0 become steeper.

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79.
P L α P L α P L





(a) P = bLα K 1−α ⇒ K
=b K
⇒ ln K = ln b K
⇒ ln K = ln b + α ln K

Year x = ln(L/K) y = ln(P/K) Year x = ln(L/K) y = ln(P/K)

1899 0 0 1911 -0.38 -0.34
1900 -0.02 -0.06 1912 -0.38 -0.24
1901 -0.04 -0.02 1913 -0.41 -0.25
1902 -0.04 0 1914 -0.47 -0.37
1903 -0.07 -0.05 1915 -0.53 -0.34
1904 -0.13 -0.12 1916 -0.49 -0.28
1905 -0.18 -0.04 1917 -0.53 -0.39
1906 -0.20 -0.07 1918 -0.60 -0.50
1907 -0.23 -0.15 1919 -0.68 -0.57
1908 -0.41 -0.38 1920 -0.74 -0.57
1909 -0.33 -0.24 1921 -1.05 -0.85
1910 -0.35 -0.27 1922 -0.98 -0.59
(b) The least squares regression line through the points is approximately

y = 0.75x + 0.01

(c) We have α = 0.75 and ln b = 0.01 ⇒ b = e0.01 ≈ 1.01. Thus, the Cobb-
Douglas production function is:

P = bLα K 1−α = 1.01L0.75 K 0.25 .

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14.2 LIMIT AND CONTINUITITY

2 3 3 2
x y +x y −5
3. We make a table of values of f (x, y) = for a set of (x, y) points
2 − xy
near the origin.

x\y −0.2 −0.1 −0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.2

−0.2 −2.551 −2.525 −2.513 −2.500 −2.488 −2.475 −2.451
−0.1 −2.525 −2.513 −2.506 −2.500 −2.494 −2.488 −2.475
−0.05 −2.513 −2.506 −2.503 −2.500 −2.497 −2.494 −2.488
0 −2.500 −2.500 −2.500 −2.500 −2.500 −2.500
0.05 −2.488 −2.494 −2.497 −2.500 −2.503 −2.506 −2.513
0.1 −2.475 −2.488 −2.494 −2.500 −2.506 −2.513 −2.525
0.2 −2.451 −2.475 −2.488 −2.500 −2.513 −2.525 −2.551

As the table shows, the values of f (x, y) approach −2.5 as (x, y) approaches
the origin. This suggests that:

lim f (x, y) = −2.5.

(x,y)→(0,0)

While
02 03 + 03 02 − 5 −5
lim f (x, y) = = ,
(x,y)→(0,0) 2−0·0 2
verifying our guess.
5. lim f (x, y) = 5x3 − x2 y 2 = 5(1)3 − 12 22 = 1
(x,y)→(1,2)
43. 
 sin(xy) , if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = xy
1, if (x, y) = (0, 0)


sin(xy)
If xy ̸= 0, then x ̸= 0 and y ̸= 0, so is continuous as a product of
xy
continuous functions. Now, if p = (x0 , 0) where x0 ̸= 0, then

(x, y) → (x0 , 0) ⇒ xy → 0 · x0 = 0.

With this, you can compute the limit as xy → 0, which is 1, and prove continuity
on the x-axis. Apply the same argument to points (0, y0 ) where y0 ̸= 0, and for
p = (0, 0), show that f is continuous on the y-axis and at the origin, respectively.

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1
f (x, y) 0.5
0

−2 2
0 0
x 2 −2 y
(
0 if y ≤ 0 or y ≥ x4
44. (a) f (x, y) =
1 if 0 < y < x4
Consider the path y = mxa , 0 < a < 4. (The path does not pass through (0, 0) if
a a a
(≤ 0 except while m = 0.] If mx ≤ 0 then f (x, mx ) = 0. If mx > 0 then:
a
mxa = |m||xa | 4
a 4
⇐⇒ |m| |xa | ≥ x4 ⇐⇒ |xxa | ≤ |m| ⇐⇒ |x|4−a ≤ |m|
mx ≥ x
whenever xa is defined. Then mxa ≥ x4 ⇐⇒ |x| ≤ |m|1/(4−a) so f (x, mxa ) = 0
for |x| ≤ |m|1/(4−a) and f (x, y) → 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0) along this path.

(b) If we approach (0, 0) along the path y = x5 , x > 0, then we have f (x, x5 ) = 1
for 0 < x < 1 because 0 < x5 < x4 there. Thus f (x, y) → 1 as (x, y) →
(0, 0) along this path, but in part (a) we found a limit of 0 along other paths, so
lim(x,y)→(0,0) f (x, y) doesn’t exist and f is discontinuous at (0, 0).

(c) First we show that f is discontinuous at any point (a, 0) on the x-axis. If we
approach (a, 0) along the path x = a, y > 0, then f (a, y) = 1 for 0 < y < a4 ,
so f (x, y) → 1 as (x, y) → (a, 0) along this path. If we approach (a, 0) along the
path x = a, y < 0 then f (a, y) = 0 since y < 0 and f (x, y) → 0 as (x, y) → (a, 0).
Thus the limit does not exist and f is discontinuous on the line y = 0. f is also
discontinuous on the curve y = x4 : For any point (a, a4 ) on this curve, approaching
the point along the path x = a, y > a4 gives f (a, y) = 0 since y > a4 , so f (x, y) → 0
as (x, y) → (a, a4 ). But approaching the point along the path x = a, y < a4 gives
f (a, y) = 1 for y > 0, so f (x, y) → 1 as (x, y) → (a, a4 ), and the limit does not
exist there.

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14.3 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

1.
∂T
(a) ∂x
describes how quickly the temperature changes when longitude changes
but latitude and time are constant.
∂T
∂y
describes how quickly the temperature changes when latitude changes but
longitude and time are constant.
∂T
∂t
describes how quickly the temperature changes over time for a constant
longitude and latitude.
(b) The air is warmer to the west than to the east, increasing longitude results in
an increased air temperature, so we would expect fx (158, 21, 9) to be positive.
The air is warmer to the south and cooler to the north, increasing latitude
results in a decreased air temperature, so we would expect fy (158, 21, 9) to
be negative.
Typically air temperature increases from the morning to the afternoon as the
sun warms it, we would expect ft (158, 21, 9) to be positive.
3.
(a)
f (−15 + h, 30) − f (−15, 30)
fT (−15, 30) = lim ,
h→0 h

f (−10, 30) − f (−15, 30) −20 − (−26) 6

fT (−15, 30) ≈ = = = 1.2,
5 5 5
f (−20, 30) − f (−15, 30) −33 − (−26) −7
fT (−15, 30) ≈ = = = 1.4.
−5 −5 −5
⇒ fT (−15, 30) to be approximately 1.3. Thus, when the actual temperature
is −15◦ C and the wind speed is 30 km/h, the apparent temperature rises by
about 1.3◦ C for every degree that the actual temperature rises. Similarly,
f (−15, 30 + h) − f (−15, 30)
fv (−15, 30) = lim ,
h→0 h

f (−15, 40) − f (−15, 30) −27 − (−26) −1

fv (−15, 30) ≈ = = = −0.1,
10 10 10
f (−15, 20) − f (−15, 30) −24 − (−26) 2
fv (−15, 30) ≈ = = = −0.2.
−10 −10 −10
⇒ fv (−15, 30) to be approximately −0.15. Thus, when the actual temper-
ature is −15◦ C and the wind speed is 30 km/h, the apparent temperature
decreases by about 0.15◦ C for every km/h that the wind speed increases.

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(b) For a fixed wind speed v, the values of the wind-chill index W increase as
∂W
temperature T increases, so is positive.
∂T
For a fixed temperature T , the values of W decrease (or remain constant) as
∂W
v increases, so is negative (or 0).
∂v
(c) For fixed values of T , the function values f (T, v) appear to become constant
(or nearly constant) as v increases, so the corresponding rate of change is 0
or near 0 as v increases.
∂W
lim = 0.
v→∞ ∂v

5.
(a) The graph of f increases as we move in the positive x-direction. Thus fx (1, 2)
is positive.
(b) The graph of f decreases as we move in the positive y-direction. Thus fy (1, 2)
is negative.
6.
(a) The graph of f decreases as we move in the positive x-direction, so fx (−1, 2)
is negative.
(b) The graph of f decreases as we move in the positive y-direction, so fy (−1, 2)
is negative.
7.
(a) fx is negative at (−1, 2) and if we move in the positive x-direction, the surface
becomes less steep. Thus fx are increasing and fxx (−1, 2) is positive.
(b) fy is negative at (−1, 2) and if we move in the positive y-direction, the surface
becomes steeper. Thus fy are decreasing, and fyy (−1, 2) is negative.
8.
(a) fx is positive at (1, 2) and if we move in the positive y-direction, the surface
becomes steeper. Thus fx are increasing and fxy (1, 2) is positive.
(b) fx is negative at (−1, 2) and if we move in the positive y-direction, the surface
gets steeper. Thus fx are decreasing and fxy (−1, 2) is negative.
9. a is the graph of fy , because when we start at (3, −3) and move in the positive
y-direction, both graph b and c decreases while a increases, and a is 0 at where
both b and c have a low point at (3,-1.5). Start at (3,1.5) and move in negative

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x-direction, b traces out a line with a negative slope with c traces out a downward
parabola, so b is the x-derivative of c. So b is graph of fx and c is graph of f.
16.
fx (x, y) = 4x3 · y 3 + 8 · 2x · y = 4x3 y 3 + 16xy,
fy (x, y) = x4 · 3y 2 + 8x2 · 1 = 3x4 y 2 + 8x2
17.
fx (x, t) = e−t (− sin πx)(π) = −πe−t sin πx,
ft (x, t) = e−t (−1) cos πx = −e−t cos πx
18.
1 ln t
fx (x, t) = x−1/2 ln t = √ ,
2 2 x
√
√ 1 x
ft (x, t) = x · =
t t
19.
∂z
= 10(2x + 3y)9 · 2 = 20(2x + 3y)9 ,
∂x
∂z
= 10(2x + 3y)9 · 3 = 30(2x + 3y)9
∂y
20.
∂z
= (sec2 xy)(y) = y sec2 xy,
∂x
∂z
= (sec2 xy)(x) = x sec2 xy
∂y
21.
fx (x, y) = y −1 = 1/y,
fy (x, y) = −xy −2 = −x/y 2
45.
f (x + h, y) − f (x, y) (x + h)y 2 − (x + h)3 y − (xy 2 − x3 y)
fx (x, y) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
h(y 2 − 3x2 y − 3xhy − yh2 )
= lim = lim (y 2 − 3x2 y − 3xyh − yh2 ) = y 2 − 3x2 y
h→0 h h→0

f (x, y + h) − f (x, y) x(y + h)2 − x3 (y + h) − (xy 2 − x3 y)

fy (x, y) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
3
(2xy + xh − x )h
= lim = 2xy − x3
h→0 h

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46.
x+h x
f (x + h, y) − f (x, y) x+h+y 2
− x+y 2 (x + h)(x + y 2 ) − x(x + h + y 2 )
fx (x, y) = lim = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h(x + h + y 2 )(x + y 2 )
x + y2 y2
= lim =
h→0 (x + h + y 2 )(x + y 2 ) (x + y 2 )2
x x
f (x, y + h) − f (x, y) x+(y+h)2
− x+y 2 x(x + y 2 ) − x(x + (y + h)2 )
fy (x, y) = lim = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h[x + (y + h)2 ](x + y 2 )
h(−2xy − xh) −2xy
= lim =
h→0 h[x + (y + h)2 ](x + y 2 ) (x + y 2 )2
47.
∂ 2 ∂ ∂z ∂z ∂z −2x −x
(x + 2y 2 + 3z 2 ) = (1) ⇒ 2x + 0 + 6z = 0 ⇒ 6z = −2x ⇒ = = ,
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 6z 3z
∂ 2 ∂ ∂z ∂z ∂z −4y 2y
(x + 2y 2 + 3z 2 ) = (1) ⇒ 0 + 4y + 6z = 0 ⇒ 6z = −4y ⇒ = = .
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 6z 3z
48.
∂ 2 ∂ ∂z ∂z ∂z
(x − y 2 + z 2 − 2z) = (4) ⇒ 2x − 0 + 2z −2 = 0 ⇒ (2z − 2) = −2x
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂z −2x x
⇒ = = ,
∂x 2z − 2 1−z
∂ 2 ∂ ∂z ∂z ∂z
(x − y 2 + z 2 − 2z) = (4) ⇒ 0 − 2y + 2z −2 = 0 ⇒ (2z − 2) = 2y
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂z 2y y
⇒ = = .
∂y 2z − 2 z−1
49.
 
∂ z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z yz
(xyz) ⇒ e =y x + z · 1 ⇒ ez − xy = yz ⇒ = z .
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x e − xy
 
∂ z ∂ z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z xz
(e ) = (xyz) ⇒ e =x y + z · 1 ⇒ ez − xy = xz ⇒ = z .
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y e − xy
50.
∂ ∂ 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ln y
(yz + x ln y) = (z ) ⇒ y + ln y = 2z ⇒ ln y = 2z −y ⇒ = .
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 2z − y
∂ ∂ 2 ∂z 1 ∂z x ∂z ∂z z + x/y
(yz + x ln y) = (z ) ⇒ y + z · 1 + x · ⇒ 2z ⇒ z + = 2z ⇒ = .
∂y ∂y ∂y y ∂y y ∂y ∂y 2z − y

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(
ux = yexy sin y, ux,y = 12x3 y 2
59. u = x4 y 3 − y 4 ⇒ Thus uxy = uyx .
uy = 3x4 y 2 − 4y 3 , uyx = 12x3 y 2
 1 −2
ux =

1
, ux,y =
(x + 2y) (x + 2y)2
59. u = ln (x + 2y) ⇒ 2 −2 Thus uxy = uyx .
uy =
 , u yx =
1 (x + 2y)2
 (x + 2y) 2 k2 t
−α
ux = ke
 cos kx,
−α2 k2 t 2 2
75. u = e sin kx ⇒ uxx = −k 2 e−α k t sin kx, Thus α2 uxx = ut .
u = −α2 k 2 e−α2 k2 t sin kx.

t
76.
(a) u = x2 + y 2
ux = 2x, uxx = 2; uy = 2y, uyy = 2.
Thus uxx + uyy ̸= 0 and u = x2 + y 2 does not satisfy Laplace’s Equation.
(b) u = x2 − y 2 is a solution:
uxx = 2, uyy = −2 so uxx + uyy = 0.

(c) u = x3 + 3xy 2 is not a solution:

ux = 3x2 + 3y 2 , uxx = 6x; uy = 6xy, uyy = 6x.
p
(d) u = ln x2 + y 2 is a solution:
(x2 + y 2 ) − x(2x) y 2 − x2
 
1 1 x
ux = p (x2 +y 2 )−1/2 (2x) = 2 , uxx = = .
x2 + y 2 2 x + y2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

Similarly,
x2 − y 2
uyy = .
(x2 + y 2 )2
So uxx + uyy = 0.
(e) u = sin x cosh y + cos x sinh y is a solution:
ux = cos x cosh y − sin x sinh y, uxx = − sin x cosh y − cos x sinh y,
uy = sin x sinh y + cos x cosh y, uyy = sin x cosh y + cos x sinh y.

(f) u = e−x cos y + e−y cos x is a solution:

ux = −e−x cos y + e−y cos x, uxx = e−x cos y + e−y cos x,
uy = −e−x sin y + e−y cos x, uyy = −e−x cos y − e−y cos x.

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97. By Clairaut’s Theorem,

fxyy = (fxy )y = (fyx )y = fyxy = (fy )xy = (fy )yx = fyyx .

101.

2
f (x, y)

−2
−2
0 2
0
x 2 −2
y
(a)
(b) For (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)

(3x2 y − y 3 )(x2 + y 2 ) − (x3 y − xy 3 )(2x) x4 y + 4x2 y 3 − y 5

fx (x, y) = = .
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

By symmetry,
x5 − 4x3 y 2 − xy 4
fy (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )2

(c)

f (h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0/h2 − 0

fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0,
h→0 h h→0 h
f (0, h) − f (0, 0)
fy (0, 0) = lim = 0.
h→0 h

(d) By (3)

∂fx fx (0, h) − fx (0, 0) −h5 − 0

fxy (0, 0) = = lim = lim = −1,
∂y h→0 h h→0 h4
∂fy fy (h, 0) − fy (0, 0) h5 − 0
fyx (0, 0) = = lim = lim = 1.
∂x h→0 h h→0 h4

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(e) For (x, y) ̸= (0, 0):

x6 + 9x4 y 2 − 9x2 y 4 − y 6
fxy (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )3

Now, as (x, y) → (0, 0) along the x-axis, fxy (x, y) → 1 while as (x, y) →
(0, 0) along the y-axis, fxy (x, y) → −1. Thus fxy isn’t continuous at (0, 0)
and Clairaut’s Theorem doesn’t apply, so there is no contradiction. The
graphs of fxy and fyx are identical except at the origin, where we observe the
discontinuity.

1
f (x, y)

−1
2
−2 0
0
2 −2 y
x

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